Subordinate Meaning Research Articles

THE PROBLEM OF ARCHAISM AND THE MERGING OF POSSESSIVE ENDINGS WITH THE ROOT OF THE WORD IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Many problems awaiting fundamental scientific research are enough in Kazakh linguistics. One of them is pronunciation as part of a whole word included in the root of the application. This phenomenon, which occurs during the development of the language, was based on the application's attempt to merge with the root. This is a linguistic pattern that has its own way of creation, signs and features. Obviously, we have the opportunity to find solutions to many confusing issues by identifying applications that fall into the root of a word in the language. For example, such issues as the word-formation function of endings, the phenomenon of habituation of adjuncts, the disappearance of the subordinate meaning, have not yet found an exhaustive solution. And one of the affixes used by the asset in our language – a comprehensive consideration of the integration of dependent unions into the root - will undoubtedly answer one of these questions. Obviously, the main function of conjunctions in the Turkic languages is to link words with each other and give them different grammatical meanings. But we know from various studies that some conjunctions that go beyond this pattern have both a word-formation function and the fact that they existed in the ancient times of the language. And at the expense of such unions, we risk studying the nature of the established, established words. There are many words in the Kazakh language that are not part of this word, do not divide them into each other. Complex and interesting words are currently in great contradiction between corresponding scientists.

ÎN PROBLEMA TIPOLOGIEI SINTAGMELOR: SINTAGMA VERBALĂ vs SINTAGMA PREDICATIVĂ

This article aims at (re)examining two types of subordinating phrases (= created based on a subordination relation) identified in scientific literature, i.e. verb phrases and predicative phrases. The latter differs from the former in that the P(redicate) is a DT (=dependent) to the S(ubject), and subordination takes place exclusively through agreement, contrarily to the usual means of complement subordination. The verb phrase is classified depending on the H (head), the relevant subphrases are classified depending on the D, and the predicative phrase is organised around a P in its capacity as a D related to an S.

Interpreting and Power: Re-articulating Colonial Memories in Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible

This article investigates the damage enforced on interpreters in colonial and postcolonial settings. It explores the subordination of an African interpreter working for an American missionary in the Congo, as presented in Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible (1998). This is an unexplored area in the novel, and the article shows how the interpreter falls amongst the subaltern groups. The intertwined narratives about the colonization of the Congo and the oppression of women parallel the marginalization of the interpreter. The latter evokes former colonial memories of the subjugation, even the enslavement of translators in the former Portuguese Empire. Theoretically, the article is underpinned by Micheal Cronin’s ideas on translation and power and Lawrence Venuti’s poststructuralist views, which devalue symmetrical approaches to translation. Finally, this work argues how translation can be a means of subordination by the oppressor and empowerment by the oppressed. Ultimately, the interpreter’s independent voice becomes a symbolic revelation of the means marginalized groups should use to overcome dominance and imperialism.

New Results on a Fractional Integral of Extended Dziok–Srivastava Operator Regarding Strong Subordinations and Superordinations

In 2012, new classes of analytic functions on U×U¯ with coefficient holomorphic functions in U¯ were defined to give a new approach to the concepts of strong differential subordination and strong differential superordination. Using those new classes, the extended Dziok–Srivastava operator is introduced in this paper and, applying fractional integral to the extended Dziok–Srivastava operator, we obtain a new operator Dz−γHmlα1,β1 that was not previously studied using the new approach on strong differential subordinations and superordinations. In the present article, the fractional integral applied to the extended Dziok–Srivastava operator is investigated by applying means of strong differential subordination and superordination theory using the same new classes of analytic functions on U×U¯. Several strong differential subordinations and superordinations concerning the operator Dz−γHmlα1,β1 are established, and the best dominant and best subordinant are given for each strong differential subordination and strong differential superordination, respectively. This operator may have symmetric or asymmetric properties.

