Measured Noise Levels Research Articles

Feasibility of knee magnetic resonance imaging protocol using artificial intelligence-assisted iterative algorithm protocols: comparison with standard MRI protocols.

To evaluate the image quality and diagnostic performance of AI-assisted iterative algorithm protocols (AIIA) in accelerated fast spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus standard (SD) fast spin-echo MRI for clinical 3.0 T rapid knee scans. The accelerated sequence, which includes fat-suppression proton density-weighted imaging (FS-PDWI), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), was used in conjunction with the SD sequence in 61 patients who underwent MRI scans. SD images were processed using standard reconstruction techniques, while accelerated images utilized AIIA reconstruction. Quantitative assessments of image quality were conducted, measuring noise levels, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast signal-to-noise ratio (CNR). Additionally, subjective evaluations were performed using a Likert five-point scale to assess image quality. The SD group completed the entire knee scan in 466 s, while the AIIA group completed the scan in 312 s. Compared to the SD group, the AIIA group had a noticeably higher SNR of T1WI in the femur and subpatellar fat pad (p = 0.04, 0.001). On the other hand, T2WI femur SNR was noticeably higher in the SD group (p = 0.004). Measurements of SNR, CNR and other noise levels showed no statistically significant changes. Compared to the SD group, the AIIA group had significantly higher subjective image quality scores for every sequence (p < 0.05). There was a modest to large intraclass correlation value (ICC = 0.65-0.90) for the anomalies that were examined among readers. Both the AIIA and SD procedures were shown to have comparable diagnostic performance for meniscal and cruciate ligament rupture (p > 0.05). Images processed using AIIA reconstruction were acquired faster while maintaining comparable image quality and diagnostic capability, meeting the requirements for clinical diagnosis.

Evaluasi Fungsi Ekologis Taman Kota pada Lanskap Riparian Sungai Cimanuk, Indramayu

The riparian landscape of the Cimanuk River has been declared a local protected area. Cimanuk Park is located on the northern coast of Java Island, Indramayu Regency which is one of the tourist centers and icons of the city of Indramayu. City parks are closely related to ecological functions that affect user comfort. This study aims to identify the diversity of vegetation, evaluate ecological functions, determine the perception of the people of Indramayu towards Cimanuk Park which is used as an icon of the city of Indramayu and provide recommendations for improving the green system of Cimanuk Park. The method of this research uses the study of aspects of ecological functions including microclimate measurement, and noise level measurement, which consists of preparation, inventory, analysis, assessment and evaluation, and preparation of recommendations. It has 17 species with a total of 333 individuals. This study conducted an assessment of vegetation diversity using the KPI method. Most of Cimanuk Parks have good categories in modifying temperature and controlling air humidity and have moderate categories in resisting wind, and reducing noise. Meanwhile, from the results of the study, the THI value was in the uncomfortable category.

Event Camera Denoising Using Asynchronous Spatio-Temporal Event Denoising Neural Network

Abstract. Compared to conventional cameras, event cameras represent a noteworthy advancement in neuromorphic imaging technology, garnering considerable attention from researchers due to their distinct advantages. However, event cameras are susceptible to significant levels of measurement noise, which can detrimentally affect the performance of algorithms reliant on event stream for tasks such as perception and navigation. In this study, we introduce a novel method for denoising event stream, aiming to filter out events that do not accurately reflect genuine logarithmic intensity changes within the observed scene. Our approach focuses on the asynchronous nature and spatiotemporal properties of events, culminating in the development of a novel Asynchronous Spatio- Temporal Event Denoising neural Network(ASTEDNet). This network operates directly on event streams, circumventing the need to convert event stream into denser formats like image frames, thereby preserving their inherent asynchronous nature. Drawing upon principles from graph encoding and temporal convolutional networks, we incorporate spatiotemporal feature attention mechanisms to capture the temporal and spatial correlations between events. This enables the classification of each active event pixel in the original stream as either representing a genuine intensity change or noise. Comparative evaluations conducted on multiple datasets against state-of-the-art methods demonstrate the remarkable efficacy and robustness of our proposed algorithm in noise removal while retaining meaningful event information within the scene.

