Mean Values Of Width Research Articles

Prepartum and Postpartum Evaluation of Internal Genitalia of Red Sokoto Goat Does Using Digital Rectal Palpation Technique

Study was aimed at determining prepartum and postpartum transrectal palpability of segments of internal genitalia of Red Sokoto Goat (RSG) does using digital rectal palpation technique. Weekly transrectal palpation of 50 does was performed prepartum for nine weeks using digital rectal palpation (DRP) technique with index finger to determine prepartum transrectal palpability. Transrectal measurement of width and length of genital segments was carried out on 26 does using DRP technique with index finger that had predetermined width and length. Twenty eight does that were cycling and with normal reproductive tract were selected and divided into artificial insemination (n = 14) and natural service (n = 14) groups indicating the method of breeding used. Body condition score (BCS) was measured. Determination of postpartum transrectal palpability and measurement of width and length of genital segments was performed on 26 does that kidded using DRP technique with index finger that had predetermined width and length. Evaluation was carried out on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 postpartum to palpate, measure genital segments and assess uterine involution. Length of index finger was 9.0 cm. Prepartum palpability of vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct and ovary was 449 (100%), 433 (96.4%), 401 (89.3%), 0 (0.0%) and 207 (46.2%), respectively. Detection of uterus and ovary decreased with increasing BCS with P < 0.05 association. Mean values for width and length of uterus was 2.67 ± 0.25 cm and 5.22 ± 0.49 cm, respectively. Postpartum palpability of vagina, cervix and uterus was 104 (100%) day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Width and length of uterus on day 28 postpartum was 2.70 ± 0.08 cm and 6.21 ± 0.60 cm, respectively. Conclusion: vagina, cervix, uterus and ovary were transrectally palpable prepartum and postpartum using DRP technique with index finger; postpartum width and length of uterus on day 28 indicate completion of postpartum uterine involution in RSG does.

Significance of Different Sacral Measurements in Sex Identification and Its Correlation with Caudal Epidural Block; An Egyptian Anatomical Study

Background: Sacrum is an important bone of the human skeleton. It contributes in the formation of the pelvic girdle. It has many clinical applications. So this study was performed to demonstrate the different dimensions and measurements of the sacrum to make it easy for identifying sex and performing caudal epidural block.Material and Methods: An anatomical study on 50 adult Egyptian dry complete undamaged sacra was performed in the Human Anatomy and Embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. The parameters used in this study were the different dimensions of the sacrum including the morphology of the sacral hiatus, the extensions of the auricular surface, the sacral index and the auricular index. All the measurements were performed by using a Vernier digital caliper with accuracy of 0.1mm. The measurements were recorded and their mean and standard deviations were calculated.Results: It was found that the mean values of sacrum width and height, transverse diameter of the wing and the base of sacrum were more in males than females. While auricular surface length, sacral and auricular indices were higher in females than in males. Also the mean values of width and height of the sacral hiatus were more in males than females.Conclusions: The sacral index and the maximal sacral length and width were the most significant of all the parameters used for sex identification. Also, the determination of the anatomical variations of the sacral hiatus may be helpful in increasing the success rate of caudal epidural anaesthesia.

Ultrasound examination of achilles tendons in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

Aim. To assess the morphometric characteristics of Achilles tendons in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and to identify factors associated with an increase in their size.Материал и методы. Totally, 100 patients included, with severe primary hyperlipidemia, defined as an increase in total cholesterol ≥7,5 mM/L and/or lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol ≥4,9 mM/L. All patients underwent duplex scanning of carotid arteries. Ultrasound examination of the Achilles tendons was carried out on an expert class ultrasound equipment Samsung Medison EKO 7 (Japan) with a linear sensor, frequency of 7-16 MHz. Thickness of the Achilles tendon (anteriorposterior dimension (APD)) was measured during scanning in the longitudinal section, width (transverse dimension (TD)) — scanning in the cross section. The measurements were made 2 cm proximal to the calcaneus.Results. Among the participants, 32 (32,0%) had definite/probable diagnosis of FH. In patients with definite/probable FH the mean values of APD were significantly higher in comparison with patients scored 5 or less points (DLCN) — 5,50 (4,70-6,10) mm vs. 5,00 (4,50-5,40), respectively (p=0,04). TD of Achilles tendons among this category of patients was also statistically significantly higher in comparison with the rest of patients — 14,0 (12,9-15,4) mm and 13,2 (12,2-14,2) mm, respectively (p=0,04). In correlation analysis, the relationship between the growth of patients and the APD of the Achilles tendons (r=0,34, p=0,001), the TD of the Achilles tendon (r=0,28, p=0,009), CIMT and TD of the Achilles tendons (r=0,21, p=0,05), amount of carotid plaques and TD of the Achilles tendon (r=0,26, p=0,01), total percentage of stenosis of the carotid arteries and the TD of the Achilles tendons (r=0,27, p=0,01), maximum percentage of stenosis of the carotid arteries and the TD of the Achilles tendons (r=0,28, p=0,007). According to regression analysis, factors associated with an increase in thickness of the Achilles tendons for more than 75 percentiles were male sex, diabetes mellitus, height, myocardial infarction in relatives, total percentage of stenosis of the carotid arteries and high-density lipoproteide cholesterol.Conclusion. In patients with definite/probable FH, mean values of width and thickness of the Achilles tendons were significantly higher in comparison with the rest of the patients. According to regression analysis, the factors associated with the increase in thickness of the Achilles tendons fro more than 75 percentiles were male sex, diabetes mellitus, height, myocardial infarction in relatives, total percentage of stenosis of the carotid arteries and HDL high-density lipoproteide cholesterol.