Yakuza Masculinity: Marginalized Hegemonic in Gokusen Manga

Abstract. Masculinity is a construction formed by society because of the expectations of men in society, so various forms of masculinity emerge. The Yakuza group is a group that is very synonymous with masculinity and is even referred to as the world of men. However, in reality, their masculine form shackles them in social interaction. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms of Yakuza masculinity so that there will be visible differences in the forms of masculinity between Yakuza and society in general. Yakuza masculinity has a general concept of masculinity, or is called hegemonic masculinity. However, forms of masculinity that are too extreme make their masculinity marginal. That happens because of differences in the interpretation of masculinity by society toward certain groups. The data is from images and dialogues representing Yakuza forms of masculinity in Gokusen manga. Data collection used a literature review technique, and data analysis used a qualitative descriptive technique. The findings suggest that masculinity owned by the Yakuza group represents a form of hegemonic masculinity, but the form of masculinity becomes a problem for its existence. The form of masculinity has a dual identity as a tool of legitimacy and a means of subordination to individuals and groupsKeywords: Hegemonic, Marginal Masculinity, Masculinity, Yakuza Masculinity, Yakuza

LEXICAL COMPLEX IN KHMER: «UNNECESSARY VERBOSITY» OR ELABORATION OF MEANING?

Complexity of language units in Mon- Khmer and other Asian languages of isolating profile is their prominent feature. The article deals with a specific type of Khmer complex units that is lexical complex, in particular verbal lexical complex which has an exceptionally high frequency in Khmer text. In linguistic literature dealing with isolating languages of Asia, including Khmer, this type of complex units is not recognized due to the fact that they do not look different from complex words and serial verb constructions being also sequences of verbs without any means of subordination or coordination. A most characteristic feature of Khmer is chains consisting of several verbs. Their presence in discourse is often seen as unnecessary verbosity, having nothing to do with expression of meaning. Russian linguist D. I. Yelovkov was the first to introduce the concept of lexical complex in Khmer. According to him, a lexical complex consists of two or more lexemes which make up a structural and semantic unity of a special kind [Еловков 2006, с. 106]. He singled out several types of lexical complexes and described their functional potential in detail. It was a real breakthrough in Khmer studies. This article defines the verbal lexical complex as a unit comprised of several verbs with a unified semantic structure without formal links but connected on the semantic level. Two specific types of semantic derivation by means of lexical complexes are analyzed: polysemantic lexical complexes and lexical complexes that eliminate word ambiguity. Data from Modern Khmer, Middle Khmer and Old Khmer is used. Polysemantic lexical complex derivatives are used to characterize different aspects of one single action. Analysis presented in the article allows us to draw the conclusion that the Khmer lexical complex is a well-structured and effective nomination unit which allows the speaker to accurately, concisely and in a smart way express meanings in the amount required. Lexical complex is a language unit which has no analogues in languages of other typological profile.

Differential sandwich theorems involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of $ q $-hypergeometric function

<abstract><p>The development of certain aspects of geometric function theory after incorporating fractional calculus and $ q $-calculus aspects is obvious and indisputable. The study presented in this paper follows this line of research. New results are obtained by applying means of differential subordination and superordination theories involving an operator previously defined as the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of the $ q $-hypergeometric function. Numerous theorems are stated and proved involving the fractional $ q $-operator and differential subordinations for which the best dominants are found. Associated corollaries are given as applications of those results using particular functions as best dominants. Dual results regarding the fractional $ q $-operator and differential superordinations are also considered and theorems are proved where the best subordinants are given. Using certain functions known for their remarkable geometric properties applied in the results as best subordinant, interesting corollaries emerge. As a conclusion of the investigations done by applying the means of the two dual theories considering the fractional $ q $-operator, several sandwich-type theorems combine the subordination and superordiantion established results.</p></abstract>

Learning about the meanings of ambiguous words: evidence from a word-meaning priming paradigm with short narratives.

