Measured Antenna Parameters Research Articles

Offset-fed Slotted Antenna Practically Loaded with Split Ring as Water Quality Sensor for X-Band Industrial Applications

This article communicates an offset-fed split ring loaded slotted-antenna design, testing, and analysis for different water quality sensor. The antenna was designed to resonate at 10GHz on a low-cost FR-4 substrate of dimensions 0.621λo×0.467λo×.053λo, where λo is the free space wavelength. The measured antenna parameters are found in excellent agreements. The antenna achieves a gain of 7.61dBi with nearly unidirectional radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency of 76% at 10GHz. Further, the research is explored to use the antenna as a water sample sensor. Different water samples are tested with the antenna by dipping the antenna into the water samples and in the second case contactless measurements at 10mm apart from the upper water level in the container. The quality of water is examined by observing the shift in the resonant frequency (fr), antenna quality factor with different total dissolved solvents (TDS) water samples, and changes in the reflection coefficient (S11) values in the water samples. It is observed that the antenna shows less than 1.5% numerical sensitivity (NS) with fr and high NS with the S11. The S11 and bandwidth of the antenna vary with different water samples. This antenna is suitable for X-band industrial and microwave laboratory applications.

Circularly polarized stub-loaded annular ring patch antenna for 2×2 MIMO satellite application

In this article, a stub loaded circularly polarized annular ring patch antenna which operates at 3–5 GHz band for 2×2 MIMO Satellite application is proposed. The evolution of antenna begins with a conventional annular ring patch antenna, addition of diagonal slots and integrated with λ/2 hair pin stub loaded annular ring patch to improve isolation and circular polarization. The antenna isolation is a critical parameter and important requirement of MIMO system. In satellite communications, circular polarization is used to improve the quality and reliability of the communication link between the satellite and the ground station. The antenna achieves circular polarization and mutual coupling through diagonal slots and stub-loaded design without any additional decoupling techniques. The overall size of the proposed MIMO antenna is 63 × 63 × 1.52 mm3 which is fabricated over Rogers RO3003 substrate. The proposed antenna design is simulated, fabricated, tested and analyzed for various parameters such as Reflection coefficient,Isolation Gain, radiation pattern, Axial ratio (AR), Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity gain (DG), Channel capacity (CC) and total efficiency. The isolation of <−22 dB, gain of 7.1 dB, axial ratio<3 dB, diversity gain of 9.9 dB, ECC<0.002,CC of 11.23bps/Hz and efficiency>95% are obtained. The measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 270MHz and 3 dB AR bandwidth of 250MHz in the desired band are achieved. The simulated and measured antenna parameters are agreeable with each other. The results are found to be promising and having high potential in the 5G and Satellite MIMO.

Low-Profile Meander Line Multiband Antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Applications with SAR Analysis

In this work, we propose a novel multiband meander line antenna that can operate at three different frequency bands and offer suitable performance for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The net geometry of the antenna is 36 × 30 × 1.524 mm3. The proposed low-profile antenna is analytically modeled and designed in full wave ANSYS HFSS using Rogers TMM4 as the substrate, followed by in-lab prototyping. The designed antenna resonates at 4.5 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz and maintains positive gain, efficiency, and acceptable specific absorption rates at each resonant band. The effectiveness of the antenna for WBAN applications is demonstrated using an in-lab manufactured phantom. The fabrication process of the phantom is described, and dielectric characterization of the phantom mimicking different human tissue layers is presented. Considering results with and without human body phantoms available in the full wave ANSYS HFSS tool, a comparative analysis between simulated and measured antenna parameters concludes this work. Both the simulated and measured results show good agreement.

Potential to use microstrip patch instead of dipole antennas in 2.4 GHz wireless sensor networks

This paper describes the process of designing, simulating and measuring antenna parameters in order to perform a comparative analysis of the performance of microstrip patch antennas and dipole antennas intended for use in wireless sensor networks. The implemented antennas are designed for the unlicensed ISM band of 2.402-2.480 GHz as one of the most widely used bands for this type of network. The patch antenna was created based on calculation and tested in simulation software, and then adjusted with appropriate measurements to suit the intended purpose. Measurements in real conditions were made to compare the patch and dipole antennas in the same frequency range. The patch antenna was further tested, due to the specificity of the implementation within the WSN, in an enclosed and open enclosure made of a conductive material that simulates the enclosure of wireless sensor network nodes in certain applications. The aim of this paper is to show the possibility of using patch antennas instead of dipole antennas in the enclosures of wireless sensor networks nodes.

