Meaning Of Language Expressions Research Articles

THE PECULIARITIES OF WORD FORMATION OF THE NEW AMERICAN PHRASEOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

The development of language is largely due to the development of its word-forming system, the formation of new word-forming models, changing existing ones, increasing or decreasing their productivity and many other factors of the word-forming process. In addition to phrases, telescopes, and word formation, American phraseology includes acronyms and affixes. Metaphors and metonymy are used to create innovative American phraseology. Metaphor is a necessary means of expression in language because it is inherent in human thinking and language. Metaphor is a powerful means of expressing symbolic meanings. The uniqueness of metaphorical transfers lies in the possibility of creating features that have no analogues in the system of means of direct nomination. The image-analytical structure of the metaphor allows to convey the meaning of any degree of complexity and semantic configuration. Metaphor arises in the assimilation of one phenomenon to another on the basis of semantic similarity of states, properties and actions that characterize these phenomena. From a formal point of view, metaphorical transfer is the use of a word (phrase, sentence) intended to denote certain objects (situations). Innovative American phraseology is dominated by phrases and their number is 148. New phraseology is the predominant trend in the process of creating new words, telescope 35, word formation also occupies an important place word formation and has 25. In the process of word formation of new words affixation of 11 words is also used, abbreviation 2 words and abbreviations 2. In summary, the main way to create new words in innovative American phraseology in economics and business is new phraseology, which we believe will be the leading way to create innovative American phraseology in the next decade, pushing telescopes to second place. Phrases are the leading way to create innovative American phrases in economics and business, and word formation and telescope are not left out. Analyzing phraseology in this area by semantic analysis, metaphor is most often observed, followed by irony and metonymy. In our opinion, it is advisable to determine in which areas it is formed, to analyze its features.

Psychological Ways of Understanding Textual Reality of the Novel

The aim of the research is to examine the most important features of Charles Dickens’ individual style of writing and the characteristics of students’ understanding of Charles Dickens, the effect produced by the language expressive means and stylistic devices in the authors’ texts of students. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The experimental method is the method of interview. The results of the research. We note that every novel is a cultural phenomenon. The global question what makes a novel «cultural» is that it is not the speech information itself that describes the «passive and voiceless» object of a particular study, but the fact that the novel is the text of another, dissimilar to our consciousness. When we are dealing with the author, with his personal worldview and the meaning that appears in the text is relevant. There is nothing in the culture but meanings and means of their transmission. The novel is a phenomenon of a certain culture and, as a result, can be considered as a «meaningful world». During the «meeting» of the person with the work, our own understanding of life will be included into the situation of cultural communication with the author. The personal meanings of the recipient and the author’s one are always dissimilar, even completely dissimilar, sometimes strikingly different from each other. This, of course, in some a way complicates the process of understanding a novel, but this discrepancy influences on its understanding. Scholars consider a novel to be a piece of another consciousness, the understanding of which inevitably turns into a dialogue, a «meeting in a meaningful world». We recognize the main characteristic of a novel as its dialogic nature, emphasizing two-dimensional existence of the text. We think that each text has its subject, the author. Also there is another plan of the text – another subject, which reproduces someone another text and creates so called outlined text (commented, evaluated, denied). We’d like to emphasize the complexity of the relationships between these two plans, because they create a «meeting» of two texts – the completed structure and some text that can be created; it is a meeting of two consciousnesses, two authors. That is why, the dialogical nature of a no vel directs the author’s position, the author’s «voice» to the reader, who agrees or disagrees, asks, answers or not, also denies. Conclusions. Therefore, we can be argue that a novel is understood as the implementation of a system, as a lexical and syntactical formation, which contains signs of natural language, which has been defined by the author with the help of boundaries and internal semiotic organization. The latter at the syntagmatic level turns the text into a structural whole. The basis of a novel is its output in other texts, pieces of art, the presence of such characteristics as communicative orientation. We also believe that any novel is dialogical in its internal structure, because it contains both real and hidden appeals to some authors, directed against the views of other authors. If a non-dialogical text is possible it would be meaningless or would take on a form that can be given any meaning that is practically the same.

