Preferred Means Research Articles

Optimize Airline Service Policy Based on Airline Passenger Satisfaction Data Analysis

As the preferred means of transportation for long-distance travel after the epidemic, whether an airline can stand out among its peers is deeply related to whether it can satisfy passengers, and the service quality of an airline can significantly affect passenger satisfaction. In this paper, random Forest is applied to judge the correlation between satisfaction and different service factors, and several factors that have the most significant impact on satisfaction are selected. The results show that the influence degree of Online. boarding, Inflight. wifi. service is significantly higher than other factors. Then, Legroom service, Inflight entertainment, departure-arrival time convenience, and Seat comfort are four factors with significant influence. Therefore, this paper believes that airlines should provide convenient online registration, rich flight entertainment activities, and comfortable seat space to improve passenger satisfaction under the premise of ensuring that their costs do not change much. In this way, airlines can greatly improve their competitiveness to attract and retain more loyal passengers.

Corporate Governance in Platform Governance: Reassessing Stakeholderism in a Disruptive Era

Today, many of the largest and most successful businesses such as Google, Amazon, Apple, and Metaverse (Facebook) operate as online platforms. While they bring vast economic and societal benefits, their negative impacts on the society are increasingly causing public concerns. Despite the consensus that they must be governed, a topdown style of public regulation may not represent an optimal path to address platform ills. In this context, corporate governance that incorporates a stakeholder perspective may provide a preferable means to strengthen platform governance. While stakeholder thinking is not without its criticisms, the context of the platform society and disruptive innovation does provide a strong case for stakeholderism. The latter may therefore have the potential to bridge the topics of platform governance and corporate governance. Platform governance via corporate governance may be institutionalised along multiple lines including, inter alia, stakeholder representation on the board, directors’ fiduciary duty enforceable by stakeholders, the board’s reporting obligation in respect of platform governance, and the stewardship responsibility imposed upon institutional shareholders.

Formulas of preference according to Sheikh Rashid Al-Mawsili (d. 1400 AH) in his interpretation (The first thing said about the verses of revelation)

The research dealt with the formulas of preference used by Sheikh Rashid Al-Mawsili (d. 1400 AH) in his interpretation (The first thing that was said about the verses of the revelation), from the beginning of Surat Al-Fatihah to the end of Surat Al-Nas, and these formulas and methods were varied and multiple between preference and weakness and others, and I divided them into explicit formulas and implicit formulas. The research included an introduction, then a preface in which I talked about a biography of Sheikh Rashid Al-Mawsili, then three sections, the first section is about the meaning of preference, its importance and conditions, the second section: explicit formulas of preference with practical examples of them, the third section is about implicit formulas of preference with practical examples, then a conclusion that included the most important results that I reached in this research.

Experimental characterization of acoustic damping materials

AbstractDue to their ease of use and low cost, passive damping methods are a preferred mean for the reduction of noise in many engineering applications. This applies in particular to foam materials, which exhibit good acoustic and mechanical damping properties. The selection of suitable materials is usually carried out experimentally and can be very labor‐intensive and time‐consuming. For this reason, it is helpful to develop qualified numerical methodsthat can be used for material design and selection. Hence, foam materials must be characterized experimentally in order to enable a later comparison with vibroacoustic simulations. This contribution, therefore, aims at providing suitable parameters for the use in numerical analyses and their validation. Firstly, the microstructure of a foam specimen is captured by means of a CT scan. In addition to providing the geometry for the multi‐physics simulations, this measurement is also used to determine characteristic foam features, for example, strut thickness and pore size distribution. In the second step, the frequency‐dependent stiffness and damping properties of the material are determined by a special experimental setup utilizing an electrodynamic shaker. Here, the dynamic system is approximated as a single‐mass oscillator, which is sufficiently accurate for low frequencies. These properties will later be used in the numerical model to evaluate different parameter identification approaches. In the third and last step of the experimental campaign, measurements with an impedance tube are conducted to obtain the coefficient of absorption. This material parameter is particularly suitable for comparing experiments and simulations. Finally, the correlation between the experimental results is examined to provide a deeper understanding of the foam materials.

Photodynamic therapy with NIR-II probes: review on state-of-the-art tools and strategies.

