Measles Vaccination In Infants Research Articles

Dynamic maternal measles antibody level in infants: a longitudinal study

To understand the dynamic maternal measles antibody level in infants in Guangzhou. Women who delivered babies in a maternal and child health care hospital in Guangzhou and their infants who were never affected by measles were included in our study. All the serum samples collected from mothers and infants were tested by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for the quantitative measurement of measles IgG antibodies. A longitudinal sero-epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the duration of the presence of measles maternal antibodies in infants based on the measurement at different time points(0, 3, 5, 7 month). A total of 689 mothers and their 691 infants(two pairs of twins)were included in the study. The concentration and the sero-positivity rate of measles antibody in mothers was 513.8 mIU/ml and 81.6% respectively. The concentration and the sero-positivity rate of measles antibody in infants was 732.8 mIU/ml and 87.3%, respectively. The measles antibody levels of newborns were positively associated with those of mothers(r=0.917 5, P<0.001), which declined rapidly at 3 months after birth and mostly turned to be negative at 7 months after birth. Measles antibody turned be negative at 3 months after birth in low, middle level groups, but remained to be positive in high level group at 5 months after birth. The maternal measles antibody could rarely protect infants at age of 8 months even though mother had been vaccinated or acquired natural immunity. It is suggested to adjust the time of the first dose measles vaccination in infants and increase the measles antibody level of child bearing aged women to reduce the incidence of measles in infants.

Effects of Interleukin-12 and Interleukin-15 on Measles-Specific T-Cell Responses in Vaccinated Infants

Understanding the infant host response to measles vaccination is important because of their increased mortality from measles and the need to provide effective protection during the first year of life. Measles-specific T and B-cell responses are lower in infants after measles vaccination than in adults. To define potential mechanisms, we investigated age-related differences in measles-specific T-cell proliferation, CD40-L expression, and IFN-gamma production after measles immunization, and the effects of rhIL-12 and rhIL-15 on these responses. Measles-specific T-cell proliferation and mean IFN-gamma release from infant PBMCs were significantly lower when compared with responses of vaccinated children and adults. Infant responses increased to ranges observed in children and adults when both rhIL-12 and rhIL-15 were added to PBMC cultures. Furthermore, a significant rise in T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma release was observed when infant PBMCs were stimulated with measles antigen in the presence of rhIL-12 and rhIL-15 compared to measles antigen alone. CD40-L expression by infant and adult T cells stimulated with measles antigen was comparable, but fewer infant CD40-L(+) T cells expressed IFN-gamma. These observations suggest that lower measles-specific T-cell immune responses elicited by measles vaccine in infants may be due to diminished levels of key cytokines.

Protective efficacy of standard Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccination in infants aged 4.5 months: interim analysis of a randomised clinical trial

Objective To examine the protective efficacy of measles vaccination in infants in a low income country before 9 months of age.Design Randomised clinical trial.Participants 1333 infants aged 4.5 months: 441...

More bumps on the vaccine road

This chapter discusses the bumps on the vaccine road. The challenge to produce effective and safe vaccines for the currently prevalent infectious diseases of humans and animals has become increasingly difficult. In veterinary medicine, evidence implicating vaccines in triggering immune-mediated and other chronic disorders (vaccinosis) is growing. Although some of these problems have been traced to contaminated or poorly attenuated batches of vaccine that revert to virulence, others apparently reflect the host's genetic predisposition to react adversely on receiving the monovalent or polyvalent products given routinely to animals. The onset of adverse effects of vaccination can be expressed as an immediate hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reaction; an acute event occurring 24–72 hours afterwards, or 10–28 days later in a delayed-type immunologic response, or even later as seen with mortality from high-titered measles vaccine in infants, canine distemper antibodies in joint diseases of dogs, and feline injection-site fibrosarcomas. These adverse vaccine reactions typically include fever, stiffness, sore joints and abdominal tenderness, susceptibility to infections, neurologic disorders and encephalitis, collapse with autoagglutinated red blood cells and icterus (autoimmune hemolytic anemia [AIHA]), or generalized petechiae and ecchymotic hemorrhages (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia [ITP]).

Reduced seroconversion to measles in infants given vitamin A with measles vaccination

Administration of 100000 IU vitamin A at the time of measles immunisation is currently recommended for infants in developing countries. However, the safety and value of giving vitamin A, a potent immune enhancer, with live measles virus vaccines are unknown. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in Indonesia to evaluate the effect of simultaneous vitamin A supplementation on the immune response to measles immunisation at six months of age. 336 infants received either vitamin A (100000 IU) or placebo when immunised with standard-titre Schwarz measles vaccine. 82% of infants seroconverted to measles. In a multiple logistic regression model adjusting for maternal antibody titres, vitamin A supplementation was associated with a lower likelihood of seroconversion to measles (odds ratio 0.40, 95% Cl 0.19-0.88), and girls were less likely to seroconvert than boys (0.34, 0.15-0.76). Immunisation with standard-titre Schwarz vaccine at six months of age in this study population is characterised by high seroconversion rates. However, simultaneous high-dose vitamin A may interfere with seroconversion to live measles vaccine in infants with maternal antibody.

Measles Vaccine Immunogenicity in 6- Versus 15-Month-Old Infants Born to Mothers in the Measles Vaccine Era

The low titer of measles antibody in infants of mothers with vaccine-induced immunity may allow immunization against measles before 15 months of age. Six- and 15-month-old infants born to mothers < or = 30 years of age with no history of measles were recruited. Infants enrolled at 6 months of age were immunized with monovalent measles vaccine (Attenuvax), and maternal serum and infant pre- and postvaccination sera were obtained. Those enrolled for primary vaccination at 15 months of age received either Attenuvax (N = 12) or M-M-RII (N = 3). Six-month-old infants were revaccinated with M-M-RII at 15 months of age; pre- and postrevaccination sera were again obtained. Three antibody assays were used: a measles neutralizing assay (NT) and two enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for measles IgG and measles IgM. Among primary vaccinees, 14 of 19 infants aged 6 months (74%) developed NT antibody, as did 15 of 15 infants aged 15 months (100%). The reciprocal geometric mean titer of 6-month-old seroresponders was 23.3, significantly lower than that of the 15-month-old primary vaccinees (87.7, P < .001). Primary seroconversion rates by EIA were 53% for 6-month-old infants and 100% for those aged 15 months. Revaccination of infants who had received Attenuvax at 6 months of age resulted in 100% NT positivity; the geometric mean titer rose to equal that of the group given primary immunization at 15 months of age. Measles IgM antibody was detected in 10 of 14 infants tested 1 month after primary vaccination at 15 months, but was not detected in any of the revaccinated infants after the second dose at 15 months of age (P < .001). 1) Immunization with measles vaccine in infants born to vaccine-immune mothers at 6 months of age induced NT antibody in 74% of infants. 2) Revaccination of prior 6-month-old vaccinees at 15 months resulted in antibody titers equivalent to 15-month-old vaccinees. 3) Lack of an IgM response following revaccination suggests that even seronegative infants may be primed to respond on re-exposure to measles.

Measles vaccination in infants

Measles vaccination in infants

On the efficacy of measles vaccine in infants and young children

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study

Measles vaccination in infants (use of killed-live combinations)

Measles vaccination in infants (use of killed-live combinations)