Строительная терминология в рекламном дискурсе: лингвопрагматический аспект

The article considers construction terminology functioning in advertising discourse of wooden house-building. The study is conducted by the material of web sites of the Russian building companies. Scientific originality of the paper is conditioned by the fact that the authors tackle a poorly investigated problem of advertising discourse of wooden house-building, suggest a thematic classification of construction terms, identify linguistic markers of advertising construction discourse which serve to influence a consumer. The findings indicate that advertising discourse is characterized by active use of sectoral terms, borrowings and antonyms as language expressive means.

Bridging the Gap between the Meaning of Natural Language and Mental Content

Since Frege, mental content (conscious content) has been distinguished from the meaning of natural language and not regarded mental content as the meaning of language expression. This anti-psychological view cuts off the connection between the meaning of language and mental content, giving rise to the failures in solving the problems of mind. Instead of thinking about linguistic meaning and mental content separately, philosophers of mind put more emphasis on mental content and even equate the meaning of linguistic expressions with it. Therefore, the issues that what the relationship between linguistic meaning and mental content is and how they are connected are not well answered so far. The author argues in this paper that: 1) People attach meaning to symbols through communication activities when they have mental contents, thus forming the language, which is also a process of achieving psychological certainty in turn; 2) the relationship between linguistic meaning and mental content is similar to the interdependent relationship between monetary value and the use value of commodities. Without the latter, the former will lose its source, and the former also affects the latter. Philosophers of mind pay little attention to the interplay between language and mental content. Based on the above arguments and previous theories, this paper conceives a general model of the generation of linguistic meaning.

ОN ONE FORM OF POETOLOGICAL REFLEXIVITY IN LYRICS OF GILLIAN ALLNUTT, CAROL ANN DUFFY, SIMON ARMITAGE

The aim of this paper was to consider one form of poetological reflexivity connected with the interaction of poetry with non-poetic discourses in the context of contemporary culture. Poetological reflexivity is understood here as foregrounding in poetry author’s contemplations dealing with the creative process, including such philological aspects as aesthetic criteria, normative cannons, relationship with the art of predecessors, interpretation of language expressive means, stylistic devices, poetic techniques (meter, rhyme, stanza, rhythmic modifiers) and others, incorporated into the texture of a poem. Such poems are often referred to as «metapoetic lyrics» or «metapoetry». Three poems by Gillian Allnutt, Carol Ann Duffy and Simon Armitage were analyzed from the point of view of language signs actualizing authors’ reflexivity concerning the relationship between poetic and non-poetic discourses. This problem, which has always been in the center of poets’ attention became especially acute today in the context of expanding mass media. The analysis of the poems revealed verbal and nonverbal markers of their authors’ reflexivity connected with the use of language means and discourse strategies of nonfiction registers, which appeared to be a productive resource for enrichment of poetic speech. These markers manifest themselves in a different way however all of them can be coordinated with their metapoetic function – expression of their authors’ understanding of poetry specifics.

WAYS OF RENDERING FUTURE TENSE FORMS FROM KAZAKH INTO ENGLISH

(BASED ON THE NOVEL “КӨШПЕНДІЛЕР”) Abstract. The article deals with the different types of transformation used in the process of translating from Kazakh into English by applying the principle of comparison. For the principle of comparison makes it possible for us to establish differences and similarities of heterogeneous languages as far as Kazakh and English languages are syntactically, morphologically and structurally different. Moreover, a close comparative study of languages not only helps us detect peculiarities of different languages but also directs us to a deeper analysis research results. English belongs to the Germanic group of language. The Kazakh pertains to the Turkic group of the Altaic family. Concerning the morphological type English is inflected and notable for its analytical character. Kazakh is an agglutinative language. As to grammar the principle means of expression in language possessing an analytical character is the order of the words and use of words and use of function words (function words, word order and intonation pattern). The grammatical inflections are the principal means used in Kazakh. Though the rest of grammatical means are also used but they are of less frequency than the grammatical inflections.