In 2022 10% of the world's population was aged 65+, and by 2100 this segment is expected to hit 25%. These demographic changes place considerable pressure over healthcare systems worldwide, which results in an urgent need for accurate, inexpensive and non-invasive ways to treat cancers, a family of diseases correlated with age. Among the therapeutic tools that gained important attention in this context, photodynamic therapies (PDT), which use photosensitizers to produce cytotoxic substances for selectively destroying tumor cells and tissues under light irradiation, profile as important players for next-generation nanomedicine. However, the development of clinical applications is progressing at slow pace, due to still pending bottlenecks, such as the limited tissue penetration of the excitation light, and insufficient targeting performance of the therapeutic probes to fully avoid damage to normal cells and tissues. The penetration depth of long-wavelength near infrared (NIR) light is significantly higher than that of short-wavelength UV and visible light, and thus NIR light in the second window (NIR-II) is acknowledged as the preferred phototherapeutic means for eliminating deep-seated tumors, given the higher maximum permissible exposure, reduced phototoxicity and low autofluorescence, among others. Upon collective multidisciplinary efforts of experts in materials science, medicine and biology, multifunctional NIR-II inorganic or organic photosensitizers have been widely developed. This review overviews the current state-of-the art on NIR-II-activated photosensitizers and their applications for the treatment of deep tumors. We also place focus on recent efforts that combine NIR-II activated PDT with other complementary therapeutic routes such as photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, starvation, and gas therapies. Finally, we discuss still pending challenges and problems of PDT and provide a series of perspectives that we find useful for further extending the state-of-the art on NIR-II-triggered PDT.

Continuity of medication information transfer and continuous medication supply during hospital-to-home transitions - nationwide surveys in hospital and community pharmacies after implementing new legal requirements in Germany

BackgroundWhile successful information transfer and seamless medication supply are fundamental to medication safety during hospital-to-home transitions, disruptions are frequently reported. In Germany, new legal requirements came into force in 2017, strengthening medication lists and discharge summaries as preferred means of information transfer. In addition to previous regulations – such as dispensing medication at discharge by hospital pharmacies – hospital physicians were now allowed to issue discharge prescriptions to be supplied by community pharmacies. The aim of this survey study was to gain first nationwide insights into how these requirements are implemented and how they impact the continuity of medication information transfer and continuous medication supply.MethodsTwo nationwide self-administered online surveys of all hospital and community pharmacies across Germany were developed and conducted from April 17th to June 30th, 2023.ResultsOverall, 31.0% (n = 111) of all German hospital pharmacies and 4.5% (n = 811) of all community pharmacies participated. The majority of those hospital pharmacies reported that patients who were discharged were typically provided with discharge summaries (89.2%), medication lists (59.5%) and if needed, discharge prescriptions (67.6%) and/or required medication (67.6%). About every second community pharmacy (49.0%) indicated that up to half of the recently discharged patients who came to their pharmacy typically presented medication lists. 34.0% of the community pharmacies stated that they typically received a discharge summary from recently discharged patients at least once per week. About three in four community pharmacies (73.3%) indicated that most discharge prescriptions were dispensed in time. However, one-third (31.0%) estimated that half and more of the patients experienced gaps in medication supply. Community pharmacies reported challenges with the legal requirements – such as patients´ poor comprehensibility of medication lists, medication discrepancies, unmet formal requirements of discharge prescriptions, and poor accessibility of hospital staff in case of queries. In comparison, hospital pharmacies named technical issues, time/personnel resources, and deficits in patient knowledge of medication as difficulties.ConclusionAccording to the pharmacies´ perceptions, it can be assumed that discontinuation in medication information transfer and lack of medication supply still occur today during hospital-to-home transitions, despite the new legal requirements. Further research is necessary to supplement these results by the perspectives of other healthcare professionals and patients in order to identify efficient strategies.

Musculoskeletal Dimension and Brightness Reference Values in Lumbar Magnetic Resonance Imaging-A Radio-Anatomic Investigation in 80 Healthy Adult Individuals.

