Mean Total Mass Research Articles

Unveiling the shape: A multi-wavelength analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell 76 and Abell 1307

We analyse the dynamical state of the galaxy clusters Abell 76 and Abell 1307 from the optical point of view, presenting a coherent scenario that responds to the X-ray emissions observed in these structures. Our study is based on 231 and 164 spectroscopic redshifts, for the clusters A76 and A1307, respectively, obtained mostly with the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, and complemented with others collected from the SDSS DR16 spectroscopic database and the literature. We find that A76 and A1307 are two galaxy clusters at z = 0.0390 and 0.0815, respectively, with a velocity dispersion of 650 ± 56 km s−1 and 863 ± 85 km s−1, and they show velocity distributions following, in practice, Gaussian profiles. From our dynamical analysis, X-ray studies and SZ-Planck emission, we obtain a mean total mass M500 = 1.7 ± 0.6 ⋅ 1014 M⊙ and 3.5 ± 1.3 ⋅ 1014 M⊙ for A76 and A1307, respectively. Using the SDSS DR16 photometric database, we find that the spatial distribution of likely cluster members in the case of A76 is very anisotropic, while A1307 shows a compact distribution of galaxies, but it is double peaked and elongated in the south-north direction. Using XMM-Newton X-ray data, we compared the surface brightness maps with galaxy distributions and noticed that both distributions are correlated. We reconstructed the total mass profile and velocity anisotropy of both clusters by analysing the full projected phase space, through the MG-MAMPOSSt code. Our study reveals a slight indication of radial orbits for A76, while A1307 seems to prefer more isotropic orbits in the whole cluster range. In summary, A76 represents a typical young cluster, in an early stage of formation, with a very low X-ray surface brightness but a high temperature showing a very anisotropic galaxy distribution. A1307 is however more consolidated and massive showing in-homogeneous galaxy distribution and an asymmetric X-ray emission, which suggest a scenario characterised by recent minor mergers.

Analysis of Injury Metrics From Experimental Cardiac Injuries From Behind Armor Blunt Trauma Using Live Swine Tests: A Pilot Study.

Warfighters are issued hard body armor designed to defeat ballistic projectiles. The resulting backface deformation can injure different thoracoabdominal organs. Developed over decades ago, the behind armor blunt impact criterion of maximum 44 mm depth in clay continues to be used independent of armor type or impact location on the thoracoabdominal region covered by the armor. Because thoracoabdominal components have different energy absorption capabilities, their mode of failures and mechanical properties are different. These considerations underscore the lack of effectiveness of using the single standard to cover all thoracoabdominal components to represent the same level of injury risk. The objective of this pilot study is to conduct cardiac impact tests with a live animal model and analyze biomechanical injury candidate metrics for behind armor blunt trauma applications. Live swine tests were conducted after obtaining approvals from the U.S. DoD. Trachea tubes. An intravenous line were introduced into the swine before administering anesthesia. Pressure transducers were inserted into lungs and aorta. An indenter simulating backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics to human cadavers delivered impact to the heart region. The approved test protocol included 6-hour monitoring and necropsies. Indenter accelerometer signals were processed to compute the velocity and deflection, and their peak magnitudes were obtained. The deflection-time signal was normalized with respect to chest depth along the impact axis. The peak magnitude of the viscous criterion, kinetic energy, force, momentum and stiffness were obtained. Out of the 8 specimens, 2 were sham controls. The mean total body mass and soft tissue thickness at the impact site were 81.1 ± 4.1 kg and 3.8 ± 1.1 cm. The peak velocities ranged from 30 to 59 m/s, normalized deflections ranged from 15 to 21%, and energies ranged from 105 to 407 J. The range in momentum and stiffness were 7.0 to 13.9 kg-m/s and 22.3 to 79.9 N/m. The maximum forces and impulse data ranged from 2.9 to 11.7 kN and 1.9 to 5.8 N-s. The peak viscous criterion ranged from 2.0 to 5.3 m/s. One animal did not sustain any injuries, 2 had cardiac injuries, and others had lung and skeletal injuries. The present study applied blunt impact loads to the live swine cardiac region and determined potential candidate injury metrics for characterization. The sample size of 6 swine produced injuries ranging from none to pure skeletal to pure organ trauma. The viscous criterion metric associated with the response of the animal demonstrated a differing pattern than other variables with increasing velocity. These findings demonstrate that our live animal experimental design can be effectively used with testing additional samples to develop behind armor blunt injury criteria for cardiac trauma in the form of risk curves. Injury criteria obtained for cardiac trauma can be used to enhance the effectiveness of the body armor, reduce morbidity and mortality, and improve warfighter readiness in combat operations.

