Measurement Invariance Analyses Research Articles

How Do Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Children with Developmental Delays Differ on the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 DSM-Oriented Scales?

The Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL 1.5–5) is applied to identify emotional and behavioral problems on children with developmental disabilities (e.g., autism spectrum disorder [ASD] and developmental delays [DD]). To understand whether there are variations between these two groups on CBCL DSM-oriented scales, we took two invariance analyses on 443 children (228 children with ASD). The first analysis used measurement invariance and multiple-group factor analysis on the test structure. The second analysis used item-level analysis, i.e., differential item functioning (DIF), to discover whether group memberships responded differently on some items even though underlying trait levels were the same. It was discovered that, on the test structure, the Anxiety Problems scale did not achieve metric invariance. The other scales achieved metric invariance; DIF analyses further revealed that there were items that functioned differently across subscales. These DIF items were mostly about children’s reactions to the surrounding environment. Our findings provide implications for clinicians to use CBCL DSM-oriented scales on differentiating children with ASD and children with DD. In addition, researchers need to be mindful about how items were responded differently, even though there were no mean differences on the surface.

Measuring student teachers’ beliefs regarding religion in schools: piloting and preliminary validation of two newly developed scales

ABSTRACT Previous findings on religious beliefs of teachers suggest a relation between individual religiosity and professional thinking and acting of teachers. Evidence beyond faith schools and teachers with Religious Education (RE) as a subject is scarce, suitable measuring instruments are also lacking. Therefore, this paper reports the development and validation of two scales assessing teachers’ ‘Beliefs regarding the appropriate role of religion in the school context’ and ‘Beliefs regarding the appropriate role of individual teachers’ religiosity’. Data from N = 348 German teacher education students were analysed. We examined reliability and validity of both scales by employing correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, analysis of convergent and discriminant validity, measurement invariance analysis and structural equation modelling. For external validation, we examined the extent to which both scales are explained by the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) and RE as a subject studied. Our analyses support the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of both scales. Moreover, both scales are substantially explained by the CRS while none of them is explained by RE as subject. Thus, the piloted scales may be applied in future studies investigating the role of religiosity regarding the professional thinking and acting of teachers.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Pure Procrastination Scale in College Students

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) including reliability, validity, measurement invariance, and factor analysis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 390 college students from the three universities in Tehran participated. They completed a battery of four self-report tools including the PPS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Results: The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results confirmed the three-factor solution of the Persian PPS which were decisional procrastination, implemental delay, and timeliness. The results of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed the between-group invariance of the factor structure, measurement weights, structural covariances and measurement residuals of PPS for demographic variables. The results revealed high internal consistency and high test-retest reliability. There Persian PPS and its subscales had statistically significant correlations with DASS-21, DERS, and SWLS. Conclusion: The Persian PPS has good reliability and validity for assessing procrastination in Iranian population.

Aging Men and Masculinity Ideologies: Variance Composition of the MRNS-BF and Measurement Invariance by Men's Age

Abstract The construct traditional masculinity ideology (TMI, Levant & Richmond, 2016), like the construct dominant masculinities (Coles, 2009; Messerschmidt, 2019), refers to culturally-based principles about proper gender practices for men. The present study aimed to create a briefer and psychometrically stronger form of the Male Role Norms Scale (MRNS), a long-standing and important measure of TMI. Using an archival data set (N = 626) with men age 25 and older, the MRNS was shortened using a set of recommended practices. Confirmatory factor analysis and assessment of measurement invariance showed the resulting MRNS-BF satisfies good fit principles with configural, metric, yet not reliable scalar invariance for age. It is a 6-item measure whose common factor measures TMI through two dimensions that mimic tenets Brannon (1976) and Connell (1995) theorized as underlying principles of masculinity ideologies in Western cultures: Earning and maintaining Respect/status, and No sissy stuff/avoidance of femininity in gender practices. Mean scores importantly show perhaps generational, certainly age cohort differences – aging men differed from established and middle-aged men by more moderately endorsing norms that specify men must strive to earn others’ respect and the cultural emphasis on no sissy stuff. Younger age cohorts strongly adopted principles of gender equality. These observed differences must be interpreted with great caution, since the men in the three age groups did not seem to have a common zero point. Still, the MRNS-BF has good psychometric properties, and its brevity can assist future research on how gender guidelines influence aging men’s health decisions and behavior.