Vision Systems for a UR5 Cobot on a Quality Control Robotic Station

This paper addresses the development of a vision system for the UR5 cobot and the corresponding operating algorithm of the robotic quality control station. The hardware–software architecture of the developed robotic station consisting of a UR5 cobot equipped with a web camera and a stationary industrial camera with a lighting system is presented. Image processing and analysis algorithms are described, the method of control and communication between the station components is discussed, and operating scenarios are presented as a single robotic station and as a part of the robotic line. Based on the results which were obtained, the level of measurement noise, accuracy, and repeatability of the developed vision system were estimated. A novel complete vision system architecture with hardware–software modules for the UR5 cobot quality control station is shown and discussed. The software part based on Python 3.12 language, OpenCV 4.7.0.68 libraries, and the PolyScope 1.8 environment incorporates modules for system calibration, image acquisition, preprocessing and image analysis (for objects’ location and geometric measurements) and for robotic cell communication and control. The hardware part of the UR5 cobot vision system is based on a PC with two independent and distinct cameras: one permanently affixed and the other mounted to the cobot’s flange. This innovative setup, combined with software architecture, broadens the scope of existing robotic quality control applications.

Assessing tumor microstructure with time-dependent diffusion imaging: Considerations and feasibility on clinical MRI and MRI-Linac.

Quantitative imaging biomarkers (QIBs) can characterize tumor heterogeneity and provide information for biological guidance in radiotherapy (RT). Time-dependent diffusion MRI (TDD-MRI) derived parameters are promising QIBs, as they describe tissue microstructure with more specificity than traditional diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI). Specifically, TDD-MRI can provide information about both restricted diffusion and diffusional exchange, which are the two time-dependent effects affecting diffusion in tissue, and relevant in tumors. However, exhaustive modeling of both effects can require long acquisitions and complex model fitting. Furthermore, several introduced TDD-MRI measurements can require high gradient strengths and/or complex gradient waveforms that are possibly not available in RT settings. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a simple analysis framework for the detection of restricted diffusion and diffusional exchange effects in the TDD-MRI signal. To promote the clinical applicability, we use standard gradient waveforms on a conventional 1.5 T MRI system with moderate gradient strength (Gmax=45 mT/m), and on a hybrid 1.5 T MRI-Linac system with low gradient strength (Gmax=15 mT/m). Restricted diffusion and diffusional exchange were simulated in geometries mimicking tumor microstructure to investigate the DW-MRI signal behavior and to determine optimal experimental parameters. TDD-MRI was implemented using pulsed field gradient spin echo with the optimized parameters on a conventional MRI system and a MRI-Linac. Experiments in green asparagus and 10 patients with brain lesions were performed to evaluate the time-dependent diffusion (TDD) contrast in the source DW-images. Simulations demonstrated how the TDD contrast was able to differentiate only dominating diffusional exchange in smaller cells from dominating restricted diffusion in larger cells. The maximal TDD contrast in simulations with typical cancer cell sizes and in asparagus measurements exceeded 5% on the conventional MRI but remained below 5% on the MRI-Linac. In particular, the simulated TDD contrast in typical cancer cell sizes (r=5-10µm) remained below or around 2% with the MRI-Linac gradient strength. In patients measured with the conventional MRI, we found sub-regions reflecting either dominating restricted diffusion or dominating diffusional exchange in and around brain lesions compared to the noisy appearing white matter. On the conventional MRI system, the TDD contrast maps showed consistent tumor sub-regions indicating different dominating TDD effects, potentially providing information on the spatial tumor heterogeneity. On the MRI-Linac, the available TDD contrast measured in asparagus showed the same trends as with the conventional MRI but remained close to typical measurement noise levels when simulated in common cancer cell sizes. On conventional MRI systems with moderate gradient strengths, the TDD contrast could potentially be used as a tool to identify which time-dependent effects to include when choosing a biophysical model for more specific tumor characterization.