How did a tailings spill change the distribution of legacy organochlorine compounds in a Southeast Atlantic inner shelf area: Is a hidden danger being transferred to the ocean?

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) were evaluated in water and sediments from the Espírito Santo Inner Shelf (ESIS), Brazil, three years after the Fundão dam failure (FDF). We discuss the levels, sources, fate, and current environmental risks of these contaminants on temporal and spatial scales. In addition, the associated coastal dispersion patterns, water-sediment exchange trends, and environmental alterations were also discussed. Low contributions and no environmental risks were verified for PCBs after FDF. However, the low concentrations and frequency of occurrence in the samples did not allow for further reliable conclusions regarding the source of this contaminant. In contrast, hazard risk has been detected for DDTs in water and sediments. In sediments, there were a significant increase in level (up to 13.42 ng g−1; outlier = 369.6 ng g−1), inventory (maximum = 35.98 ng cm−2) and mean total mass (21.1 ± 39.4 kg) of DDTs after FDF. The integrated assessment of the spatial distribution in water and sediment suggests that DDTs was released from the Doce River, travelled south by the water column, and returned to the mouth region by northward sediment transport, where it accumulated. However, intense rainfall increased the input of DDTs to the ESIS and may have also altered its spatial distribution. Fugacity fraction analysis (ƒƒ) indicated a net flux of DDTs from water to sediment, suggesting that vertical sinking was an important transport process in this area. Finally, the findings indicate that FDF contributed to DDTs input on ESIS by remobilizing contaminated past sediments and soils from the Doce River drainage basin. This contribution is expected to continue since a large amount of tailings is still stored in the river basin and estuary. These results highlight the importance of assessing the indirect impacts of large-scale land disasters on marine environments, and may be helpful in future interpretations of additional local trends and global inventories of legacy pollutants.

Abundance and composition of anthropogenic macrolitter and natural debris in road runoff in Ohio, USA

Urban stormwater conveys dissolved pollutants, micropollutants, particulate matter, natural debris, and anthropogenic macrodebris to receiving waters. Though it is widely recognized that anthropogenic macrodebris mobilized by stormwater contributes to global pollution management issues (e.g., ocean garbage patches), these materials often are not the focus of stormwater sampling campaigns. Furthermore, macrodebris can cause clogging of sewer systems, exacerbating flooding and public health hazards. Due to their engineered structures draining directly connected impervious areas (e.g., catch basins, inlets, and pipes), roads present a unique opportunity to mitigate the conveyance of macrodebris in stormwater. To optimize control measures, data are needed to understand expected volume and mass of macrodebris in road runoff. To address this gap in knowledge, a field monitoring study was conducted in Ohio (USA) to quantify the mass, volume, and moisture content of macrodebris transported by road runoff. Designed to filter macrodebris (i.e., material with diameter greater than 5 mm) while maintaining drainage, purpose-built inserts were deployed in catch basins at eleven geographically diverse locations across the state. Macrodebris samples were collected from the inserts every 11.6 days (mean) over a two-year monitoring period. Volume and mass of total and categorical (i.e., vegetation, cigarettes, plastic, glass, metal, wood, fabric, gravel, and paper) debris were characterized. Mean total macrodebris volume and mass were 4.62 L and 0.49 kg per sampling window, corresponding to mean volumetric and mass loading rates of 8.56 L/ha/day and 0.79 kg/ha/day, respectively. Natural debris (e.g., vegetation) was the primary contributor to macrodebris (mean 80.3% (i.e., 3.94 L of the mean 4.66 L total sample volume) and 79.7% (i.e., 0.42 kg of the mean 0.53 kg total sample mass) of total volume and mass, respectively), and exhibited seasonal peaks in autumn due to leaf drop. Road functional class (i.e., interstate, principal arterial, and minor arterial routes), land use, and development density significantly impacted macrodebris generation, with increased total and categorical macrodebris along urbanized interstate highways near commercial and residential areas. Macrodebris moisture content was highly variable (ranging from 1.5 to 440%; mean 78.5%), indicating additional management (e.g., drying, solidification) may be required prior to landfilling. Results of this study inform macrodebris mitigation strategies and required maintenance frequencies for pre-treatment devices for other stormwater control measures treating road runoff, including catch basin inserts and hydrodynamic separators, among others.