Aging Men and Masculinity Ideologies: Variance Composition of the MRNS-BF and Measurement Invariance by Men's Age

Poor sleep is common among older adults, and associated with hippocampal atrophy -- a strong predictor of memory decrements. Underlying this association are psychosocial risk factors, such as generalized anxiety, that may further exacerbate poor sleep and brain pathology. Given that poor sleep and generalized anxiety are often comorbid, there is a critical need to establish whether generalized anxiety is related to hippocampal volume among poor sleepers. To address this gap, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between generalized anxiety (GAD-7), and total hippocampal volume, and whether it varied as a function of sleep quality (PSQI Total < 5 good sleepers; PSQI Total ≥ 5 poor sleepers). Data were analyzed from 165 older adults (mean age = 68.48y, 33% male, 41% African American), free of major disease. Linear regression analysis, adjusting for sex, race, education and depression, showed a statistically significant Generalized Anxiety x Sleep interaction for hippocampal volume (p=.02). Further probing of this interaction revealed that among poor sleepers, greater generalized anxiety was associated with lesser hippocampal volume (p=.01). Findings suggest generalized anxiety may influence hippocampal volume in the context of poor sleep among older adults. As poor sleep is associated with age-related neurodegeneration, our findings suggest that improvements in sleep quality may reduce the impact of generalized anxiety on hippocampal volume in older adulthood. Future research should examine whether generalized anxiety mediates relations of sleep quality to specific memory outcomes.

Measurement Invariance in the Assessment of Mood Between American and Mexican Community Studies

The Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a principal source for American public health research, has numerous global sister studies. Harmonization efforts seeking to establish measurement equivalence amongst these various datasets, is a critical prerequisite to cross-cultural research. Given well-known cultural variability in depressive symptom endorsement, the purpose of this study was to assess measurement invariance in a brief mood measure used in the HRS and the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Total sample size using both groups was 15,319 participants (10,931 HRS; 4,388 MHAS) who were 65 and older from Waves 6 to 13 in the HRS and Waves 1 to 4 in the MHAS. MPlus Version 8.4 was used to conduct CFA analyses of measurement invariance. A contemporary approach with categorical data calls for examining threshold invariance first while establishing configural invariance, before examining invariance tests of thresholds, loadings, and intercepts in a second step. Results were that measurement invariance was not supported in this series of two steps with four out of six indices showing model fit in the first model and none of the indices showing model fit in the second model. These findings implied that there were differences in ways of responding to the brief mood measure between HRS and MHAS participants at the conceptual level. Thus, comparisons based on these measures may result in misleading findings and should be interpreted very conservatively. This study adds to the growing body of literature guiding harmonization efforts from the Program on Global Aging, Health and Policy.

The Pandemic Paranoia Scale (PPS): factor structure and measurement invariance across languages.

Globally, the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created an interpersonally threatening context within which other people have become a source of possible threat. This study reports on the development and validation of a self-report measure of pandemic paranoia; that is, heightened levels of suspicion and mistrust towards others due to the COVID-19 pandemic. An international consortium developed an initial set of 28 items for the Pandemic Paranoia Scale (PPS), which were completed by participants from the UK (n = 512), USA (n = 535), Germany (n = 516), Hong Kong (n = 454) and Australia (n = 502) using stratified quota sampling (for age, sex and educational attainment) through Qualtrics and translated for Germany and Hong Kong. Exploratory factor analysis in the UK sample suggested a 25-item, three-factor solution (persecutory threat; paranoid conspiracy and interpersonal mistrust). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the remaining combined sample showed sufficient model fit in this independent set of data. Measurement invariance analyses suggested configural and metric invariance, but no scalar invariance across cultures/languages. A second-order factor CFA on the whole sample indicated that the three factors showed large loadings on a common second-order pandemic paranoia factor. Analyses also supported the test-retest reliability and internal and convergent validity. The PPS offers an internationally validated and reliable method for assessing paranoia in the context of a pandemic. The PPS has the potential to enhance our understanding of the impact of the pandemic, the nature of paranoia and to assist in identifying and supporting people affected by pandemic-specific paranoia.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Nine-Item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale Based on Self-Determination Theory With Older Adults.

Background: Self-determination theory distinguishes three basic human psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. The measurement of these needs in populations of older adults has been limited and inadequate. Yet, results from such an assessment are likely to be valuable in policymaking, specifically toward the goal of healthy aging.Aim: The objective of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale (BPNS) based on self-determination theory with older adults.Methods: A total of 809 older adults were invited to participate in this study. We examined the item analysis, internal reliability, factorial validity, criterion validity, and measurement invariance across sex of a Chinese translation of the BPNS.Results: The findings demonstrated that the scale had a good factorial validity, criterion validity, and satisfactory internal reliability. All the items were qualified according to item analysis (p < 0.001). The Cronbach’s α coefficient for the total scale was 0.877. The coefficients of three subscales were 0.826 (autonomy), 0.807 (competence), and 0.847 (relatedness). Exploratory factor analysis indicated three factors that explained 75.12% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed measurement fit exceeded the recommended criteria in all the cases. Measurement invariance analysis manifested that the factor loadings, factor variances and covariances, and residuals to measurement structure were invariant across the male and female participants.Conclusion: The Chinese version of the BPNS based on self-determination theory was proven to be reliable and valid. The usability of the scale to assess the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of older adults in China was demonstrated.

Frustration in technology‐rich learning environments: A scale for assessing student frustration with e‐textbooks

Abstracte‐Textbooks and e‐learning technologies have become ubiquitous in college and university courses as faculty seek out ways to provide more engaging, flexible and customizable learning opportunities for students. However, the same technologies that support learning can serve as a source of frustration. Research on frustration with technology is limited, especially in educational settings. This study examined student frustration with e‐textbooks and the factors contributing to the frustration within undergraduate general biology courses through the development of an E‐Text Frustration scale (ETFS). Exploratory factor analysis of the ETFS revealed a three‐factor structure that provides quantified support for frustration with (1) e‐textbook interactions on the screen, (2) problems with technology and (3) e‐text curriculum integration. This structure was supported by a confirmatory factor analysis. The construct validity of the scale was established using a correlation analysis that revealed significant relationships among the three e‐text frustration measures, cognitive load and motivation variables. Furthermore, the measurement invariance analyses indicated that the scale measures the same construct in the same way in males and females. Overall, the study findings suggest that the ETFS is a useful instrument with high reliability and validity evidence that can be used by researchers and practitioners. Implications for future research on frustration in technology‐rich learning environments are discussed. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Prolonged student frustration can be harmful to learning. Educational technology may introduce an additional layer of factors that contribute to end‐user frustration with technology. Research on frustration with educational technology is scarce. What this paper adds We developed and validated a scale for assessing students' frustration with e‐textbooks. The E‐Text Frustration scale includes three factors: frustration with technology, e‐text screen interactions and e‐text curriculum. The three factors correlated with students' e‐text cognitive load and motivation to learn. Implications for practice and/or policy The identified factors represent barriers to students' successful learning with e‐textbooks. Educators can reduce student frustration by aligning the curriculum with e‐text materials. Student sources of frustration with technology should be studied systematically to reduce frustration in technology‐rich learning environments.

Psychometric Validation of the Spanish Gaming Disorder Test (GDT): Item Response Theory and Measurement Invariance Analysis

Gaming Disorder (GD) has been recently added to the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO), as such, psychometrically sound psychological measures are required to assess this disorder. The objective of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) by assessing its dimensionality, reliability, convergent validity, and associations with other variables of importance through polytomous Item Response Theory (IRT) and Measurement Invariance (MI) analysis across genders. To achieve this, a sample of 538 gamers (42.94% female, meanage = 23.29 years, SD = 7.24) was recruited. The results obtained supported a one-factor structure for the Spanish GDT with adequate reliability and convergent validity. Furthermore, satisfactory goodness of fit in the partial credit model (PCM) with more precise scores at high trait levels to assess GD was found, and strict invariance across genders was supported. These findings attest to the suitability of the Spanish GDT for clinical assessment and research on disordered gaming beyond community samples.

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA): Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance in a Chinese Student Samples

The present study aimed to examine the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for children and adolescents (ERQ-CA) in Chinese youth (N = 484, Mage = 10.43, SDage = .88). Three versions (i.e., ERQ-CA-10, ERQ-CA-9, and ERQ-CA-8) of the ERQ-CA were tested and compared using confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, and correlation analysis. Results showed that the eight-item version of the ERQ-CA (ERQ-CA-8) fit the data best in all conditions. However, measurement invariance across gender and after a one-year retest interval was achieved using all three versions of the measurement. The three ERQ-CA versions exhibited similar patterns of correlates with external measures (i.e., perceived parental marital conflict, r = −.17 to −.20, ps < .001, emotion expression, and callous-unemotional traits, r = −.26 to −.29, p < .001). Furthermore, the ERQ-CA-10 (i.e., the original ERQ-CA) showed better reliability than the other two versions. In conclusion, although further validity studies are needed, our findings suggest that the original ERQ-CA as well as the ERQ-CA-8 both have good psychometric properties and can be used to measure emotion regulation strategies in Chinese youth.

Short Form of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth Self-Report (PSC-17-Y): Spanish Validation Study.

BackgroundThe short form, 17-item version of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth Self-Report (PSC-17-Y) is a validated measure that assesses psychosocial problems overall (OVR) and in 3 major psychopathological domains (internalizing, externalizing, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), taking 5-10 min to complete. Prior research has established sound psychometric properties of the PSC-17-Y for English speakers.ObjectiveThis study extends psychometric evidence for the acceptability of the PSC-17-Y in a large sample of Spanish adolescents, providing proof of its reliability and structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and longitudinal and gender invariance.MethodsData were collected on 5430 adolescents, aged 12-18 years, who filled out the PSC-17-Y twice during 2018-2019 (7-month interval). We calculated the Cronbach alpha and the McDonald omega coefficients to test reliability, the Pearson correlation for convergent (distress) and criterion validity (well-being, quality of life, and socioemotional skills), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for structure validity, and multigroup and longitudinal measurement invariance analysis for longitudinal and gender stability.ResultsWithin structural analysis for the PSC-17-Y, CFA supported a correlated 3-factor solution, which was also invariant longitudinally and across gender. All 3 subscales showed evidence of reliability, with coefficients near or above .70. Moreover, scores of PSC-17-Y subscales were positively related with convergent measures and negatively related with criterion measures. Normative data for the PSC-17-Y are presented in the form of percentiles (75th and 90th).ConclusionsThis work provides the first evidence of the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the PSC-17-Y administered over the internet to assess mental health problems among adolescents, maintaining the same domains as the long version.

The Persian version of the centrality of event scale (CES): Assessment of validity and reliability among Iranian university students.

BackgroundEvent centrality, the extent to which an experience is perceived as a central event in one's life, has been found to be a strong correlate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The centrality of event scale (CES) is commonly used in different conditions and cultures to measure trauma‐related effects. However, the psychometric properties of this scale have not been investigated in the Iranian context.MethodsThe present study examined the psychometric properties of the Persian translation of the 7‐item CES in a sample of 525 university students with a history of a romantic breakup.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis confirmed a one‐factor structure. The CES score was positively correlated with psychological inflexibility and PTSD symptoms. The measurement invariance analyses showed that the 7‐item CES is gender invariant and can be used for both men and women.FindingsFindings supported the good psychometric properties of the 7‐item CES for measuring event centrality in Iranian university students.

Measurement Invariance of Test Anxiety Across Four School Subjects

Abstract. School-subject-specific test anxieties have been widely examined, but there is a lack of analyses of measurement invariance of test anxiety across subjects. In order to preclude a mixture of test anxiety construct differences across school subjects with actual test anxiety differences and to ensure meaningful comparisons of test anxiety across school subjects, we examined such measurement invariance. Two test anxiety factors (worry and emotionality) were inspected across four school subjects (mathematics, physics, German, and English) in a sample of secondary school students ( N = 1,280). Strict measurement invariance was ascertained (i.e., comparable factor loadings, intercepts, and residual variances of the items of worry and emotionality factors across school subjects). The correlations of subject-specific test anxiety factors with subject-specific academic self-concepts and grades showed a convergent/divergent correlation pattern, thereby supporting criterion-related validity. The results of this study provide insights into the comparability of test anxiety assessments across school subjects.

The Aesthetic Responsiveness Assessment (AReA): A screening tool to assess individual differences in responsiveness to art in English and German.

People differ in how they respond to artworks. Measuring such individual differences is helpful for explaining response variability and selecting particularly responsive subsamples. On the basis of a sample of items indicating relevant behavior and experience, we exploratively constructed the Aesthetic Responsiveness Assessment (AReA), a screening tool for the assessment of individual differences in responsiveness to art in English and German. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested three first-order factors labeled aesthetic appreciation, intense aesthetic experience, and creative behavior, and a second-order factor aesthetic responsiveness. Aesthetic responsiveness was assessed in N= 781 participants from the United States and Germany, and measurement invariance analysis demonstrated full metric and partial scalar invariance across language versions. AReA scale scores yielded good reliability estimates. Validation studies confirmed expected associations between AReA scale scores and measures of related constructs, as well as continuously and retrospectively recorded responses to music, visual art, and poetry. In summary, the AReA is a promising, psychometrically evaluated instrument to assess aesthetic responsiveness built on a mixture of exploratory and confirmatory construction strategies. It can be used as a screening tool both in English and German speaking samples.

Development of the set of scales to assess the job satisfaction among physicians in Peru: validity and reliability assessment

BackgroundTo assess the validity and reliability of the set of scales (general professional activity, health services management, and working conditions) on the different areas of job satisfaction in Peruvian physicians based on the data from the National Survey of Satisfaction of Users in Health (ENSUSALUD).MethodWe carried out a psychometric study based on the secondary data analysis of Questionnaire 2 of ENSUSALUD-2016. Participants were selected from a two-stage stratified national probability representative sampling by political region. Validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and measurement invariance analysis. We assessed the reliability using internal consistency coefficients (alpha and omega). The set of scales were composed of items related to three different areas of job satisfaction: 1) satisfaction with general professional activity, 2) satisfaction with the health services management, and 3) satisfaction with the working conditions of the health center.ResultsWe included 2137 participants in the analysis. The general professional activity scale with six items (Comparative Fit Index, CFI = 0.946; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA = 0.071; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, SRMR = 0.035), the health services management scale with eight items (CFI) = 0.972; RMSEA = 0.081; SRMR = 0.028), showed good measurement properties for the one-dimensional model. The working conditions scale with eight items for individual conditions and three items for infrastructural conditions (CFI = 0.914; RMSEA = 0.080; SRMR = 0.055) presented adequate measurement properties with a two-dimensional model. The invariance analysis showed that comparisons between sex, age, civil status, medical speciality, working in other institutions, work-related illness, chronic disease, and time working in the healthcare center. All scales had adequate internal consistency (ω and α between 0.70 and 0.90).ConclusionsThe set of scales has a solid factorial structure and measurement invariance, making it possible for group comparison. The study achieved stability in the scores as they showed adequate internal consistency coefficients. Based on our findings, these instruments are suitable for measuring job satisfaction among outpatient physicians throughout Peru, as our data is representative of the country level.

Assessing the Nomological Network of the South African Personality Inventory With Psychological Traits.