Tura sulaymon‘s mastery of the artistic use of ynonyms

This article focuses on one of Tura Sulaymon‘s main tools for ensuring the diversity of artistic discourse, the ability to use synonyms as an important means of expression in language.

ЛІНГВОПОЕТИЧНІ ПАРАМЕТРИ ПАНЕГІРИКА “ЕВОДІЯ” Г. БУТОВИЧА

The article is devoted to the linguopoetic analysis of the ancient text of the Baroque period, in particular the panegyric “Evodiia” by G. Butovych, which is considered both the external design of the text, and the internal linguistic elements, caused by synthesis of the Baroque author’s thinking and sociocultural guidelines of the first half of the XVII century. The sociocultural circumstances of the creation of the “Evodiia” are revealed. The external, ornamental design of the Baroque monument is described, so such aesthetic elements of the panegyric as the graphic decoration of the text by the author and the inclusion of various actual Baroque elements (acrostic, heraldic verse, visual poem etc.) and internal language units, in particular stylistic figures and tropes, creating aesthetic effect are investigated. Linguopoetic parameters of “Evodiia” by G. Butovych, represented by architectonics and stylistically marked linguistic units, reveal the specifics of the panegyric as the original genre of the Baroque Period and testify to the peculiarities of the old Ukrainian literary language expressive means of the first half of the XVII century.

Cultural Preservation: Rediscovering the Endangered Oral Tradition of Maluku (A Case Study on Kapata of Central Maluku)

Language and culture are two aspects which interchange each other where the language is a medium to get information about the culture. As the product of language and culture, oral tradition plays a vital role in Maluku not only as the most powerful and sacred chant that regulate the life of people but also as the folk song that contains history, advice, and prayer. Kapata nowadays is assumed as the endangered oral traditions in Maluku. To rediscover the endangered oral traditions, descriptive qualitative research by using interview and library study in gaining the supporting information was implemented. Furthermore, this research was aimed (1) to figure out the history of Kapata and the way to preserve it (2) to map out the categories of Kapata and its function in social life, and (3) to elaborate the meaning of language expression conveyed in Kapata. Through this research, it is hoped that Kapata can be preserved by implementing it in formal education, art performance and framing in an advanced documentation so that all generations of Maluku are able to not only to recognize and make use it in social life as the way to preserve the Kapata as an endangered oral tradition.

Aspecto-Temporal Meanings Analysed by Combinatory Logic

What is the meaning of language expressions and how to compute or calculate it? In this paper, we give an answer to this question by analysing the meanings of aspects and tenses in natural languages inside the formal model of an grammar of applicative, cognitive and enunciative operations (GRACE) (Descles and Ro in Math Sci Hum 194:39---70, 2011), using the applicative formalism, functional types of categorial grammars and combinatory logic (CL) (Curry and Feys in Combinatory Logic. North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 1958). In the enunciative theory (Benveniste in Problemes de linguistique generale, 1, 2. Gallimard, Paris, 1974; Culioli in Formalisation et operations de reperage, tome 2. Ophrys, Paris, 1999; Descles in Une articulation entre syntaxe et semantique cognitive: la grammaire applicative et cognitive, memoires de la societe de linguistique de Paris, nouvelle serie, tome XX, l'architecture des theories, les modules et leurs interfaces. Peeters, Louvain, 2011) and following (Bally in Linguistique generale et linguistique francaise. Berne, Franke, 1965), an utterance can be decomposed into two components: a modus and a dictum (or a proposition). In GRACE, the modus is a complex operator applied to a proposition (a dictum) and is generated from more elementary operators of the categories of tense, aspect, and modality. The dictum is a proposition generated by a predicative relation. In this way, we can attribute a semantic meaning to different grammatical aspecto-temporal operators. The applicative expressions of CL can be easily translated into a functional programming language such as HASKELL or CAML (Ro in Les referentiels et operateurs aspecto-temporels: definitions, formalisation logique et informatique. PhD thesis, Universite de Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 2012).