Surface properties and initial bacterial biofilm growth on 3D-printed oral appliances: a comparative in vitro study

ObjectivesTo investigate the initial bacterial adhesion on 3D-printed splint materials in relation to their surface properties.Materials and methodsSpecimens of five printable splint resins (SHERAprint-ortho plus UV, NextDent Ortho Rigid, LuxaPrint Ortho Plus, V-Print Splint, KeySplint Soft), one polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) block for subtractive manufacturing (Astron CLEARsplint Disc), two conventional powder/liquid PMMA materials (FuturaGen, Astron CLEARsplint), and one polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) thermoplastic sheet for vacuum forming (Erkodur Thermoforming Foil) were produced and finished. Surface roughness Ra was determined via contact profilometry. Surface morphology was examined under a scanning electron microscope. Multi-species bacterial biofilms were grown on entire splints. Total biofilm mass and viable bacterial counts (CFU/ml) within the biofilms were determined. Statistical analyses were performed with a one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, and Pearson’s test (p < 0.05).ResultsAstron CLEARsplint and KeySplint Soft specimens showed the highest surface roughness. The mean total biofilm mass on KeySplint Soft splints was higher compared to all other materials (p < 0.05). Colony-forming unit per milliliter on FuturaGen, Astron CLEARsplint, and KeySplint Soft splints was one log scale higher compared to all other materials. The other four printable resins displayed overall lower Ra, biofilm mass, and CFU/ml. A positive correlation was found between Ra and CFU/ml (r = 0.69, p = 0.04).ConclusionsThe 3D-printed splints showed overall favorable results regarding surface roughness and bacterial adhesion. Thermoplastic materials seem to display a higher surface roughness, making them more susceptible to microbial adhesion.Clinical relevanceThe development of caries and gingivitis in patients with oral appliances may be affected by the type of material.

A sensitive simultaneous detection approach for the determination of 30 atmospheric carbonyls by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization with HPLC-MS technique and its preliminary application.

Atmospheric carbonyls are important precursors of PM2.5 and ground-level ozone, and some carbonyls are toxic and harmful; thus, it is crucial to obtain accurate information on the ambient levels of carbonyls. However, the detection of carbonyls is difficult due to their relatively higher reactivities and chemical instabilities; therefore, accurate determination of atmospheric carbonyls is important. In this study, an analytical method for atmospheric carbonyls with high concentration or reactivity was developed, the precursor ion of each carbonyl compound was selected, and the declustering potential (DP) and entrance potential (EP) for each precursor ion were optimized. A 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridge derivatization-high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (DNPH-HPLC/APCI-MS) method for the determination of 30 carbonyls was established. The results showed that the linear range of 24 carbonyls was 1.2-600 ng/mL, while other 6 carbonyls was 1.2-300 ng/mL, and the detection limits of 30 carbonyls ranged from 0.092 to 0.947ng/mL (0.005-0.049μg/m3 with an ambient air sampling volume of 96L). The intra-day and inter-day repeatability ranges were 0.55-4.20% and 1.40-12.48%, respectively. A preliminary application of the method was carried out in the urban area of Beijing in spring and summer of 2021, and it was found that the mean total mass concentration of 30 carbonyls was 35.894μg/m3. This study provided additional concentration information for 14 atmospheric carbonyls, including mono-, di-, oxygen-containing and heterocyclic carbonyls, which accounted for 38% and 35% of the total mass concentration and OH radical reactivities of 30 carbonyls, respectively. This is the first investigation of simultaneous quantitative analysis of multiple atmospheric carbonyls based on commercial standard derivatives. The optimized method could provide more comprehensive information for atmospheric carbonyls and further support research concerning the role of chemical reaction processes and health effects than traditional measuring techniques.