Background/Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred diagnostic means to visualize spinal pathologies, and offers the possibility of precise structural tissue analysis. However, knowledge about MRI-based measurements of physiological cross-sectional musculoskeletal dimensions and associated tissue-specific average structural brightness in the lumbar spine of healthy young women and men is scarce. The current study was planned to investigate characteristic intersexual differences and to provide MRI-related musculoskeletal baseline values before the onset of biological aging. Methods: At a single medical center, lumbar MRI scans of 40 women and 40 men aged 20-40 years who presented with moderate nonspecific low back pain were retrospectively evaluated for sex-specific differences in cross-sectional sizes of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, psoas and posterior paravertebral muscles, and respective sex- and age-dependent average brightness alterations on T2-weighted axial sections in the L5-level. Results: In women (mean age 33.5 years ± 5.0 (standard deviation)), the investigated musculoskeletal cross-sectional area sizes were significantly smaller (p < 0.001) compared to those in men (mean age 33.0 years ± 5.7). Respective average musculoskeletal brightness values were higher in women compared to those in men, and most pronounced in posterior paravertebral muscles (p < 0.001). By correlating brightness results to those of subcutaneous fat tissue, all intersexual differences, including those between fifth lumbar vertebrae and psoas muscles, turned out to be statistically significant. This phenomenon was least pronounced in psoas muscles. Conclusions: Lumbar musculoskeletal parameters showed significantly larger dimensions of investigated anatomical structures in men compared to those in women aged 20-40 years, and an earlier onset and faster progress of bone loss and muscle degradation in women.

Providing ramps during lay has larger impacts on laying hens than ramps at rearing

Commercial laying hen housing is shifting from traditional cages to non-cage housing systems, such as the aviary, which has gained popularity due to potential for more species-typical behavior. However, birds housed in aviaries may have difficulties moving through the vertical tiers of the system leading to health problems such as keel bone fracture (KBF). One possible way to improve movement is to add ramps into an aviary system, allowing hens to walk between tiers rather than jump or fly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of adding ramps to rearing and laying aviaries on bird health, production, and movement across vertical tiers of the aviary. Lohmann Selected Leghorn pullets were raised in 2 treatments: 4 pens (600 birds/pen) were raised with wire mesh ramps to aid movement between aviary tiers (RR) and 4 pens (600 birds/pen) were raised without ramps (RO). At 17 wk of age (WOA), birds were moved to the laying facility, in which 16 aviary pens with 225 birds/pen were populated. Half the pens (n = 8) were supplemented with wire mesh ramps (LR) and the other half were not (LO). Within each laying treatment group, 4 pens were populated with RR hens and 4 pens were populated with RO hens, creating 4 treatment combinations (RRLR, RRLO, ROLR, ROLO). From each pen, 15 focal hens were selected for radiographic imaging of their keel bones taken at 21, 36, 45, and 60 WOA and the images were subsequently scored for KBF severity. Focal hens were also scored for feather condition and footpad quality at 36 and 60 WOA using a standardized welfare assessment protocol. The number of downward transitions among aviary areas and falls were recorded at 19 to 20 and 30 to 31 WOA. Data were analyzed using (generalized) linear mixed models in R software. When ramps were available, they were used in most of the observed downward transitions (79% in ROLR and 86% in RRLR). Hens who received ramps in lay (i.e., RRLR and ROLR) showed more transitions immediately after lights on compared to midday or dusk phases (p < 0.001), performed more transitions from the first aviary tier compared to nest or top tier (p = 0.013) and had lower KBF severity than those who did not receive ramps in the laying aviaries (ROLO, RRLO; p < 0.001). At 60 WOA, hens in the RRLR treatment had greater feather coverage than those in ROLR and RRLO treatments (p < 0.001). Birds in the RRLR treatment had better foot health overall than those in treatments without ramps in lay (p = 0.018). Providing ramps to hens in aviaries appeared to be the preferred means of transitioning between aviary tiers though had positive effects on welfare parameters such as food health, feather coverage, and KBF severity, without negative impacts on production. Benefits were seen primarily when ramps were provided in lay, though their installation in rearing provided evidence of easier adaptation to the laying barn. Our study supports providing ramps throughout the lifetime of the bird to accommodate hens' preferred means of moving vertically in aviaries and deliver consequent benefits to health and welfare.

Impact assessment of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks

Electric Vehicles are emerging as preferred means of transport due to rising concerns regarding the increased harmful emission with fossil fuels. The integration of the EV in the distribution network has severe effects which create unbalance in the network and will lead to a reduction in the reliability of the network. This work deals with the impact analysis of the electric vehicle charging stations on the distribution system and assesses the hosting capability of the distribution system by formulating several scenarios. In this paper, the IEEE-33 & IEEE-69 bus systems have been modified to mimic the practical distribution network. The proposed formulation is done on MATLAB, and results show that up-to 40% EV penetration is tolerable by the existing distribution networks. and as the penetration increases, the permissible limit gets violated. This research work provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact caused due to residential and public based charging of electric vehicles and can be applied to different networks to assess the hosting capacity of the distribution network.

The value of waiting spaces: Tourists’ willingness to pay for high-quality bus terminals

Transport quality has long been recognized as an important factor in influencing travelers’ behavior, and transport terminal quality undoubtedly plays no small part. Indeed, transit promotion policies explicitly based on qualitative factors and high-standard architecture are increasingly being adopted in designing new bus terminals and stops. High architectural standards can be found in several bus terminals worldwide. Nevertheless, the literature in transport sector has yet to explore the impact of bus terminal “hedonic quality” on users’ behavior or use their willingness to pay (WTP) in cost–benefit analyses or other transport policy applications. Hedonic value is here intended as the aggregate of all elements related to travelers’ pleasure in spending time in a terminal where architectural beauty and the passenger services offered are arguably the most visible and representative attributes. Within this context, we propose a quantitative analysis of the perceived hedonic value of bus nodes in terms of users’ WTP (pure preference) for a high-quality bus terminal. To this end a discrete choice experiment based on a visual immersive experience was performed, and data were collected from 324 residents of Milan (Italy) traveling for tourism. Different binomial Mixed Logit models with panel data and random coefficients were estimated for the purpose. Monetary valuation of pure preference for using a high-quality bus terminal was estimated with a mean of about 25 % of the average trip cost observed for the case study considered. This pure preference means that the Italian tourist is willing to spend up to €4.35/trip more for a high-quality bus waiting space or travel up to 28.2 min/trip more, instead of using a traditional bus terminal for the same trip. Category-specific analyses show that females > 30 years old have a greater pure preference for a high-quality bus terminal (up to + 220 %) against males and young users. The employed also have a higher (+42 %) pure preference for the beauty of a bus terminal against others. The results of this paper should be compared with those from other case studies as they have a potential impact for transportation planning applications, underling the importance of also incorporating “hedonic quality” as explicit design variables for new/revamped transportation hub. At the same time, new challenges are posed for modeling user behavior and determining quality-related indicators and measures.

Global variation in the preferred temperature for recreational outdoor activity

The impacts of climate change will depend on how human societies adapt to higher temperatures. In this study we report empirical evidence suggesting that people living in warmer places prefer a higher temperature for their recreational outdoor activities. To arrive at this conclusion we examine a novel global dataset of mobile phone usage in parks in more than 2500 locations across 77 countries. We examine this dataset with econometric methods to identify the relationship between outdoor recreation and temperature from daily variation in weather. Overall we find that for every increase in annual mean temperature by 1 degree Celsius, the preferred daily mean temperature for outdoor activity increases by about 0.5 degrees Celsius. We explain how these results can be interpreted as evidence for partial adaptation. We also illustrate how ignoring adaptation can bias projections of future responses to climate change.

Treatment of hydrocephalus following fetal repair of myelomeningocele: comparing endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization to ventricular shunting.