Fluent language comprehension requires people to rapidly activate and integrate context-appropriate word meanings. This process is challenging for meanings of ambiguous words that are comparatively lower in frequency (e.g., the “bird” meaning of “crane”). Priming experiments have shown that recent experience makes such subordinate (less frequent) word meanings more readily available at the next encounter. These experiments used lists of unconnected sentences in which each ambiguity was disambiguated locally by neighbouring words. In natural language, however, disambiguation may occur via more distant contextual cues, embedded in longer, connected communicative contexts. In the present experiment, participants (N = 51) listened to 3-sentence narratives that ended in an ambiguous prime. Cues to disambiguation were relatively distant from the prime; the first sentence of each narrative established a situational context congruent with the subordinate meaning of the prime, but the remainder of the narrative did not provide disambiguating information. Following a short delay, primed subordinate meanings were more readily available (compared with an unprimed control), as assessed by responses in a word association task related to the primed meaning. This work confirms that listeners reliably disambiguate spoken ambiguous words on the basis of cues from wider narrative contexts, and that they retain information about the outcome of these disambiguation processes to inform subsequent encounters of the same word form.

Word-meaning priming extends beyond homonyms

When a homonym (e.g., bark) is encountered in a sentential context that biases its interpretation towards a less frequent meaning, subsequent interpretations of the word are more likely to favour that subordinate meaning. Such word-meaning priming effects have been shown to be maintained via sleep-related consolidation, leading some to suggest that declarative memory systems play a crucial role in language comprehension, providing a relatively enduring contextually bound memory trace for the ambiguous word. By this account, word-meaning priming effects should be observable for all words, not just homonyms. In three experiments, participants were exposed to non-homonym targets (e.g., “balloon”) in sentences that biased interpretation towards a specific aspect of the word's meaning (e.g., balloon‑helium vs. balloon-float). After a ~ 10–30 min delay, the targets were presented in relatedness judgement and associate production tasks to assess whether the sentential contexts enhanced access to the primed aspect of the word's meaning. The results reveal that word-meaning priming effects do extend to non-homonyms. Indeed, there was also some evidence of a more generalised priming that did not rely on prior presentation of the non-homonym itself. We argue that context-specific interpretations of words are maintained during recognition in order to facilitate comprehension over longer periods.

Silencing at Work: Sexual Harassment, Workplace Misconduct and NDAs

Abstract This article draws on qualitative analysis of a small interview study and of oral evidence to the Women and Equalities Select Committee (WESC) of the UK Parliament, to explore and contextualize the use in the United Kingdom of NDAs in settlements to silence allegations and experiences of sexual harassment and workplace misconduct. This demonstrates the central place of NDAs in the failure of individualist individualized workplace protections effectively to combat this behaviour. Several factors emerge as potentially significant to the ubiquity and substantive content of NDAs in settlements: the influence of modern, technologically inflected routinization and sheer paperwork within organizations and lawyering; interactions between the law in practice and long-standing economic, social and cultural means of subordination, including of women and racialized groups. Illustrations comprise, first, employers’ systemic dominance, mediated by lawyers, being enacted and reinforced through frequent imposition of NDAs, including to protect serial wrongdoers, and, secondly, that the shame and career risk attached to people who experience and complain of ill treatment (not alleged wrongdoers) mean claimants themselves often need the protection of NDAs in settlements. Still, suggestions in the evidence of some organizations altering their use of NDAs provides an invaluable opportunity for future research to illuminate the drivers and long-term consequence of this legalized silencing and of what ought to be done about it. Organizational variety also shows that employers are already in a position differently to reconcile the innate tensions the data exposed between individual, employer, and societal interests in whether mistreatment at work is silenced or exposed. This leads to my final argument that, whatever legal reform occurs, employers and their lawyers ought already to take the obvious first step towards changing the culture, of shifting their default position away from routinely using law to silence complaints about sexual harassment and workplace misconduct. If employers are not even willing to take this small initial step, and their lawyers to back them up, this will raise serious questions about current public commitments finally to tackle workplace wrongdoing, and grave doubts that anything much is going to change in this dimension of working life.