What does not kill you can make you stronger: Variation in plasticity in response to early temporally heterogeneous hydrological experience

AbstractTemporally heterogeneous environments may drive rapid and continuous plastic responses, leading to highly variable plasticity in traits. However, direct experimental evidence for such meta‐plasticity due to environmental heterogeneity is rare.Our objective was to investigate the effects of early experience with temporally heterogeneous water availability on the subsequent plasticity of plant species in response to water conditions.We subjected eight plant species from three habitats, four exotic and four native to North America, to initial exposure to either a first round of alternating drought and inundation treatment (Ehet, temporally heterogeneous experience) or a consistently moderate water supply (Ehom, homogeneous experience), and to a second round of drought, moderate watering or inundation treatments. Afterwards the performance in a series of traits of these species, after the first and second rounds of treatments, was measured.Compared withEhom,Ehetincreased final mean total mass of all species considered together but did not affect mean mortality.Ehetrelative toEhom, decreased the initial total mass of native species as a group, but increased the mass of exotic species or species from hydric habitats;Ehetalso increased the late growth of natives, but did not for exotics, and increased the late growth of mesic species more than xeric and hydric species.Our results suggest that previous exposure to temporal heterogeneity in water supply may be not beneficial immediately, but can be beneficial for plant growth and response to water stress later in a plant's lifetime. Heterogeneous experiences may not necessarily enhance the degree of plasticity but may improve the expression of plasticity in terms of better performance later, effects of which differ for different groups of species, suggesting species‐specific strategies for dealing with fluctuating abiotic environments.Synthesis. Previous temporally heterogeneous experience can benefits plant growth later in life though modulating the expression of plasticity, leading to adaptive meta‐plasticity. Studies of meta‐plasticity may improve our understanding not only on the importance of variable plasticity in relation to how plants cope with environmental challenges but also on the costs versus benefits of plastic responses and its limits over the long term.

The Physico-chemical, morphological, Organoleptic and microscopic study of fresh Arbutus unedo L. fruits from Morocco

The Arbutus unedo L or Arbutus tree is a leafy tree that represents a large part in the Moroccan ecological ecosystem. However, the poor studies on the fruits of Arbutus unedo in the Mediterranean countries cause poor exploitation and lack in the market. In this sense, the objective of this work focuses on a general description of the fruits of the province of Beni Mellal, such as morphological, organoleptic, microscopic, physico-chemical characteristics (pH, titratable acidity, moisture content, and ash content), lipid, protein and sugar content. For morphological characterization the studied fruit samples were red and red-orange color; With soft consistency and a rough skin; Mean total mass of 4.99 g ±1.38, a mean length of 1.99 cm ±0.28 and a width of 1.89 cm ±0.21. On the basis of physico-chemical analysis, we obtained a moisture content of up to 63.33%±3.21, an acid pH of 3.86±0.01, a titratable acidity of 0.6%±0.06 and an ash content of 0.35%±0.07. In addition, a spectral analysis using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy shows the identification of wave numbers in the (3010cm-1; 2920cm-1) for lipids, a (1600cm-1; 1652cm-1) for proteins and (1035cm-1; 1011cm-1) for sugar. While according to the organoleptic parameters, we found that the fruit was moderately acceptable by the consumers.&nbsp; Comparing with several results, the variation of morphological and physicochemical parameters may be due to different geographical, climatic and tree age parameters. In addition, these results clearly show the need to seek ways of conservation and industrial exploitation.

Correlations between agronomic characters in garlic

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenotypic correlations between agronomic characters of garlic (Allium sativum) and to carry out the path analysis, using commercial bulb yield as the main character. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in two harvests (2018 and 2019) in the municipality of Diamantina, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 13 garlic genotypes were evaluated, of which 11 were experimental and 2 were commercial cultivars. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with four replicates. Characters related to plant biometry and bulb yield were evaluated. The phenotypic correlations and the path analysis of the studied characters were carried out. The phenotypic correlations that showed significant positive effects occurred between commercial bulb yield and plant height, bulb diameter, number of commercial bulbs, mean total bulb mass, mean commercial bulb mass, total bulb yield, and number of bulbils per bulb. However, only number of commercial bulbs and bulb diameter had significant effects (direct and indirect) on commercial bulb yield. Therefore, in genotype genetic breeding programs in the studied region, selection should seek a larger diameter of bulbs and a higher number of commercial bulbs to increase commercial yield.