The aim of this study was to compare clinical and craniometric outcomes of patients treated for hydrocephalus following fetal myelomeningocele repair (fMMR) via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) or endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC). This was a retrospective cohort study of children who were treated for hydrocephalus following fMMR via VPS or ETV with or without CPC (ETV ± CPC) at Vanderbilt between 2012 and 2021. The primary outcomes were treatment failure and time to failure (TTF). Secondary outcomes included changes in hydrocephalus metrics (fronto-occipital horn ratio [FOHR] and head circumference measurements) and healthcare resource utilization (number of hospital admissions, clinic visits, and neuroimaging findings). Among 88 patients who underwent fMMR, 37 (42%) required permanent CSF diversion, of whom 19 received treatment at the authors' institution. Twelve patients underwent ETV ± CPC, and 7 underwent VPS placement at a median corrected age of 23 weeks versus 1 week (p = 0.002). The preoperative median head circumference percentiles and z-scores for patients in the ETV ± CPC cohort were similar to those of the VPS cohort (percentiles: 98.5 vs 94.0, p = 0.064; z-scores: 2.32 vs 1.60, p = 0.111). There was no difference in preoperative median FOHR measurements between the two cohorts (0.57 vs 0.59, p = 0.53). At 6 months postoperatively, the median head circumference percentile and z-score for the ETV ± CPC cohort remained similar between the two cohorts (percentiles: 98.0 vs 67.5, p = 0.315; z-scores: 2.12 vs 0.52, p = 0.307). There was no difference in the change in FOHR (-0.06 vs -0.09, p = 0.37) and change in head circumference percentile (-1.33 vs -28.6, p = 0.058) between the cohorts 6 months after the index CSF diversion procedure. One patient in the ETV ± CPC cohort experienced a seizure and a nonoperative subdural hemorrhage postoperatively; no other complications were observed. Six of the 7 patients in the VPS cohort required shunt revision with a median TTF of 9.8 months while 2 of the 12 ETV ± CPC patients required a repeat ETV at a median of 17.5 months (86% vs 17%, p = 0.013). The median number of hydrocephalus-related hospital readmissions was significantly lower in the ETV ± CPC cohort than in the VPS cohort (0 vs 1, p = 0.006). The ETV ± CPC cohort had fewer CT scans (0 vs 2, p = 0.004) and radiographs (0 vs 2, p < 0.001) than the VPS cohort. In a single-center cohort, hydrocephalic fMMR patients treated via ETV ± CPC remained shunt free, while a majority of patients receiving an upfront shunt required revision. This is the first study comparing ETV ± CPC with VPS in the fMMR hydrocephalus population. While larger, multicenter studies are needed, these results suggest that ETV/CPC may be a preferred means of CSF diversion following fMMR.

Risk and protective factors in risk assessment: Predicting inpatient aggression in adult males detained in a forensic mental health setting.

Structured clinical risk assessments represent a preferred means of assessing levels of aggression risk at different times and in different individuals. Increasing attention has been given to capturing protective factors, with sound risk assessment critical to high-secure forensic mental health care. The aim was to assess the predictive value of the HCR-20v3 for aggression risk and the long-term care pilot version of the SAPROF (the SAPROF-LC-pilot) in a high-secure forensic mental health inpatient population and to determine the incremental value of protective over risk factors.Participants were adult males detained in a high secure forensic mental health service, with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia and/or personality disorder. The focus was on examining hospital based aggression (self- and other-directed) at two time points; up to 6 months (T1) and between 7 and 12 months (T2).The HCR-20V3 and SAPROF-LC-pilot demonstrated good predictive validity but with variability across subscales and aggression types/periods. Historical factors of the HCR-20V3 and External factors of the SAPROF-LC-pilot failed to predict, aside from a medium effect at T1 for verbal aggression and self-harm, for Historical factors. There was evidence for protective factors adding to prediction over risk factors alone, with the integration of protective and risk factors into a risk judgement particularly helpful in improving prediction accuracy.Protective factors contributed to risk estimates and particularly if integrated with risk factors. Combining risk and protective factors has clear predictive advantages, ensuring that protective factors are not supplementary but important to the aggression assessment process.

Media Framing of Government Crisis Communication During Covid-19

During the early phase of the Covid-19 crisis, televised speeches and press conferences were one of the preferred means of government communication. They emphasized the urgency and severity of the situation and allowed actors to lead news coverage. While in the immediate phase of the crisis these press conferences were also directed at the general public, their original function was, of course, to inform and influence media coverage. The article investigates how government press conferences were received in newspapers in the first phase of Covid-19, answering two research questions: Did a rally-around-the-flag effect occur among journalists during Covid-19? And how did government press conferences influence salience and sentiment in newspaper opinion pieces? To answer these questions, I draw on a unique dataset, including transcripts of all Covid-19 press conferences in five European countries between January and July 2020, as well as opinion pieces from tabloid and broadsheet newspapers. Based on a mix of automated and manual content analysis, the results reveal how factors such as country context, newspaper type, and the progress of a pandemic can influence how the government agenda is reflected in the media in times of crisis.