Three-dimensional spatiotemporal wind field reconstruction based on LiDAR and multi-scale PINN

In this numerical study, we use a multi-scale version of physics-informed neural network (PINN) for wind field reconstruction from LiDAR measurements. The reference velocity field is obtained from high-fidelity large-eddy simulation of neutral atmospheric boundary layer, and the LiDAR measurement strategy is restricted to that of a real LiDAR. The multi-scale PINN reconstructs the velocity field by minimizing a combination of the L2-error with respect to the LiDAR measurements and residuals of the governing equations. Our most significant finding is that adding a multi-scale layer to PINN enables us to: (i) capture wider range of scales, (ii) reconstruct the flow field outside the LiDAR scanning area, and (iii) reach faster convergence. We also find that for volumetric flow reconstruction and to deal with uncertainty in the wind direction, the reconstruction accuracy can be greatly improved by employing multiple LiDAR devices. Overall, our results show that the normalized errors in the reconstructed wind field are lower than 5% for all the experiments conducted in this study and that the errors do not increase even in the presence of measurement noise levels of typical LiDAR. These findings show the feasibility of three-dimensional dynamic wind field reconstruction across large wind farms using LiDAR devices.

Experimental assessment of isolation performance of a building above metro lines: a case study with dual isolation levels

This paper presents an assessment of the acoustic performance of a five-story residential building constructed directly above a metro line in Prague. The building has been isolated at two levels: first, on top of the distribution beams above the metro tunnel and secondly, at the ground floor. The assessment of the building's performance has been conducted by a direct measurement of ground borne noise radiated inside the rooms and evaluating the vibration transmission loss through the isolation system. The transmission loss assessment was carried out using two different test setups. Firstly, during train pass-byes, ground borne vibrations were simultaneously measured at various locations above and below the vibration cut. Secondly, at the same measurement points, the vibration levels were measured using hammer impacts. Finally, the transmissibility obtained from both test setups was compared and discussed. Additionally, ground borne noise levels were measured inside rooms on different floors above the vibration cut. To identify noise events exclusively associated with train pass-byes, data obtained from synchronized vibration measurements at the center of a room inside an apartment were used. Finally, the measured noise levels were compared with the limit values of noise exposure recommended by the Czech standards.

Relation between measured noise levels and traffic flow

Road-traffic flow parameters are a critical input to urban noise pollution evaluation frameworks such as CNOSSOS-EU. The accuracy and resolution of the traffic flow improves the quality of the noise exposure assessment. Highly resolved traffic flow within an urban network is difficult to reliably measure or predict. The quality and availability of such traffic information may be improved using data from low-cost noise sensors that are mounted beside representative segments of the road network. A model is presented, which relates the noise levels measured at a single noise sensor with the local traffic flow conditions. The noise data is obtained from a noise sensor mounted alongside a road, which is part of a test-bed in Stockholm, Sweden. The local traffic flow is obtained from commercial vehicle-counting sensors mounted alongside the noise sensor. Effect of seasonality is observed when comparing models trained on different subsets of the training data. The effect of seasonality on the noise levels is investigated.

Setting up light and noise maps to define the contours of a reserve of darkness and silence in Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

Urban sprawl brings cities closer to natural areas, making them cohabit is a significant environmental challenge. Densification can also increase light and noise pollution, negatively affecting human and biodiversity well-being. Grounded on a collaboration between a college and a university, this work combines brightness and noise maps to establish the contours of a reserve of darkness and silence in Sherbrooke's Mont-Bellevue Park (Québec, Canada). The light and sound environments of the city are mapped by the research team using two devices mounted on vehicles or bicycles: a multispectral and multidirectional brightness sensor and a sound level meter. Long-term and fixed-point light and noise measurements were also conducted to develop the mobile measurement protocol. Wind tunnel measurements in an anechoic chamber were finally used to determine the effect of travel speed on measured noise levels, showing that speeds of less than 15 km/h ensure unbiased acoustic measurements using a windscreen. Perspectives include using the Noise Capture application to provide crowdsourced and additional noise levels at fixed measurement points. The open-source Noise Modelling tool will provide us with calculated environmental noise maps to be compared with measured data.

Comparing acoustic models with measured noise levels in a Polypropylene production industrial complex

This paper presents a detailed comparison between the final noise source data, as documented in the Project Report, produced noise map during design phase, and the field-measured noise values, along with the empirically generated noise map during the plant's operational phase. The study investigates into the accuracy and reliability of the assessed noise map, evaluating its alignment with actual noise levels recorded on-site, identifies discrepancies between both the noise maps, pinpointing areas for improvement in predictive modelling. The goal is to see how well the predicted noise levels match up with the real-world situation, helping improve noise control strategies, specifically focus on noisy equipment, checking if the expected or calculated noise levels are the same with field measured values. By shedding light on these disparities, this study contributes to refining noise prediction models and improving the effectiveness of noise control measures in industrial settings.