Body Mass and Body Composition Changes over 7 Years in a Male Professional Rugby Union Team

The purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal body mass and body composition changes in one professional rugby union team (n=123), (i) according to position [forwards (n=58) versus backs (n=65)], analysis of players with 6 consecutive seasons of DXA scans (n=21) and, (iii) to examine differences by playing status [academy and international], over 7 years. Players [mean age: 26.8 y, body mass index: 28.9+kg.m2] received DXA scans at fourtime points within each year. A modest (but non-significant) increase in mean total mass (0.8 kg) for professional players was reflected by increased lean mass and reduced body fat mass. At all-time points, forwards had a significantly greater total mass, lean mass and body fat percentage compared to backs (p<0.05). Academy players demonstrated increased total and lean mass and decreased body fat percentage over the first 3 years of senior rugby, although this was not significant. Senior and academy international players had greater lean mass and lower body fat percentage (p<0.05) than non-international counterparts. Despite modest increases in total mass; reflected by increased lean mass and reduced fat mass, no significant changes in body mass or body composition, irrespective of playing position were apparent over 7 years.

Saharan Dust Transport Predictability Utilizing a Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) Model

AbstractPrediction of Saharan dust customarily requires complex aerosols models and observations. A previous study of the Miami, Florida dust record in conjunction to reanalysis data discovered a possible source of subseasonal predictability using a dust‐transport‐efficiency (DTE) index. Development of the Subseasonal Forecast Experiment (SubX) has expanded global forecast products; producing multi‐model ensemble forecasts out to 45 days. Retrospective forecast data from the Community Climate System Model version 4.0 (CCSM4) is used in direct comparison to National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis to evaluate the CCSM4 subseasonal forecast and DTE index prediction skill of weekly dust variability. Successful prediction of weekly dust transport using the DTE index is variable year‐to‐year. The DTE most successfully predicts dust when there is high variability in the tropical winds, likely due to a fluctuating subtropical high, and is not dependent on the overall mean flow or total dust mass transported. The CCSM4 SubX retrospective forecast well represents North Atlantic meteorology out to week‐3 in both mean flow and variability. Dust transport can be predicted using the DTE index and CCSM4 SubX retrospective forecasts at week‐1 leads to the same success as contemporaneous NCEP reanalysis.

Comparison of 12-Week Fitness Protocols Following Bariatric Surgery: Aerobic Exercise Versus Aerobic Exercise and Progressive Resistance

Successful bariatric surgery outcomes are better maintained with an exercise program. This pilot study compared the effects on short-term functional capacity and body composition of 2 post-bariatric surgery home-based programs: aerobic exercise alone versus aerobic exercise combined with progressive resistance conditioning. Laboratory measures and self-assessments of post-bariatric surgery patients (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2) undergoing either aerobic exercise (AE group) or aerobic + progressive-resistance exercise (AEPR group) were compared at postoperative months 1 and 3. Anthropometric characteristic changes were recorded, as well as changes in functional capacity (e.g., 6-min walking test), muscle strength (e.g., hand grip strength test; five-times-sit-to-stand test), and quality of life (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory). Between July 2018 and March 2019, 35 patients completed the AE (n = 17) or AEPR (n = 18) program. The AEPR group lost statistically significantly more weight (mean 2.2kg) relative to baseline than the AE group (p < 0.05). The AEPR group achieved significantly greater mean total muscle, liquid, and bone mass; upper-extremity muscle strength; uric acid levels; body fat loss; and performed better on the 6-min walking test (all p < 0.05). In month 3, the AEPR group achieved a greater mean walking distance (p = 0.029) and O2 saturation related to dyspnea (p = 0.001) than the AE group. Group quality of life scores were comparable. In a comparative 12-week post-bariatric surgery study, both aerobic exercise alone and aerobic exercise plus progressive-resistance training were positively correlated with general health improvement. However, the progressive-resistance regimen resulted in significantly greater weight loss, functional capacity, muscle mass, and upper-body strength.