Performance Analysis of Highly Efficient Two-Port MIMO Antenna for 5G Wearable Applications

In this paper, a compact low-profile dual-band 2 × 2 wide band wearable slot antenna (smart watch) for the frequency spectrum of 3.4–3.6 GHz (LTE Band 42) is proposed. For smart watch applications, the antenna should be as small as possible and it should be resonating at the forthcoming 5G technology. Hence, two resonant modes are achieved for each antenna by etching the T-shaped monopole slot in the ground plane of size 40 × 40 mm2, and each slot is coupled fed by the L-shaped tuned stub which is printed on the 0.8 mm-thick FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna is fabricated and its performance is experimentally measured. The measured antenna parameters agree well with the simulated results. The reflection co-efficient and transmission co-efficient of the Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna are well below −10 dB throughout the band of operation. The efficiency of the MIMO antenna is achieved up to 81% with the overall gain of about 2.4 dB. To validate the proposed MIMO performance, the envelope correlation co-efficient between the antenna elements is calculated. In this paper, the effect of the proposed antenna in the human hand is also studied and discussed along with the specific absorption rate.

AntennaNet: Antenna Parameters Measuring Network for Mobile Communication Base Station Using UAV

In the field of measuring parameters of mobile communication base station antenna, most of its methods share some deficiencies to a different extent. The traditional ones suffer from inferior efficiency and low safety coefficient while the state-of-the-art ones reveal problems of unsatisfying operational speed and accuracy. To address these problems, a high-speed and high-precision measuring system has been proposed with AntennaNet to speed up instance segmentation. First, the dual attention mechanism module is designed and adopted in AntennaNet, which can promote the accuracy and efficiency of the detection and segmentation of mobile base station antenna, while the PointRend module with down-tilt fitting is also employed to smooth the edges of masks segmented from antenna images and measure the parameters data. Second, transfer learning is introduced to ameliorate overfitting and training difficulty caused by small samples. Third, threshold, pixel coordinates, and least square are applied to ascertain the number of antennas and measure the relevant parameters. Finally, this high speed and high precision measuring system is complete with the combination of android App and UAV. Experimental results fully attest to the preponderance of the proposed method in its significant improvement of segmentation speed, fitting accuracy speed, and fitting accuracy of the antenna, whose relevant parameters of the fitting also conform to industry standards. Our method not only ensures staff safety but also improves social efficiency, which revolutionized the way of measuring antenna parameters of mobile communication base stations.

Designing Antennas for RFID Sensors in Monitoring Parameters of Photovoltaic Panels.

The importance of the radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology and photovoltaic (PV) systems has been growing systematically in the modern world full of intelligent products connected to the Internet. Monitoring parameters of green energy plants is a crucial issue for efficient conversion of solar radiation, and cheap RFID transponders/sensors can be involved in this process to provide better performance of module supervision in scattered installations. Since many components of PV panels disturb the radio-wave propagation, research in the antenna scope has to be carried out to reach the proposed fusion. The problem with RFID transponders being detuned in close proximity to glass or metal surfaces can be solved on the basis of solutions known from the scientific literature. The authors went further, revealing a new antenna construction that can be fabricated straight on a cover glass of the PV panels. To achieve the established task, they incorporated advantages from the latest advancements in materials technology and low-power electronics and from the progress in understanding radio-wave propagation phenomena. The numerical model of the antenna was elaborated in the Hyper Lynx 3D EM software environment, and test samples were fabricated on the technology line of ML System Company. The convergence of calculated and measured antenna parameters confirms the design correctness. Thus, the studied antenna can be used to elaborate the cheap semipassive RFID transponders/sensors in the PV panel production lines.

Mobile Communication Base Station Antenna Measurement Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Traditional base station antenna measurement methods conducted with professional worker climbing towers tend to raise safety and inefficiency concerns in practical application. Designed to address the above problems, this paper proposes an intelligent and fully automatic antenna measurement unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system for mobile communication base station. Firstly, an antenna database, containing 19,715 images, named UAV-Antenna is constructed by image capturing with the help of UAVs flying around various base stations. Secondly, Mask R-CNN is adopted to train an optimal instance segmentation model on UAV-Antenna. Then, pixel coordinates and threshold are utilized for measuring antenna quantity and separate all antenna data for further measuring. Finally, a least squares method is employed for measuring antenna parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed method can not only satisfy the industry application standards, but also guarantee safety of labors and efficiency of performance.