Relation between occupation density and ambient noise in open plan offices: a study based on field measurements

Although progress has been made over the last decade on the issue of well-being in open-plan offices, recent surveys show that employees are still dissatisfied with their working environment, particularly the noise environment, remains. However, standards exist to help ensure that open-plan offices are designed to provide the best possible working environment. But, because of the scope of these standards, their recommendations can be contradictory. For example, the French ergonomics standard NF X35-102 makes recommendations on the sizing of workstations, likely to lead to office occupancy densities that are incompatible with the ambient noise level objectives defined in the ISO 22955 standard. To resolve these contradictions, a field measurement protocol was implemented. It consists in (1) a real-time count of the number of people in the office, (2) a measurement of ambient noise, (3) a questionnaire assessing employees' perception of their physical working environment. The data collected in several French companies will make it possible to establish relationships between the ambient noise level, the occupancy density and the perception of noise levels. This paper presents an occupancy sensor developed for this study and measurements of ambient noise level and occupancy ratio during a working day in an open-plan office.

Revision of Japanese guidelines for the prevention of noise-induced impairments in 2023

In Japan, the guideline for the prevention of noise-induced impairments published in 1984 was revised in 2023. The revisions include changes to the definition of target workplaces, methods for measuring noise levels, and methods for selecting hearing protection equipment. Additionally, prior to the revision of the guidelines, Japanese industrial standard (JIS) regarding the method for measuring the sound attenuation performance of hearing protectors was established in 2020. The old JIS was a product standard, but it was changed to a method standard with the ISO standard as an international standard. The new JIS has adopted single number rating (SNR) as an evaluation index. In recent years, Japan's guidelines and standards related to occupational noise have been internationally harmonized, but currently they are only published in Japanese. In this paper, an overview of the guidelines for the prevention of noise-induced impairments revised in 2023 will be mainly presented. This paper also introduces measuring device for noise exposure level, fit testing equipment, and real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT) testing currently available in Japan. An overview of the new JIS was previously reported at inter-noise conference in 2021.

Оценка уровней шума в Санкт-Петербургском метрополитене

Purpose: to assess the impact of noise levels in St. Petersburg metro cars. Identify what types of cars used on various metro lines. Determine what types of rolling stock cars used in the metro. Determine how much the service life of the cars affects the noise level in the car. Conduct measurements of noise levels inside the carriages of rolling stock of various types on various metro lines. Correlate the obtained values with the established requirements of SP 2.5.3650–20 “Sanitary rules for the operation of subways” with the values of maximum permissible noise levels in cars. Conduct an analysis of the level of noise impact on humans in the metro and identify possible measures to reduce the noise level in the metro. Methods: measurements of noise levels at various stations and trains were carried out by a special instrumental method, using a digital integrating meter and an Octave 110A sound spectrum analyzer of 1st accuracy class according to GOST R 53188.1. Results: measurements of noise levels carried out in various types of cars on various branches of the St. Petersburg metro. An analysis of the results of field measurements of noise levels for equivalent and maximum levels in the metro shows that permissible noise levels are exceeded in the “Baltiets” car on the red metro line, in car 81-717/714 on the blue metro line; in car 81-717/714 on the purple metro line; in car 81-556.2/557.2/558.2 “Neva” on the green metro line. Practical significance: identification of the obtained data show necessary measures to reduce noise in the metro. Installation of sound-absorbing materials at stations and on trains. Replacing old trains with newer ones.

Investigating Alternative Representations of Building Structures in Traffic Noise Modeling

This paper presents the results of an investigation of various traffic noise modeling techniques with the Traffic Noise Model (TNM) 2.5 software package, with specific focus on the representation of traffic noise shielding from residences parallel to the freeway. A comprehensive traffic noise field study was undertaken in a neighborhood adjacent to Interstate 270 in Columbus, Ohio. Data collection activities occurred in three “waves” accounting for the pre-clearing, no barrier, and with barrier conditions. Measured noise levels at the study site indicated that there was some noise shielding effect of the residential structures; this effect was most readily perceptible behind the first row of residences. Separate TNM layouts were developed to represent the neighborhood’s residential structures as either a TNM building row object or as separate TNM barrier objects for each structure. The analysis found that modeling each individual residential structure as a separate TNM noise barrier object (single building façade that is closest to the freeway) produces the most accurate modeled noise levels, as compared to the building row representation or simply omitting the shielding from structures altogether. Based on these findings, it is recommended that traffic noise practitioners consider modeling each residential structure in noise-sensitive areas as TNM noise barrier objects.

Certifiably optimal rotation and pose estimation based on the Cayley map

We present novel, convex relaxations for rotation and pose estimation problems that can a posteriori guarantee global optimality for practical measurement noise levels. Some such relaxations exist in the literature for specific problem setups that assume the matrix von Mises-Fisher distribution (a.k.a., matrix Langevin distribution or chordal distance) for isotropic rotational uncertainty. However, another common way to represent uncertainty for rotations and poses is to define anisotropic noise in the associated Lie algebra. Starting from a noise model based on the Cayley map, we define our estimation problems, convert them to Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programs (QCQPs), then relax them to Semidefinite Programs (SDPs), which can be solved using standard interior-point optimization methods; global optimality follows from Lagrangian strong duality. We first show how to carry out basic rotation and pose averaging. We then turn to the more complex problem of trajectory estimation, which involves many pose variables with both individual and inter-pose measurements (or motion priors). Our contribution is to formulate SDP relaxations for all these problems based on the Cayley map (including the identification of redundant constraints) and to show them working in practical settings. We hope our results can add to the catalogue of useful estimation problems whose solutions can be a posteriori guaranteed to be globally optimal.

Nonparametric identification of multi-degree-of-freedom nonlinear systems from partially measured responses under uncertain dynamic excitations

With the rapid advent of new materials and novel structures, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to accurately model and simulate the nonlinear response of complex systems under uncertain dynamic excitations based on close-formed nonlinear functions and parametric identification. In this study, a two-step structural nonlinearity localization and identification approach for multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) nonlinear systems under uncertain dynamic excitations is developed by integrating an extended Kalman filter with unknown inputs into the equivalent linearized systems. In the first step, unmeasured responses and excitations are estimated as well as unknown structural parameters and nonlinearity locations are identified by fusing acceleration with displacement time histories at the observed degrees of freedom (DOFs). In the second step, the nonlinear restoring force of the detected nonlinear structural members is identified nonparametrically using three polynomial models, including a power series polynomial model (PSPM), a double Chebyshev polynomial model (DCPM), and a Legendre polynomial model (LPM). Linear multi-story shear frames controlled by nonlinear magnetorheological (MR) dampers are modelled computationally to demonstrate the generality of the proposed methodology. The multi-source uncertainties considered in these representative examples include the location and the type of nonlinearities represented by a Bingham model and a modified Dahl model of the dampers, the location of response measurements, the location and intensity of dynamic excitations, the level of measurement noise, and the initial assignment of structural parameters. The acceleration, velocity, and displacement time histories of structures can be evaluated accurately with a maximum error of 2.62% even with the presence of 8% measurement noise, while the external excitations can be estimated within an error of 1.77%. The location of nonlinear elements can be detected correctly. The structural parameters, the NRFs provided by MR dampers and the corresponding energy dissipation can be identified with a maximum error of 2.08%, 1.19% and 0.39%, respectively, even 8% measurement noise and very rough initial assignment of structure parameters (−70%) are considered. Moreover, the numerical results change little (<0.20%) even the initial assignment of structural parameters varies from 50% to 30% of their original values, no matter which nonparametric model is employed. Results indicate that the presented algorithm can effectively identify unmeasured dynamic responses, structural parameters, unknown excitations, nonlinear locations, and NRF of nonlinear elements in a nonparametric way.

Noise in the operating room coincides with surgical difficulty.