Validity of a new comprehensive pterygia grading scale for use in clinical research and clinical trial.

To determine the reliability and agreement of a new comprehensive pterygium grading scale for use in clinical research and clinical trials. Thirty eyes with pterygia were enrolled in this study. Primary gaze position and lateral gaze position images were taken of each eye with a modified single-lens reflex camera system. Our grading scale includes five parameters: two hyperemia parameters of pterygia on two different gaze position images and three size parameters, quantifying length, width, and area of the cornea encroachment of pterygium, using ImageJ software. All images were graded on the five parameters by two masked, certified reading center graders. Two graders independently graded all the images to determine inter-grader reliability. One grader regraded the images after 3days to determine intra-grader reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and inter-rater agreement statistic (κ) calculations were performed. The intra-grader reliability for hyperemia grading was high on both primary and lateral gazing positions (κ value is 0.93 and 0.96). The inter-grader reliability for hyperemia grading was also good (κ value is 0.85 and 0.87). The mean value of width, length, and area of the cornea encroachment of pterygium was 4.31±2.04mm, 2.08±1.43mm, and 7.84±7.62mm2, respectively. The intra-grader agreement on width, length, and area were excellent, with ICCs of 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99), 0.99 (95% CI 0.98-1.0), and 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99), respectively. The inter-grader agreement on width, length, and area were also excellent, with ICCs of 0.96 (95% CI 0.90-0.98), 0.99 (95% CI 0.98-0.99), and 0.99 (95% CI 0.97-0.99), respectively. There was excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility with the new comprehensive grading scale. This scale could lead to the development of standardized grading assessments and quantification of pterygia that would be valid in clinical research and clinical trials.

Hydraulic geometry and resistance to flow in headwater streams in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Hydraulic geometry and resistance to flow of headwater streams in the Northwest Territories of Canada are presented in this paper. Power functions describe at-a-station hydraulic geometry relationships very well, where positive exponents of width, depth, and velocity have mean values of 0.14, 0.17, and 0.65, respectively. These values were found to be lower, much lower, and higher than corresponding mean values of width, depth, and velocity exponents found in the literature. The mean velocity exponent is greater than mean width and depth exponents combined, demonstrating the dominant role of velocity in accommodating varying discharge in all streams evaluated in this study. Darcy–Weisbach resistance factor (f) and Manning’s n individually vary over three orders of magnitude, 1.0–267 and 0.085–1.37, respectively. Despite large ranges, hydraulic relations are described effectively through power equations and Keulegan function curves fitted for each section.

Radiologic measurement of lesser trochanter and its clinical significance in Chinese

Femoral fracture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly persons. Surgery, the main choice of treatment of femoral fracture, may result in some complications severely affecting patients' daily activities due to femoral malalignment. The lesser trochanter is an important anatomical structure of the femur which could be used as an anatomical landmark during and after operation to evaluate femoral alignment. To predict femoral rotational malalignment during surgery, the relationship between the height and width of the lesser trochanter and femoral rotation at different angles was investigated. Fifty healthy adult volunteers (25 men and 25 women) were enrolled in this study and a total of 900 radiographs of proximal femurs were taken in the following positions: neutral position, 5 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, and 20 degrees internal rotation, and 5 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, and 20 degrees external rotation, respectively. The cranio-caudal and transverse diameters of the lesser trochanter were obtained on a PACS Workstation. The height and width of the lesser trochanter increased with external rotation and decreased with internal rotation and the values showed statistical significance between different positions or different genders. Between 20 degrees of internal rotation to 20 degrees of external rotation, the mean height increased from 0.58 cm to 1.23 cm in men and from 0.44 cm to 1.19 cm in women. The corresponding mean values for width were from 2.53 cm to 4.44 cm in men, and from 2.08 cm to 3.86 cm in women, respectively. The height and width of the lesser trochanter were both highly correlated to the position of femur and the linear relationship was established approximately. The morphological alteration of lesser trochanter also changed obviously when the femurs rotated. The height and width of the lesser trochanter is linearly related to femoral rotation and could be used as a reference for prevention of femoral malalignment during surgery.

Embryonic and early foetal development in donkeys

SummaryEmbryo and early foetal development was studied until Day 60 (ovulation = Day 0) in 25 Brazilian jenny donkeys. The occurrence of ovulation and embryonic development was assessed by daily examinations using realtime ultrasonography. An embryonic vesicle, first detected at Day 10.9 ± 0.1 after ovulation, remained mobile within the uterine lumen until Day 16.0 ± 0.5 when it had a diameter of 21.8 ± 1.5 mm. Until immobilised the vesicle was detected in the left horn, right horn and body of the uterus 49.2, 41.8 and 9% of the time respectively. There was a temporal relationship between vesicle expansion, increase in uterine tone and immobilisation of the vesicle.The mean diameter of the embryonic vesicle or conceptus was 3.5, 28.0, 30.9, 45.3 and 59.2 mm on Days 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50, respectively, after ovulation. The vesicle remained spherical up to Day 17.8 ± 0.4 but thereafter became irregular in outline. The embryo was first detected on Day 19.9 ± 0.2 and heart beats were noted on Day 21.8 ± 0.3. The mean values for width x crown‐rump length of the embryo/foetus were 3 times 4, 8 times 12, 11 times 17, 13 times 32 and 19 times 47 mm on Days 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60, respectively. The allantoic sac was first detected between Days 19 and 23 and it occupied approximately 25, 50 and 75% of the embryonic vesicle on Days 30, 33 and 38 respectively. The embryo was situated in the dorsal pole of the vesicle by Day 34.8 ± 0.7 and an umbilical cord was first observed on Day 41.1 ± 0.8, coincident with descent of the foetus.