Reconfigurable Multi-Beam Dual-Band Antenna based on Vee Dipoles

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This paper presents a novel antenna configuration to support reconfigurable multi-beam feature with dual-band capability. The proposed design uses four double Vee dipoles with their arms printed on either sides of a substrate and fed through a single coaxial input probe. A single directional beam that can be configured in four directions at quadrature angle in the azimuth (xy-plane) and corresponding dual, triple and quad beams have been obtained by controlling the state of four PIN diodes. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been designed and fabricated. Measured antenna parameters are in good agreement with that of simulated parameters. This highly planar antenna shows similar radiation patterns at both design frequencies enabling concurrent dual-band communication for all fifteen possible beam configurations.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

A Ring-Focus Antenna with Splash Plate in Ka-Band

A design for Ka-band satellite communication antenna in earth station is introduced. This kind of antenna uses splash plate feed based on ring-focus antenna. The theory of the new splash plate feed design is presented and the relative equations are derived. The measured antenna parameters, VSWR, and patterns are highly consistent with the simulated results, which demonstrates the success of the design for such kind of antenna that can be effectively used in Ka-band applications.

An improved UWB Patch Antenna Design using Multiple Notches and Finite Ground Plane

An UWB antenna design with finite ground plane approach and multiple notches is reported. The antenna design provided a 10 dB bandwidth in excess of 8 GHz with better return loss characteristics. The antenna implemented in FR4 substrate, is compact and cost effective. The measured antenna parameters are in agreement with simulation.

Analysis of a Compact Wideband Slotted Antenna for Ku Band Applications

The design procedure and physical module of a compact wideband patch antenna for Ku band application are presented in this paper. Finite element method based on 3D electromagnetic field solver has been utilized for the designing and analyzing process of proposed microstrip line fed modifiedE-Hshaped electrically small patch antenna. After successful completion of the design process through various simulations, the proposed antenna has been fabricated on printed circuit board (PCB) and its characteristics have been studied. The parameters of the proposed antenna prototype have been measured in standard far-field rectangular shape anechoic measurement compartment. It is apparent from the measured antenna parameters that the proposed antenna achieved almost stable variation of radiation pattern over the entire operational band with 1380 MHz of-10 dB return loss bandwidth. The maximum gain of 7.8 dBi and 89.97% average efficiency within the operating band from 17.15 GHz to 18.53 GHz ensure the suitability of the proposed antenna for Ku band applications.

Shared aperture dual band dual polarization microstrip patch antenna

AbstractThis article presents the design and development of a new type of wideband shared aperture dual band dual microstrip polarization patch antenna (MPA) operating at L&amp;S band. In this configuration, square ring shaped radiating element at L band and square shaped patch printed on different dielectric substrate layers housed within the square ring at S‐band has been used. The probe fed feeding mechanism is employed to get wide bandwidth performance at both bands. The measured 10‐dB return loss bandwidth is 28.3% at L band and 29.4% at S‐band. The simulated and measured antenna parameters of this antenna are in excellent agreement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:917–922, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI: 10.1002/mop.27414

Design and Implementation of an Integrated UWB/Reconfigurable-Slot Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications

A new incorporated planar ultrawideband (UWB)/reconfigurable-slot antenna is proposed for cognitive radio applications. A slot resonator is precisely embedded in the disc monopole radiator to achieve an individual narrowband antenna. A varactor diode is also deliberately inserted across the slot, providing a reconfigurable frequency function in the range of 5-6 GHz. The slot is fed by an off-centered microstrip line that creates the desired matching across the tunable frequency band. The measured antenna parameters are presented and discussed, confirming the simulation results.

An internal multiband antenna for WLAN and WWAN applications

AbstractIn this letter, we propose a novel multiband antenna which can be integrated into a laptop computer for WLAN and WWAN applications. The antenna, evolved from a dual‐band inverted‐F antenna, is mounted on the top‐edge of a vertical ground plane of LCD panel. By adding four parasitic resonators which are short‐circuited quarter‐wavelength elements, the antenna can achieve wideband performance to cover GSM850/GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS and 802.11a/b/g. A simulation was performed by HFSS to optimally design the antenna, and then a practical structure was also fabricated to verify the simulation results. The measured antenna parameters as well as the radiation efficiency are presented to validate the proposed antenna. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1803–1807, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24501

Dual polarized stacked SSFIP array antenna in C-band for beam-pointing

This paper presents the design and development of a wideband dual polarized planar array antenna of 4 × 6 elements in C-band with a centre frequency of 5.3 GHz. The radiating element is of stacked strip slot foam inverted patch (SSFIP) configuration. The complex excitation coefficients of the antenna have been chosen in order to achieve a fixed beam-pointing by 10° and side-lobe level better than −15 dB. The array antenna offers a VSWR bandwidth of 20% for a VSWR ratio of 2:1. The simulated and measured antenna parameters are presented.