Noise in the operating room has been shown to distract the surgical team and to be associated with postoperative complications. It is, however, unclear whether complications after noisy operations are the result of objective or subjective surgical difficulty or the consequence of distraction of the operating room team by noise. Noise level measurements were prospectively performed during operations in four Swiss hospitals. Objective difficulty for each operation was calculated based on surgical magnitude as suggested by the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM), duration of operation and surgical approach. Subjective difficulty and distraction were evaluated by a questionnaire filled out by the operating room team members. Complications were assessed 30 days after surgery. Using regression analyses, the relationship between objective and subjective difficulty, distraction, intraoperative noise and postoperative complications was tested. Postoperative complications occurred after 121 (38%) of the 294 procedures included. Noise levels were significantly higher in operations that were objectively and subjectively more difficult (59.89 versus 58.35 dB(A), P < 0.001) and operations that resulted in postoperative complications (59.05 versus 58.77 dB(A), P = 0.004). Multivariable regression analyses revealed that subjective difficulty as reported by all members of the surgical team, but not distraction, was highly associated with noise and complications. Only objective surgical difficulty independently predicted noise and postoperative complications. Noise in the operating room is a surrogate of surgical difficulty and thereby predicts postoperative complications.

Linear Modeling of Doppler Wind Lidar Systems for Gust Load Alleviation Design

Preview control using wind estimates derived from Doppler wind lidar measurements is a promising technique for designing active gust load alleviation functions. Due to the relatively high noise levels in the lidar measurements, the associated estimator must use some type of smoothing to obtain a usable estimate for gust load alleviation. In the resulting wind estimate, this results in the loss of some of the information as well as a filtered and reduced component of the measurement noise. Taking the losses and noise into account during control synthesis should help ease the tuning procedure and improve the performance and robustness of the resulting controller. This paper proposes a method based on a maximum a posteriori interpretation of the wind estimation problem to consistently produce linear filters that closely approximate the behavior of the complete measurement chain (sensor and wind estimator) and that can be integrated into a linear control synthesis framework. Its characteristics are shown to closely match those of the real estimator over a range of types of turbulence using a standard set of system parameters.

Males miss and females forgo: Auditory masking from vessel noise impairs foraging efficiency and success in killer whales.

Understanding how the environment mediates an organism's ability to meet basic survival requirements is a fundamental goal of ecology. Vessel noise is a global threat to marine ecosystems and is increasing in intensity and spatiotemporal extent due to growth in shipping coupled with physical changes to ocean soundscapes from ocean warming and acidification. Odontocetes rely on biosonar to forage, yet determining the consequences of vessel noise on foraging has been limited by the challenges of observing underwater foraging outcomes and measuring noise levels received by individuals. To address these challenges, we leveraged a unique acoustic and movement dataset from 25 animal-borne biologging tags temporarily attached to individuals from two populations of fish-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca) in highly transited coastal waters to (1) test for the effects of vessel noise on foraging behaviors-searching (slow-click echolocation), pursuit (buzzes), and capture and (2) investigate the mechanism of interference. For every 1 dB increase in maximum noise level, there was a 4% increase in the odds of searching for prey by both sexes, a 58% decrease in the odds of pursuit by females and a 12.5% decrease in the odds of prey capture by both sexes. Moreover, all but one deep (≥75 m) foraging attempt with noise ≥110 dB re 1 μPa (15-45 kHz band; n = 6 dives by n = 4 whales) resulted in failed prey capture. These responses are consistent with an auditory masking mechanism. Our findings demonstrate the effects of vessel noise across multiple phases of odontocete foraging, underscoring the importance of managing anthropogenic inputs into soundscapes to achieve conservation objectives for acoustically sensitive species. While the timescales for recovering depleted prey species may span decades, these findings suggest that complementary actions to reduce ocean noise in the short term offer a critical pathway for recovering odontocete foraging opportunities.

Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy-Ultralow-Current Measurement Systems for Nanoscale Imaging of a Surface's Electrical Properties.

One of the most advanced and versatile nanoscale diagnostic tools is atomic force microscopy. By enabling advanced imaging techniques, it allows us to determine various assets of a surface, including morphological, electrical, mechanical, magnetic, and thermal properties. Measuring local current flow is one of the very important methods of evaluation for, for instance, photovoltaic materials or semiconductor structures and other nanodevices. Due to contact areas, the current densities can easily reach above 1 kA/m2; therefore, special detection/measurement setups are required. They meet the required measurement range, sensitivity, noise level, and bandwidth at the measurement scale. Also, they prevent the sample from becoming damaged and prevent unwanted tip-sample issues. In this paper, we present three different nanoscale current measurement solutions, supported with test results, proving their performance.