Role of artificial intelligence in customer engagement: a systematic review and future research directions

Role of artificial intelligence in customer engagement: a systematic review and future research directions

HUMSS students’ academic and English-related program preferences

This study investigates the academic preferences of Grade 12 HUMSS students at Laguna University concerning English-related programs and their corresponding academic preferences in English. Utilizing questionnaire surveys, the study explores students' preferences in writing, speaking, and reading, as well as their inclinations towards specific English-related courses. The findings reveal that the majority of students exhibit agreement in their preferences for writing, speaking, and reading, as indicated by weighted averages of 3.94, 3.92, and 3.96, respectively. Moreover, students generally express agreement towards various English-related programs, with teaching English as a second language garnering the highest preference (mean = 4.01). Furthermore, R value indicates significant relationships between students' academic preferences in English and their preferences for specific English-related programs. While journalism shows a significant positive relationship with writing, reading, and speaking preferences, teaching English as a second language, theater arts, and majoring in English exhibit little to no significant relationship with students' academic preferences in English. These findings underscore the importance of aligning educational programs with students' interests and preferences to enhance their learning experiences in English-related fields.

OSL signal of electronic components from portable radios for radiation accident dosimetry

The portable radio (hand-held device) is the preferred means of communication for the first responders from the homeland security forces and is systematically carried during intervention. This electronic device could therefore be a good candidate as a possible fortuitous dosimeter to estimate the dose received by the members of these security forces in the event of a radiological accident. For this purpose, the dosimetric properties of electronic components extracted from the circuit board of portable radios used by a French specialised intervention unit were investigated using the OSL technique. The dosimetric properties of such electronic components were compared to those of resistors extracted from mobile phones to determine whether an OSL protocol developed for mobile phone resistors could be applied also to these electronic components. The OSL dosimetric properties were generally similar and the results of a dose recovery test using these components removed from a portable radio were in good agreement with the nominal dose. Further experiments showed the importance of knowing the storage temperature conditions of these devices to accurately estimate the dose in case of a radiological accident.

Practical synthesis of epocholeone, a plant growth-promoting steroid with long-lasting activity

The steroidal plant growth-promoting lactone epocholeone has attracted much attention due to its great potential applications in agriculture. Herein, we report a chromatography–free synthesis of the epocholeone using a potassium osmate-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation as the key reaction. Compared to the existing literature routes, the current protocol features low–toxicity reagents, simple operations and mild conditions. We expect this practical synthesis offers a preferred means to produce epocholeone in manufacturing.

Assessment of Determinant Sources of Plastics and Microplastics Pollution in Inland Waterways Navigation in Lower River Niger

This study was aimed at assessing the impact of plastics and micro plastics pollution in Nigerian inland waterways operations. The main aim of this study is to provide a baseline assessment of plastic pollution in the River Niger, along with recommendations for further research. Using a survey and appropriate data analysis tools, the study investigated the determinant sources of plastic pollution in the River Niger, as well as the most significant impact and preferred means of plastic pollution and regulation. The main findings indicate that disposal of plastics is the determinant source of plastics and micro plastics in the River Niger. The most significant impact of plastic pollution was identified as reduction in the accessibility of certain areas of the river. Behavioral instrument is indicated to be the most preferred means of plastic pollution control and regulation. Hence, there is an urgent need for improved awareness among local communities. This can be achieved through education programs, which will help to reduce the use of single-use plastics while also reducing littering in these areas. The paper also recommends that more research be conducted on how these pollutants affect human health and ecosystems.

Request Strategies in Saudi ESL Learners’ Email Communication: A Pragmatic Analysis

Growing research on intercultural communication has highlighted the importance of both linguistic and pragmatic competence among learners of English as a second language (ESL). Emails serve as a preferred means of communication between university students and professors. This study investigates Saudi ESL learners’ pragmatic competence in creating email requests to their professors, addressing questions about greetings, directness, request strategies, and information sequencing. The goal is to show the need for explicit pragmatics instruction. The naturalistic data comprised 50 emails written by Arabic-speaking ESL graduate students in academic contexts, covering requests regarding deadline extensions, retaking exams, lecture absences for various reasons, and letters of recommendation. The analysis was guided by the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) (Blum-Kulka et al., 1989). The findings suggested that explicit pedagogical guidance in speech act performance could benefit non-native English speakers. This study contributes to the growing body of research on institutional email practices, politeness conventions, and interlanguage pragmatics.