Birth weight and body fat mass in adults assessed by bioimpedance in the ELSA-Brasil study.

Intrauterine life is a critical period for the development of body fat and metabolic risk. This study investigated associations between birth weight and total and truncal body fat in adults. To do so, we analyzed data on 10,011 adults participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) who self-reported birth weight as < 2.5kg, 2.5-4.0kg, or > 4.0kg at baseline (2008-2010) and underwent bioimpedance in the next follow-up visit (2012-2014). Greater mean total and truncal fat mass were seen in those with high birth weight compared with adequate birth weight (p < 0.001) in both sexes (total fat: 25.2 vs. 23.1kg in men and 31.4 vs. 27.7kg in women, and truncal fat: 13.5 vs. 12.4kg in men and 15.9 vs. 14.2kg in women). U-shaped patterns were observed in restricted cubic-spline analyses in the subset of 5,212 individuals reporting exact birth weights, although statistically significant only for those with high birth weight. In the whole sample, in comparing high to adequate birth weight, the latter predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) total and truncal fat mass, respectively: OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.37-2.25 (men) and OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.42-2.44 (women); OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.31-2.16 (men) and OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.31-2.28 (women). However, low birth weight predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) % truncal fat only in women (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.91). In conclusion, in these men and women born in a period in which fetal malnutrition was prevalent, birth weight showed complex, frequently non-linear associations with adult body fat, highlighting the need for interventions to prevent low and high birth weight during pregnancy.

Anti-Diabetic Obesity Effects of Wasabia Japonica Matsum Leaf Extract on 45% Kcal High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

The present study examined the effects of Wasabi leaf (WL) on 45% Kcal high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mild diabetic obese mice. In particular, the hepatoprotective (i.e., liver weight, histopathology of liver, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase) effects of 12 weeks of continuous oral administration of 250 mg/kg metformin, and 200, 100, or 50 mg/kg WL were investigated. In addition, the hypolipidemic (i.e., serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels), hypoglycemic (i.e., glycated hemoglobin, blood glucose and insulin levels, pancreatic weight, and immunohistochemical-histopathological analysis of the pancreas), and anti-obesity effects (i.e., body weight, mean food consumption, total and abdominal body fat mass, periovarian fat weight, and histopathology of the periovarian and abdominal wall adipocytes) were monitored. The liver and general antioxidant defense systems were also assessed by lipid metabolism-related gene expression. All diabetes manifestations and related complications, including obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), were dose-dependently reduced after 84 days of oral treatment with metformin or each of the three dosages of WL. In particular, 50 mg/kg WL showed effective suppression effects against HFD-induced diabetes and related complications of obesity, NAFLD, and hyperlipidemia, comparable to the effects of metformin.

Abstract P4-14-13: Concurrent exercise and chemotherapy in preclinical breast cancer models

Abstract The benefits of exercise following a cancer diagnosis is increasingly recognized. Increased physical activity is associated with reduced breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer specific mortality. However, the mechanisms underpinning this effect are still under investigation. The role of exercise as an adjunct to systemic therapy for breast cancer remains unclear. We hypothesize that exercise may exert an anti-tumor effect and a change in tumor immune cell infiltration. Methods We evaluated the effect of exercise alone and in combination with chemotherapy in preclinical patient-derived TNBC xenografts (PDX) established in Nude mice and PyMT mouse tumor models. Mice were individually housed in boxes equipped with running wheels and randomized to 1) clamped wheels (sedentary controls), 2) doxorubicin (Dox, 2mg/kg/week), 3) exercise (Ex) and 4) Ex + Dox. Daily distance run was measured. One week after randomization (acclimatization period), the intervention was commenced. Body composition was measured at randomization and at end point. Tumors were harvested after 5 weeks of intervention or at ethical endpoint. Tumor immune infiltrates were analyzed, and transcriptomic analysis performed. Results In the TNBC PDX model, there was no difference in tumor volume at randomization (p=0.96), or cumulative distance run after 1 week of acclimatization to the running wheel (p=0.47). At 5 weeks, Ex alone significantly reduced tumor growth rate compared with controls (relative reduction 10%, p=0.025). There was no difference between the other interventions. Mice randomized to Ex + