Measles Immunization In Children Research Articles

Seroprotection against measles in previously vaccinated children with difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome.

Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) are vulnerable to infections. Measles infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. A suboptimal seroprotection against measles has been shown in immunocompromised children. There is limited published literature on measles immunity in children with difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome (DTNS). We compared the proportions of children with DTNS and healthy controls who were seroprotected against measles. This was a cross-sectional study. Measles-specific IgG antibodies of 108 children with DTNS (3 to 10years of age) and an equal number of age-matched healthy controls were measured. All children had received two doses of measles-containing vaccine at 9-12 and 16-24months of age under routine immunisation programme. Serum measles IgG antibody titres were measured by indirect ELISA. The assay results were interpreted as (1) > 11 NTU (NovaTec Units), positive/seroprotective titres; (2) 9-11, equivocal; and (3) < 9 NTU, negative. Inter- and intra-group comparisons were made to identify the disease characteristics related to seroprotection status. The proportion of children with protective anti-measles antibodies (n = 70, 65%) was significantly lower in DTNS as compared to controls (n = 88, 81.48%) (p = 0.005). Their median [IQR] antibody titres were also significantly lower than those in controls (14.1 [14] NTU vs. 18.3 [15.2] NTU (p = 0.001). The age, gender, clinical subtype, duration of disease, and type of immunosuppressive therapy were not significantly different between seroprotected and non-seroprotected children with DTNS. A significantly lower percentage of fully vaccinated children with DTNS were seroprotected against measles compared to healthy controls. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Factors Associated with the Second Dose of Measles Immunization in Children Under Two Years: An ecological Study

Measles is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and disability in children under two years worldwide. The study aimed to analyze factorsassociatedwiththe second dose of measles immunization in children under two years in 2019 in Indonesia. The study carried out the ecological analysis using secondary data from the 2019 Indonesian Health Profile. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia reported that in 2019. The study takes 34 provinces as samples. The dependent variable is the coverage of the second dose of measles immunization in children under two years. The independent variable isthe ratio of primary health centers per district by province, the percentage of primary health centers with sufficient nurses, and the percentage of primary health centers with enough midwives. The results showed that three variables tended to be related to the second dose of measles immunization in childrenunder two years. The three variables consist of theratio of primary health centerper district, percentage of the primary health center with sufficient nurses, and percentage of the primary health center with enough midwives. The study concluded that the three independent variables analyzed tended to correlate with the coverage of the second dose of measles immunization in children under two years.

Hubungan Status Imunisasi Campak Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Anak Usia 12-59 Bulan

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. InIndonesia, diarrhea is among the top 10 diseases handled in the Puskesmasand the top 10 inpatient diseases at regional hospitals. Measlesimmunization is recommended by the world health organization as aprevention and health care effort for children including prevention of theincidence of diarrhea. The general objective of this study was to determinethe relationship between measles immunization status and the incidenceof diarrhea in toddler in the work area of Kasihan Bantul Health Center.This study uses a case control research design with a retrospectiveapproach. Data collection began with data collection ages 12 - 59 monthssuffering from diarrhea in the last 6 months at the Kasihan Bantul HealthCenter. Then the researcher conducted homevisit to ask about the historyof measles immunization in children. The number of samples in thecontrol group was 44 children and the case group was 44 children. Theresults showed that there was no statistically significant relationshipbetween measles status and the incidence of diarrhea in children aged 12-59 months at the Kasihan Bantul Health Center. Health centers and healthworkers need to increase public awareness of the importance of measlesimmunization in infants as a form of support for government programs toprevent the occurrence of diarrhea.

Effect of several sociodemographic factors on measles immunization in children of Eastern Turkey

This study was performed to determine the status of measles immunization and the effect of several sociodemographic factors on immunization in children aged between 10 months and 6 years. Using cluster sampling, 663 healthy children were selected at random from three provinces in Eastern Turkey. The immunization histories of these children were obtained from their immunization cards. With respect to their vaccination status, children were categorized as vaccinated, unvaccinated or unknown. If the child had no immunization card, he or she was classified as unknown. Of these children, 81.6% were vaccinated and 15.1% were unvaccinated. The vaccination status was not known in 3.3% of the children. In children aged 10–12 months, the vaccination rate was 68.6%. For age groups of 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–5 and 5–6 years, the vaccination rates were 84.2, 82.2, 85.3, 82.1 and 76.8%, respectively, but these differences were not significant. The vaccination rates increased in parallel with maternal education level ( P=0.009). Also, vaccination rates were significantly correlated with settlement area ( P=0.036), and were higher in urban regions than suburban and rural regions. There was no difference in vaccination rates with respect to gender, paternal education level, number of siblings and socio-economic status. The results of this study show that the level of immunization necessary for measles elimination has not yet been reached in Eastern Turkey. Priority should be given to increase the immunization levels to 90–95% among children.

