Means Of Transport Research Articles

Design of a Solar Electric Carriage Focused on Sustainable Tourism in the Historical Center of Popayán: A Case Study

Abstract: The world continues to experience constant growth, which requires innovative processes and products. The city of Popayán, especially its historic center, needs environmentally friendly means of transportation. This article presents an approach to the concepts of innovation, sustainability, road safety, road infrastructure, sociocultural aspects, and urban mobility. It proposes a redesign from an e-bike to an e-carriage for the historic center of Popayán, Colombia, as a sustainable innovation. This project involves a methodology based on research, studies, design processes, and prototyping, as well as the impacts generated by this model within the city, proposing a solution to the various challenges it faces

The Challenges of Blood Sample Delivery via Drones in Urban Environment: A Feasibility Study through Specific Operation Risk Assessment Methodology

In recent years, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) usage in the medical sector as an alternative to traditional means of goods transport has grown significantly. Even though the reduced response time achieved with UASs can be lifesaving in critical situations, their usage must comply with technological constraints such as range, speed and capacity, while minimizing potential risks. In this paper, the feasibility of a drone operation dedicated to the transport of blood samples in an urban area is studied through a safety risk analysis. The assessment utilizes the Specific Operation Risk Assessment (SORA) framework, in line with current European regulations, and extends it to define flight trajectories with minimal risk. A case study in the Helsinki urban area is used as a reference, with an exemplary case of commercial drone transportation of blood samples between the Töölö and Malmi Hospitals. By leveraging the drone performance capabilities and minimizing the risk for people on the ground, this approach demonstrates that medical delivery using drones in densely populated urban environments remains challenging. Nonetheless, it argues that the proposed method can enhance risk awareness and support the planning of feasible operations.

Supervisory Performance Approach in Improving the Professional Competence of Islamic Religious Education Teachers in Madrasah Aliyah, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia

Purpose: This research aims to investigate Islamic Education supervisors' performance in enhancing teachers' professionalism in Madrasah Aliyah in the Gorontalo Province. Methods: Employing a qualitative approach, this descriptive-analytic study involves 72 teachers and 8 supervisors from 32 Madrasah Aliyah. Primary data are gathered through interviews, observations, and questionnaires, while secondary data are derived from official documents related to education in the region. Using the Interactive analysis model, the results indicate a significant improvement in the supervisors' performance, characterized by a harmonious, cooperative, and partnership-oriented approach with teachers. Result and Conclusion: The result of studies are that the performance of supervisors of Islamic Religious Education at Madrasah Aliyah in Gorontalo Province has experienced a significant increase. The supervision carried out is harmonious, cooperative, and prioritizes the concept of partnership with teachers. Supervisors not only act as superiors, but also as creative partners in providing guidance to teachers. An open attitude towards criticism and recognition of one's own shortcomings is a characteristic of the supervision approach carried out. The supervisory measures implemented to improve the professional competence of Islamic Religious Education teachers cover a number of aspects. Alignment of vision, mission and perception of implementation of supervision and Islamic religious education is the main focus. Creating a conducive work environment, building cooperation, guiding personnel, and increasing mutual commitment are also strategic steps in efforts to improve the quality of education. However, there are several internal and external obstacles that affect supervisory performance. Internal obstacles involve the awareness and responsibility of supervisors, professional abilities in supervision, and religious motivation which is still uneven. Meanwhile, external constraints involve teachers' attitudes towards supervision, differences in seniority, and welfare conditions that influence teaching performance. Supervisory facilities and infrastructure, unsupportive means of transportation, and lack of communication between parties are also inhibiting factors. Thus, it is necessary to take corrective steps and strategic planning to overcome these obstacles in order to increase the effectiveness of supervision and increase the professional competence of Islamic Religious Education teachers at Madrasah Aliyah in Gorontalo Province. Research Implications: The implications of this research underscore the need for improvement strategies and planning to enhance the effectiveness of Islamic Education supervision and the professionalism of teachers in Madrasah Aliyah in the Gorontalo Province. Originality/ Value: The results indicate a significant improvement in the supervisors' performance, characterized by a harmonious, cooperative, and partnership-oriented approach with teachers. Supervisory measures involve aligning visions and missions, creating a conducive working environment, building collaboration, and enhancing collective commitment. Internal and external constraints are identified as inhibiting factors that require remediation.

Enhancing color saturation in photonic glasses through optimized absorption

Photonic glasses, isotropically assembled nanoparticles with short-range correlation, can produce angle independent structural colors. They show broader reflectance spectra and lower saturated colors, compared to photonic crystals. Low color saturation creates barriers for photonic glasses to be used for coatings, cosmetics, and colors. Broadband absorbing materials are commonly used to absorb incoherently scattered light to enhance the saturation. However, there is limited understanding on how the absorption quantitatively affects the colors of photonic glasses. To this end, we here use a validated Monte Carlo-based multiple scattering model to investigate how absorption impacts the reflectance spectra in photonic glasses. We show that the color saturation can be maximized with an optimal level of absorption regardless of sample thickness or refractive index contrast between particles and matrix. We quantitatively demonstrate that the multiple scattering is largely reduced with the optimal absorption level and the reflectance is dominantly contributed by the single scattering. The optimal absorption occurs when the sample absorption mean free path is comparable to the transport mean free path, which offers a guidance on how much absorbing material is needed for creating highly saturated photonic glasses. This work will not only pave ways for pushing applications of angle-independent structural colors, but also improve our understanding of light scattering and absorption in short-range correlated disordered systems.

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN HARYANA: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY

This paper discusses status, prospects, and challenges of sustainable tourism in Haryana. The natural beauties, temples, nationally protected monuments modern cities etc. draw tourists to this state. Haryana is well-known for handloom and handicraft products. It has a range of holy places of worship- gurudwaras, churches, mosques, and temples. Faridabad, Gurugram and Panchkula districts are popular among the tourist. Tourism sector share nearly 2.7 percent GDP of the state. It has been observed that there is a bright prospect of religious tourism, adventure tourism, heritage tourism, rural tourism, event tourism, and eco-tourism in the state. Still there are many challenges before its tourism sector. The prominent challenges are poor connectivity, abysmal infrastructure, lack of media coverage and lack of alternative means of transport. Therefore, Government should implement policies for mitigating such challenges and improve tourism industry in the state.

The Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Green Technology Innovation of New Energy Vehicle Enterprises in China

Against the backdrop of increasingly serious global carbon emissions and environmental challenges, new energy vehicles (NEVs), as important low-carbon means of transport, play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable development. However, green technological innovation is under considerable pressure from economic policy uncertainty (EPU), and the exact effects are not well understood. Using panel data on listed companies’ green technological innovation from 2012 to 2022, this study examines the relationship between EPU and green technological innovation in Chinese NEV enterprises. The findings reveal that rising EPU has a significant negative impact on green technological innovation in these companies; however, company ESG performance and government financial subsidies can effectively mitigate this negative impact. Notably, in provinces where public environmental concerns are high, the moderating effect of government subsidies is weaker; while facing EPU, NEV manufacturers rely more on government subsidies for green technological innovation than do parts manufacturers. These findings provide critical insights for guiding NEV enterprises in coping with EPU, advancing green technological innovation, and offering appropriate support and incentives to policymakers.

Navigating health challenges: the interplay between occupation-imposed movement restrictions, healthcare access, and community resilience

BackgroundTransportation plays a significant role in health, community resilience, and access to basic needs such as healthcare, social services, education, and job opportunities. Health and community resilience are, however, impacted by a multitude of complex and unequal factors, such as transportation restrictions exacerbated by the Israeli occupation. The goal of the research was to examine the intricate relationships that exist in Palestine between movement restrictions imposed by occupation, health outcomes, and community resilience.MethodA self-structured questionnaire, devised based on expert conversations and previous literature, was used in this descriptive, quantitative study to explore health and resilience outcomes. Age, gender, marital status, place of residence, and means of transportation were among the various factors that were utilized to describe the socio-demographics of the study sample (n = 202). The researchers employed stepwise multiple regression and descriptive statistics for the data analysis.ResultsStudy findings indicated that transportation restrictions have significant direct and indirect health consequences. A significant direct effect is observed, signifying a negative correlation between restrictions and health; increased transportation restrictions are consistently correlated with a decline in health. The study emphasized how place of residence affects health outcomes, with higher scores for campers and people living in green line areas. It also underscores that public means of transportation are found to be better for health outcomes than private cars.ConclusionThis study emphasized that roadblocks, checkpoints, and military incursions make it difficult for Palestinians to receive medical care, which has a detrimental impact on their health and well-being. It also underscores the need for significant reforms in Palestinian health and transportation systems to enhance infrastructure and healthcare access. The Palestinian Authority should invest in public transportation and community resilience programs to address transportation-related health issues, especially in villages, due to frequent settler attacks.

The practice and determinants of ambulance service utilization in pre-hospital settings, Jimma City, Ethiopia

BackgroundIn pre-hospital setting, ambulance provides emergency care and means of transport to arrive at appropriate health centers are as vital as in-hospital care, especially, in developing countries. Accordingly, Ethiopia has made several efforts to improve accessibility of ambulances services in prehospital care system that improves the quality of basic emergency care. Yet, being a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia, empirical studies are inadequate with regard to the practice and determinants of ambulance service utilization in pre-hospital settings. Hence, this study aimed to assess the ambulance service utilization and its determinants among patients admitted to the Emergency Departments (EDs) within the context of pre-hospital care system in public hospitals of Jimma City.MethodA cross-sectional study design was used to capture quantitative data in the study area from June to July 2022. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 451 participants. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26.0; descriptive and logistic regressions were done, where statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.ResultsAmbulance service was rendered to bring about 39.5% (of total sample, 451) patients to hospitals. The distribution of service by severity of illnesses was 48.7% among high, and 39.4% among moderately acute cases. The major determinants of ambulance service utilization were: service time (with AOR, 0.35, 95%CI, 0.2-0.6 for those admitted to ED in the morning, and AOR, 2.36, 95%CI, 1.3-4.4 for those at night); referral source (with AOR, 0.2, 95%CI, 0.1-0.4 among the self-referrals); mental status (with AOR, 1.9, 95%CI, 1-3.5 where change in the level of consciousness is observed); first responder (AOR, 6.3 95%CI, 1.5-26 where first responders were the police, and AOR, 3.4, 95%C1, 1.7-6.6 in case of bystanders); distance to hospital (with AOR,0.37, 95%CI, 0.2-0.7 among the patients within ≤15km radius); and prior experience in ambulance use (with AOR, 4.1,95%CI, 2.4-7).ConclusionAlthough the utilization of ambulance in pre-hospital settings was, generally, good in Jimma City; lower levels of service use among patients in more acute health conditions is problematic. Community-based emergency care should be enhanced to improve the knowledge and use of ambulance services.

Study of an LLC Converter for Thermoelectric Waste Heat Recovery Integration in Shipboard Microgrids

Static waste heat recovery, by means of thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules, constitutes a fast-growing energy harvesting technology on the way towards greener transportation. Many commercial solutions are already available for small internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, whereas further development and cost reductions of TEG devices expand their applicability at higher-power transportation means (i.e., ships and aircrafts). In this light, the integration of waste heat recovery based on TEG modules in a shipboard distribution network is studied in this work. Several voltage step-up techniques are considered, whereas the most suitable ones are assessed via the LTspice simulation platform. The design procedure of the selected LLC resonant converter is presented and analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a flexible control strategy is proposed, capable of either output voltage regulation (constant voltage) or maximum power point tracking (MPPT), according to the application demands. Finally, both simulations and experiments (on a suitable laboratory testbench) are performed. The obtained measurements indicate the high efficiency that can be achieved with the LLC converter for a wide operating area as well as the functionality and adequate performance of the control scheme in both operating conditions.

Industry R&D needs in hydrogen safety

Hydrogen's unique physicochemical and combustion properties make it stand out among fuels as new hydrogen production technologies, means of transportation, and consumers emerge. The future viability of these technological solutions will depend on numerous factors, including safety, environmental, regulatory, and economic considerations. Safe deployment of these technologies requires additional research and development activities. These range from an improved quantitative understanding of hydrogen leaks, material limitations due to embrittlement, very large-volume liquefied hydrogen storage and transport, to equipment- and usage-specific considerations as is the case for gas turbines and electrolyzers.