The purpose of this study was to expand internal construct validity and equivalence research of the South African Personality Inventory (SAPI), as well as to investigate the nomological validity of the SAPI by examining its relationship with specific and relevant psychological outcomes. The internal and external validity of the SAPI was assessed within three separate samples (N = 936). Using the combined data from all three samples, Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) indicated that the six-factor SAPI model fit proved to be excellent. Measurement invariance analyses showed that the SAPI dimensions in the ESEM model were invariant across gender and race groups. Next, two separate studies explored the associations of the SAPI factors with relevant psychological outcomes. An ESEM-within-CFA (set ESEM) method was used to add the factors into a new input file to correlate them with variables that were not part of the initial ESEM model. Both models generated excellent fit. In Study 1, psychological well-being and cultural intelligence were correlated with the SAPI factors within a sample of students and working adults. All of the psychological well-being dimensions significantly correlated with the SAPI factors, while for cultural intelligence, the highest correlations were between Meta-cognition and Openness and Meta-cognition and Positive Social-Relational Disposition. In Study 2, work locus of control and trait anxiety was correlated with the SAPI factors within a sample of adults from the general South African workforce. Work Locus of Control correlated with most factors of the SAPI, but more prominently with Positive Social-Relational Disposition, while Neuroticism correlated strongly with trait anxiety. Finding an appropriate internal structure that measures personality without bias in a culturally diverse context is difficult. This study provided strong evidence that the SAPI meets the demanding requirements of personality measurement in this context and generated promising results to support the relevance of the SAPI factors.

Examining Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Model: A Measurement Invariance Analysis of MSLQ-CAL among College Students in China

This study examined psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire for Chinese adult learners, learning strategy scale (MSLQ-CAL-LS). Data were collected from 2499 college students from 15 Chinese universities. Results from factor analysis suggested satisfactory psychometric properties of MSLQ-CAL-LS. We further identified strong evidence to support the configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance across the gender groups, confirming the appropriate use of MSLQ-CAL-LS that can accurately capture the construct of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies among both female and male Chinese adult learners. This study provides one step forward to measure SRL outside the Western context. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Philips IntelliSpace Cognition digital test battery: Equivalence and measurement invariance compared to traditional analog test versions

Objective: To collect evidence of validity for a selection of digital tests on the Philips IntelliSpace Cognition (ISC) platform. Method: A total of 200 healthy participants (age 50-80) completed both the ISC battery and an analog version of the battery during separate visits. The battery included the following screeners and cognitive tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (2nd edition), Clock Drawing Test, Trail-Making Test (TMT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT), Letter Fluency, Star Cancellation Test, and Digit Span Test. The ISC tests were administered on an iPad Pro and were automatically scored using designated algorithms. The analog tests were administered in line with existing guidelines and scored by trained neuropsychologists. Criterion validity was established through relative agreement coefficients and raw score equivalence tests. In addition,measurement invariance analysis was used to compare the factor structures of both versions. Finally, we explored effects of demographics and experience with digital devices on performance. Results: We found fair to excellent relative agreement between test versions. Absolute equivalence was found for RAVLT, Letter Fluency, Star Cancellation Test, and Digit Span Test. Importantly, we demonstrated equal loadings of the digital and analog test versions on the same set of underlying cognitive domains. Demographic effects were mostly comparable between modalities, and people’s experience with digital devices was found to only influence performance on TMT B. Conclusions: This study provides several sources of evidence for the validity of the ISC test battery, offering an important step in validating ISC for clinical use. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1974565.

Revisiting the structure of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) in a sample of Chinese children with tic disorders

BackgroundTo the best of our knowledge, although the Chinese version of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is widely used in child psychiatry departments in China, there is very little evidence focusing on the psychometric characteristics of the Chinese version of YGTSS. In this present study, we aim to re-examine the structure of the Chinese version of YGTSS and investigate its reliability and validity.MethodsA total of 367 children and adolescents with tic disorders aged 5–16 years old participated in the study. The Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity will be calculated. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) also will be performed to assess the structure of YGTSS.ResultsThe Cronbach’s alpha of the motor tic subscale of YGTSS was 0.84, for the phonic tic subscale of YGTSS, it was 0.90, but for the whole scale, it was 0.58. The test-retest reliability of YGTSS was 0.84. For the results of CFA, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of YGTSS based on the Two-Factor Model and Three-Factor Model was 0.97 and 0.96 respectively. The measurement invariance analysis suggested that the Two-Factor model of YGTSS across different age and sex groups was at the accepted level (≥0.90).ConclusionOverall, according to the results of this research, it suggested that the Chinese version of YGTSS showed good psychometric properties. It can be used in the assessment of tic disorders in the Chinese population. In the future, more comprehensive tools for assessing tics need to be further developed, which can cover the symptoms of premonitory urge and tic related obsessive-compulsive symptoms.