Measles immunization in children with a history of egg allergy

This study investigated the use of measles vaccine in children with a history of egg protein hypersensitivity, referred between 1987 and 1993 to a specialist immunization facility. Two hundred children were seen of whom 199 were immunized without any adverse effect; one child had an anaphylactic reaction. The proportion experiencing an anaphylactic reaction was 0.5% (95% CI 0.01–2.75%). It is believed that a history of egg protein allergy should no longer be regarded as a contra-indication to vaccination. Skin testing prior to measles immunization should, however, continue.

Allergic Reactions to MMR Vaccines in Egg- and Non-Egg-Sensitive Children: A Continuing Controversy

Measles vaccines prepared in chick embryo fibroblast culture have been used since 1963. Since then, dramatic reductions of the incidence of measles have been observed where the vaccination was extensively applied in the pediatric population, with the best results observed in the initial phase when the target population was that producing over 90% of cases in the prevaccinal era. Since the virus vaccine is grown in cultures of chicken fibroblast cell, although egg proteins could not be found in vaccines, a possible limiting factor to the diffusion of measles vaccination is represented by the assumption that allergy to egg proteins contraindicates the vaccination. It is known that there is a controversy in the literature about the safety of measles vaccine and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) in eggallergic children. Recent data suggest that reactions to MMR vaccine can be mediated by gelatin and/or neomycin. In this paper, current knowledge on the safety of measles immunization in children with and without egg allergy is discussed. In addition, we propose that all children to be immunized with MMR vaccine and their families should be questioned about neomycin and related antibiotic allergy.

Responses to measles immunization in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

The responses to measles immunization administered between 6 and 12 months and after 12 months were compared in children with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. No difference in response was found when primary measles immunization was administered between 6 and 12 months; however, children with human immunodeficiency virus infection had a significantly poorer response when immunization was given after 12 months. Early measles immunization should be considered in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. ( J PEDIATR 1994;125:72-4)

Safety of measles immunization in egg‐allergic children

Measles vaccines are prepared in chick embryo fibroblast culture and used throughout the world. Since 1963 dramatic reductions in the incidence of measles have been observed where the vaccination was extensively applied in the pediatric population. The best results were observed when the target population in the initial phase was that which produced over 90% of cases in the pre‐vaccinal era. A possible limiting factor to the diffusion of measles vaccination is the assumption that allergy to egg proteins is a contraindication. In this paper current knowledge about the safety of measles immunization in children with egg allergy is discussed.

Reported measles immunisation and serological immunity in children attending general practitioners

To determine the feasibility of serological testing for measles immunity in children attending general practitioners and to assess the validity of establishing immune status by reported immunisation history compared with serology, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in general practices in the Illawarra area south of Sydney, New South Wales. Participants were 234 children under 15 years attending general practitioners. 87 per cent of children were reported to have been immunised against measles, but 46 per cent of these children were seronegative for measles antibody using an ELISA test on finger-prick blood. This could not be explained by inaccurate reporting of immunisation. No causes other than failure to seroconvert or inadequate specificity of the test on the blood samples were evident. Failure to seroconvert as a result of inadequate adherence to cold chain requirements is a possibility that needs further investigation. The results further question whether a single vaccination is adequate to achieve the public health aims of measles immunisation programs.

Measles Immunization in Children With Clinical Reactions to Egg Protein

Thirty-five egg-sensitive children who received measles immunization without adverse sequelae are described. Thirty-two of the children had a history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to egg protein, including 22 who developed a generalized reaction after oral exposure to egg. There were also 3 highly allergic children, with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to other food, who, despite having never been exposed to egg, developed large skin prick test wheals to egg white. Measles vaccine was given to all children without prior vaccine skin testing. There were no adverse reactions. It is suggested that measles vaccine can be given to children with a history of generalized or localized urticaria/angioedema on exposure to egg protein without prior skin testing.

Measles and measles immunity in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Measles and measles immunity in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Maternally derived measles immunity in children of naturally infected and vaccinated mothers.

SUMMARYMeasles antibody titres were established in three groups of infants: children of vaccinated mothers, children of unvaccinated mothers and neonates born after different gestational periods.

Measles immunity in children vaccinated before one year of age.

The immune status of children vaccinated prior to 1 year of age was investigated during a measles epidemic in an industrial section of Connecticut. Of the 61 documented cases which occurred in former recipients of live vaccine 46% were children vaccinated prior to the age of 1; children vaccinated before age 1 comprised 1/3 of the total vaccinated population under study. The disproportionately increased number of cases in children vaccinated before their 1st birthday was not statistically significant. Of children vaccinated before age 1 80% had demonstrable measles antibody. The geometric mean antibody titer of those vaccinated in infancy was lower than that of children vaccinated after the age of 1 (p<0.01). Following revaccination 20 of 21 seronegative children who had been vaccinated before age 1 showed an IgG response without IgM; both IgM and IgG appeared following vaccination in 7 previously unvaccinated children. A child with measles encephalitis who had previously received live vaccine at 10 months of age also showed a secondary antibody response. The study suggests that infancy is only a relative contraindication of live measles virus vaccination; it further suggests that capacity for anamnestic response is not necessarily protective against measles. (authors)