Tourism marketing in the metaverse: A systematic literature review, building blocks, and future research directions.

The aim of this research is to investigate tourist marketing within the embryonic context of the metaverse in order to comprehend the building blocks and the primary technologies employed in the sector. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted on 386 articles, with an overall qualitative approach that included 86 references, all of which dealt with the topic of the metaverse and had direct or potential implications for the tourism sector (hotels, restaurants, means of transport, leisure activities and destination itself). The articles are taken from: Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Emerald, Springer and Google Scholar. The SLR was carried out according to the PRISMA search protocol. The results indicate the technologies that have been most thoroughly studied at the confluence of marketing, tourism, and the metaverse (AI, virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, blockchain, tokens (NFTs) and digital twins). Moreover, they establish the foundational components of tourism marketing in the metaverse for the first time (tourism products, the metaverse as a distribution and branding channel for tourism and, tourist customer as protagonist). Finally, the study exposes research gaps and recommends future directions for exploration (monetization of products in the metaverse, promotion and marketing strategies in the metaverse, new profiles for marketing professionals, policy development that regulates commercial activity in the metaverse).

Sistem Keamanan Kendaraan Jarak Jauh Menggunakan GPS Berbasis NODEMCU ESP8266

The use of motorcycles as a means of personal transportation is a practical and easy-to-use transportation option in various crowded road conditions. In general, vehicle security systems are still very weak, and additional security systems are needed to prevent theft, especially in older vehicles. To increase security on motorbikes, researchers developed a security system that can monitor the location of motorbikes that can be monitored and controlled via an Android application. In making this prototype, the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller as the Internet of Things (IoT), Ublox Neo-6M GPS module, and relays to control motorcycle electricity. The GPS module is used to determine the location based on the latitude and longitude of the motorcycle directly and will be sent to the server and then displayed through the Android application. In addition to displaying location coordinates, this application can also control motorcycle electricity with NodeMCU ESP8266 to activate relays connected to motorcycle electricity to function as turning on or off the motorcycle engine and there is a location history menu obtained from the GPS module.

Jalur Kereta Api dan Perkembangan Kota Lumajang Pada Masa Kolonial Hindia Belanda, 1893-1942

This research aims to examine the changes in the Afdeeling Lumajang area from a traditional city to a modern city marked by the construction of the Klakah-Pasirian railway line, which was intended as a means of transportation for goods and passengers. Historical methods are used to explain this study. The research results show that the development of the Afdeeling Lumajang area into a modern city was initially influenced by the development of railway transportation facilities for plantation purposes and passenger transportation from inland areas. The Klakah-Pasirian Railway began operating on May 16, 1896, with a train track length of 36 km using the standard rail width used in the Dutch East Indies, namely 1,067 mm. There are nine stops and stations on the Klakah-Pasirian railway line, consisting of Klakah Station, Grobogan Stop, Sukodono Stop, Lumajang Station, Labruk Stop, Tempeh Stop, Mujur Stop, Condro Stop, and Pasirian Station.

Simultaneous scheduling of jobs and transporters in a hybrid flow shop with collision-free transporter routing: A novel parallel heuristic

A computationally potent two-stage parallel heuristic (TSPH) and a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) are suggested to address the simultaneous scheduling of jobs and transporters in a hybrid flow shop system, wherein multiple transporters, stage omission, transporter eligibility, machine eligibility, and collision-free transporter routing are assumed. To the best of our knowledge, the significance of transporter collision-free routing has not been spotlighted in the literature on flow shop systems. Collision-free routing of transporters is a requisite technical attribute as transport means may collide on routes and break down the whole system. Our MILP and TSPH assume collision-free routing to impede the issue. Being equipped with parallel computing, TSPH can deal with large problems in a considerably short time. To support, TSPH is analogized against the suggested MILP, two-step MILP (TSMILP), and an efficient parallel meta-heuristic (i.e., parallel particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm (PPSOGA)) that outperformed many literarily prominent meta-heuristics in the literature. The benchmark results uncover that TSPH outclasses both TSMILP and PPSOGA in the quality of solutions. Eventually, utilizing the convergence plot and Nemenyi’s post-hoc procedure for Friedman’s test, it is revealed that the outcomes of TSPH are remarkably more desirable than those of TSMILP and PPSOGA.

An Investigative Study on the Development Strategies for Electric Vehicle Enterprises

With the continuous development of science and technology, cars have become an indispensable means of transportation for human beings in daily travel. More and more cars appear in our life. In recent years, as consumer awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection has increased, global demand for sustainable development has increased, and many new energy vehicles. Because the non-renewable resources such as oil and natural gas needed by traditional fuel cars are consumed faster and faster, the exhaust emissions of traditional cars are polluting the environment increases, so new energy vehicles are the future development trend of the automobile industry. With the international context of the rapid development of new energy trams, the sales volume of electric vehicles in China's automobile market is not good. Through data analysis and industry research, the key factors and reasons affecting the development of electric vehicles are found, make certain suggestions to Chinese new energy electric vehicle companies, in order to change the current situation of low sales of new energy vehicles, the report objectively and truly analyses the future planning of the development of Chinese electric vehicle enterprises and the change of the development trend, as well as the moderate fine-tuning of the sales pricing.

Study results in curvilinear motion of high-speed track machine with electromechanical transmission

Introduction. Transport and technological means based on tracked undercarriages have found their use in both military and civilian industries. Their widespread use is due to a number of advantages that contribute to the further development of mechanization of production, increasing the efficiency of transportation of minerals, and developing infrastructure during the development of new territories. Ensuring cross-country ability and mobility of vehicles with tracked undercarriages, including tracked conveyor-tractors, is possible through the use of hybrid electromechanical transmissions. One of the components of scientific research in this direction is carrying out simulation modeling of the movement of equipment. Modeling the motion process will make it possible to substantiate the energy characteristics of the electromechanical transmission of a tracked vehicle and confirm the adequacy of previously performed theoretical studies.Research methods. The main objective of the simulation was to confirm the effectiveness of the theoretical studies performed. The studies in the VISSIM programming environment using typical motion cycles that equivalently reflect the operating conditions and use of a tracked machine were carried out.Results. As a result of the research, quantitative estimates of the influence of the power of a diesel generator and the charge of an energy storage device on the dynamic performance of equipment were obtained. It has been established that in order to meet the requirements for promising samples, the power of the energy storage device should be at least 2.5 kWh when using a standard internal combustion engine.Discussion and conclusion. The research results can be used to create, based on the existing scientific and technical background, a promising robotic complex with an electromechanical transmission.

AI-Powered Technology to Keep Cyclists Safe

Cycling is ubiquitous as a means of transportation and a common hobby to get active outdoors. However, the recent uprise in cycling accidents has led cyclists to feel unsafe on the roads. Copilot by Velo.ai is an AI-based bicycle technology that addresses this problem by collecting spatial and audio-visual data and using AI, preventing accidents before they occur by predicting oncoming vehicles or pedestrians. Copilot is novel in adapting sensory, photography, and AI technology from autonomous vehicles to the cycling industry. Although Copilot is cutting-edge and ground-breaking for cycling safety, it is not accessible to everyone. Barriers to Copilot include disability, unemployment/job security, and employment/working conditions. These social determinants of health (SDoH) interact with each other, as well as intersectional factors, to influence individual access to Copilot, which notably differs depending on the status of one’s country of residence (i.e., developed versus developing). Recent peer-reviewed research confirms the efficacy of the technology used in Copilot and Copilot itself to prevent cycling accidents resulting in injury/death. As technology evolves and machine learning is used to address current limitations, the future of Copilot is promising.

LBP-CNN Fusion for Driver Fatigue Detection

Nowadays, individuals tend to rely on their own means of transportation. As the number of vehicles on the road continues to rise, the occurrence of accidents has also increased. Specifically, road accidents are becoming more prevalent, with driver drowsiness being a significant contributing factor. Approximately 2.3 lakh out of the 23 lakh road mishaps that transpire in the country each year are attributed to drowsiness. Recent data indicates that an estimated 2.3 lakh to 3.5 lakh road accidents are a direct consequence of sleepiness[9]. To mitigate the occurrence of such accidents, we propose the implementation of a drowsy detection system for drivers. This system ensures that both the passengers and the driver can embark on their journey with the assurance of safety. The system utilizes a camera to monitor the driver's facial expressions and issues alerts accordingly. It analyzes various facial features such as eye closure, yawning, and signs of fatigue, subsequently notifying the driver to remain attentive. This approach involves the utilization of the local binary pattern texture analysis method in conjunction with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). By doing so, it effectively highlights the textural variations in the driver's face, thereby clearly identifying the relevant facial features. The camera detects the driver's face, captures the image, and subsequently converts it into LBP images. This process enables the system to detect subtle indicators of drowsiness, ultimately aiding in the prevention of accidents. Consequently, this system significantly reduces the occurrence of drowsiness-related accidents, thereby saving numerous lives

A numerical study of smoke concentration distribution near low-intensity fires: Sensitivity to vertical canopy structure and fire heat source strength

Abstract Broadly speaking, prediction of the negative impacts of prescribed fire on air quality is limited by gaps in our understanding of the underlying fire, fuels, and atmospheric processes. These knowledge gaps hinder our ability to accurately predict smoke concentration distributions, leading to unintended smoke intrusions into nearby communities and subsequent threats to public health and safety. In this study, numerical simulations are performed using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART-WRF), with particle motion driven by output from a full-physics atmospheric model with a forest canopy sub-model and 10-m horizontal grid spacing (ARPS-CANOPY), to address two research questions. First, what is the relationship between near-fire (within ~50–150 m of fire) smoke concentration distribution and (i) vertical canopy structure, (ii) fire heat source strength? Second, what roles do mean transport (i.e., transport by the mean wind) and turbulent diffusion play in shaping the near-fire smoke concentration distribution? To address these questions, simulations are run with 25 combinations of plant area density profile and fire sensible heat flux magnitude, and smoke is represented by particles with diameters ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5). Results show that near-fire PM2.5 concentration distribution is primarily controlled by vertical canopy structure, with fire heat source strength primarily controlling the PM2.5 concentration magnitude. Analysis of the underlying ARPS-CANOPY variables driving FLEXPART-WRF particle dispersion helps elucidate the roles of mean transport and turbulent diffusion. In total, the study findings suggest that the vertical distribution of canopy vegetation and fire heat source strength are important factors influencing PM2.5 dispersion and concentration distribution near low-intensity fires.

An assessment of turnaround times of infant Deoxyribonucleic acid-Polymerase Chain Reaction testing and the associated factors in Western Kenya: A mixed methods study.

The HIV/AIDS continues being a significant global public health priority in the 21st century with social and economic consequences Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) occurs when an HIV-infected woman passes the virus to her infant and about 90% of these MTCT infections occurs in Africa where children and infants are still dying of HIV. Early definitive diagnosis using Deoxyribonucleic acid reaction of HIV infection in infants is critical to ensuring that HIV-infected infants receive appropriate and timely care and treatment to reduce HIV related morbidity and mortality. To assess the Infant Deoxyribonucleic acid-Polymerase Chain Reaction (DNA-PCR) Turnaround Time (TAT) of dry blood spots and associated factors in Vihiga, Bungoma, Kakamega and Busia counties, in Kenya. A mixed methods study using a) retrospectively collected data from Ministry of Health Laboratory registers, Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) database from 28 health facilities and b) 9 key informant interviews with laboratory in-charges were conducted. A total of 2,879 HIV exposed babies' data were abstracted from January 2012 to June 2013. The mean TAT from specimen collection and results received back at the facilities was 46.90 days, Vihiga county having the shortest mean duration at 33.7days and Kakamega county having the longest duration at 51.7days (p = 0.001). In addition, the mean transport time from specimen collection and receipt at Alupe Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) reference Laboratory was 16.50 days. Vihiga County had the shortest transport time at 13.01 days while Busia had the longest at 18.99 days (p = 0.001). Longer TAT was due to the batching of specimens at the peripheral health facilities and hubbing to the nearest referral hospitals. The TAT for DNA-PCR specimen was 46.90 days with Vihiga County having the shortest TAT due to lack of specimen batching and hubbing. Discourage specimen batching/hubbing and support point-of-care early infant diagnosis (EID) tests.