Being suspicious of suspicious coincidences: The case of learning subordinate word meanings

How do learners acquire subordinate terms (such as Dalmatian) and overcome the bias that words have basic-level meanings (such as dog)? Xu and Tenenbaum [Xu, F., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2007a). Word learning as Bayesian inference. Psychological Review, 114(2), 245–272] found that both children and adults can learn the subordinate meaning of a novel word when it is used ostensively to label multiple exemplars: learners appear to reason about sampling statistics, detecting the suspicious coincidence that, e.g., a random sample of dogs all happen to be Dalmatians. Crucially though, their experimental support did not come from cross-situational ostensive labeling contexts, but from single instances that presented all exemplars at once and included a co-present test array that likely highlighted the relevant semantic contrast. Here we find that adults do not use suspicious coincidences during cross-situational word learning. We only find effects of suspicious coincidences in adults under specific testing conditions similar to those used by Xu and Tenenbaum. We find that adults show a basic-level meaning preference even after encountering five subordinate-level exemplars cross-situationally, even when the first three exemplars were presented simultaneously and labeled ostensively. Instead, participants arrived at subordinate meanings only within settings that highlighted the relevant semantic contrast, i.e., when the target words had referents that belonged to the same basic-level category (e.g., two words referring to dogs, with one referring to Dalmatians and the other to non-Dalmatian dogs). Our findings are consistent with a “semantic contrast” account of word learning, in which learners evaluate which semantic contrasts are relevant in the local learning context and use that information to constrain word meaning.

Cognate and meaning frequency effects on homonym processing

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of L1 co-activation and meaning frequency of homonyms on L2 lexical access of Brazilian Portuguese–English bilinguals during an L2 meaning decision task. Design: Eighty-four university students completed a meaning decision task—with cognate homonyms—a meaning recognition task, a Language History Questionnaire, and an L2 proficiency test. The meaning decision task was composed of 128 prime words followed by one out of three possible targets: related to the dominant meaning, related to the subordinate one, or unrelated. Independent variables were cognate status (64 cognate × 64 non-cognate words), homonym status (64 homonym × 64 non-homonyms), prime-sharedness (16 dominant meaning shared words × 16 subordinate meaning shared words), and target-relatedness (64 related to dominant meaning × 64 related to subordinate meaning × 64 unrelated words). Dependent variables were reaction times and accuracy. Data and analysis: Data were analyzed using linear mixed effect models in R. Findings: Results showed that, in this sample of bilinguals, processing of target words related to the meaning of the prime was confounded when primes were homonyms. In general, this interference was not decreased by the co-activation of cognate words across languages. Accuracy scores benefited from cognate status only when no ambiguity was present. Word processing was faster and more accurate when target words were related to the dominant meaning of the homonym prime, which shared this same meaning across languages. Originality: L1 co-activation via cognate words was not enough to decrease homonym interference effect in L2 word processing. Implications: This study lends support for a non-selective bilingual lexical access view and for frequency approaches during L2 word recognition. It also indicates limitations of the cognate facilitation effect.

Hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the Torey Plain lakes during the period of the lowest territory moisture

The largest salt lakes on the territory of Southeastern Transbaikalia and Northeastern Mongolia have been studied. It is shown that all lakes differ in hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics. According to the chemical composition of water, they belong to the soda type and sodium, carbonate, bicarbonate and chloride ions are predominant. Sulfates are in a subordinate meaning. The established relationship between abiotic and biotic parameters indicates the conjugation of biogeochemical processes involved in the formation of the soda type of lakes through the carbon cycle.

Homonym Comprehension and Definition of School-Aged Children with Language Learning Disabilities in First to Third Grades

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the ability to define and comprehend homonyms among lower elementary school children with language learning disabilities (LLD).Methods: A total of 23 students, consisting of 10 LLD students and 13 typically developing (TD) students, were recruited for this study. All students were tested to check their ability of defining and understanding homonyms.Results: Comparing two groups, the overall definition accuracy and comprehension ability of homonyms were significantly lower at LLD group than TD group. In addition, when comparing the accuracy of individual definitions and ability to comprehend homophones according to the conditions (dominant/subordinate meaning) between the two groups, the LLD group showed lower performance than the TD group in both abilities. Both groups were found to have more difficulty with the subordinate meaning than with the dominant meaning. LLD group have difficulties at defining homonym than TD group in both meaning. On the other hand, the LLD group showed lower performance than the TD group in their ability to comprehend subordinate meaning. There was no difference between the two groups in the ability to understand the dominant meaning.Conclusion: Therefore, when determining interventions for grade 1 to 3 students having learning disabilities, proper contextual clues should be used to improve their homonym comprehension.

The relationship between sentence comprehension and lexical-semantic retuning

• Recent experience with homonyms primes their interpretation tens of minutes later. • Priming occurs from sentences in which prior context guides disambiguation. • Priming can occur for sentences in which ambiguous words require reinterpretation. • “Good enough” listening tasks reduce priming if sentences require reinterpretation. • Findings reveal learning mechanisms by which lexical-semantic knowledge is updated. A single encounter with an ambiguous word (e.g. bark, ball) in the context of a less-frequent meaning (e.g. “Sally worried about how crowded the ball would be.”) can shift the later interpretation of the word toward the same subordinate meaning. This lexical-semantic retuning functions to improve future comprehension of ambiguous words. The present paper investigates the relationship between this form of learning and the specific processes that occur during sentence comprehension. One possibility is that lexical-semantic retuning occurs immediately upon hearing the ambiguous word, during initial meaning activation and selection, so priming should be strongest when the disambiguating context is provided before the ambiguous word (prior disambiguation). Alternatively, priming may relate to the degree of reinterpretation needed, which would predict maximal learning when the word is initially misunderstood because the critical context is given after the word (subsequent disambiguation, e.g. “Sally worried that the ball would be too crowded.”). In four experiments, adults listened to prior and subsequent disambiguation sentences, and were later tested on their interpretations of primed and unprimed ambiguous words. The results showed that lexical-semantic retuning can occur for both sentence types. Importantly, however, the emergence of priming for subsequent disambiguation sentences was sensitive to the prime conditions: when the task could potentially be performed without needing to re-analyse the ambiguity, then no significant priming was observed. This is consistent with the ‘good enough’ view of language processing which states that representations can remain as (im)precise as mandated by the situation, and that lexical-semantic retuning operates on the output of good-enough interpretation. More generally, our findings suggest that lexical-semantic retuning is driven by participants’ final interpretation of the word meanings during the prime encounter, regardless of initial meaning activation or misinterpretation.

Equality-based arguments for the decriminalization of abortion in Brazil: towards new legal opportunities

This article aims to contribute to the abortion debate in Brazil, by looking deeply at how the equality principle is being mobilized by pro-decriminalization actors in the specific context of ADPF 442, the lawsuit in which the constitutionality of the abortion restriction up to the 12th week is challenged before the Brazilian Supreme Court. We map and classify the different formulations of equality arguments presented by the claimant and other relevant actors. We then discuss one of the formulations – the formulation that characterizes abortion as a means of group subordination - in light of the legal opportunity structure available in Brazil. We argue that while this argument faces a challenge posed by the narrow formulations of the equality principle in general in Brazil, it also opens up a new window for arguing, for being close in formulation to an important equality case ruled by the Supreme Court – ADPF 186, an affirmative action case.

Role for Positive Schizotypy and Hallucination Proneness in Semantic Processing.

Semantic processing underpins the organization of verbal information for both storage and retrieval. Deficits in semantic processing are associated with both the risk for and symptoms presented in schizophrenia. However, studies are mixed and could reflect the confounding effects of medication and symptom heterogeneity. Therefore, we considered whether two risk phenotypes, positive schizotypy and hallucinatory predisposition, present in the general population were associated with differential responding profiles for a semantic processing task. One hundred and eighty-three participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, National Adult Reading Test, a handedness measure, and a computerized semantic relatedness judgment task. Pairs of words were related through their dominant or subordinate meanings, or unrelated. Participants were divided into four groups using a mean split on cognitive-perceptual (positive) schizotypy and hallucination proneness. Significant differences between groups were found for reaction time on the semantic relatedness task, with the high cognitive-perceptual schizotypy groups responding significantly slower to all word pairs compared to their low scoring counterparts. There was some evidence that high hallucination proneness was associated with significantly faster reaction times which may reflect disinhibitive processes, however additional support is required. The results suggest that these two components of psychosis risk are associated with different patterns of responding to semantic processing. More diffuse activation of semantic information appeared to be associated with positive schizotypy, while those predisposed to hallucinations appeared to respond quicker. These results have significant implications in the re-conceptualization of hallucination proneness as distinct from positive schizotypy. Additional research is required to investigate the association between psychotic-like experiences separate from personality variables such as positive schizotypy and semantic processing.

Processing Ambiguous Morphemes in Chinese Compound Word Recognition: Behavioral and ERP Evidence

This study examined the processing of ambiguous morphemes in Chinese word recognition with a masked priming lexical decision task. Both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) were recorded. All targets were bimorphemic compound words that contained ambiguous morphemes as the first morphemes. The ambiguous morphemes either took the dominant or subordinate interpretation, depending on the second morphemes. The prime words contained the same ambiguous morphemes in the dominant interpretation, the subordinate interpretation, or were unrelated to the targets. Analyses on response times revealed significant facilitative priming whenever primes and targets shared morphemes, but the strength of facilitation was stronger when the morpheme meanings were consistent. A similar pattern was found in the analyses of N400 (300–500 ms after target onset) amplitudes. However, in the earlier N250 time window (200–300 ms after target onset), only the dominant targets, but not the subordinate ones, were primed by the morpheme-sharing primes. More importantly, the strength of facilitation was similar between the dominant and subordinate primes. These results have two implications to the processing of ambiguous morphemes during Chinese compound word recognition. First, the morpheme meanings could be activated rapidly. Second, the more frequently used dominant meanings could be activated more easily than the less frequently used subordinate meanings.

Gesture style can affect the integration of gestures and speech: the evidence from Chinese ERP research.

People often accompany gestures in the process of speaking, but the individual's gesture style is not the same. The present study uses the ambiguity resolution paradigm to explore the influence of two kinds of gesture styles on gesture-verbal comprehension. The study manipulated the gesture styles and meaning types of target words and recorded N400 amplitude. This study found that (1) in the non-grooming condition, compared with the situation where the gesture and semantics are inconsistent, a smaller N400 appears under the consistent condition; (2) in the grooming condition, the grooming gesture will reduce the effect of the iconic gesture on speech understanding. N400 amplitude increased only in the case of matching between dominant meaning gesture and subordinate meaning target word. These results suggest that the communication styles of gestures of different speakers, in the process of speech comprehension, affect how well listeners integrate gestures and language.

Cross-language activation and executive control modulate within-language ambiguity resolution: Evidence from eye movements.

An important question within psycholinguistics is how knowledge of multiple languages impacts the coactivation of word forms and meanings during language comprehension. To the extent that a bilingual's known languages are always partially active, as predicted by models such as the bilingual interactive activation plus model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002), cross-language activation should influence which meanings are accessed and in which order. Here, we monitored the eye movements of 48 French-English and 40 English-French bilingual adults as they read within-language homonyms embedded in more or less semantically constraining English sentences. The within-language homonyms were either cognate homonyms, whose subordinate meanings were also French cognates (e.g., sage, "herb" or, less frequently, "wise man" in English and, also, "wise man" in French), or uniquely English (e.g., chest). French-English bilinguals processed cognate homonyms with subordinate meanings more quickly than uniquely English homonyms with subordinate meanings, and individual differences in executive control capacity modulated their processing of uniquely English homonyms only. In contrast, English-French bilinguals processed all within-language homonyms similarly, regardless of cognate status and executive control capacity. Our findings suggest that cross-language activation impacts within-language ambiguity resolution by changing the relative dominance of the meanings associated with a word form, and that cross-language activation varies as a function of the language tested (first or second language). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).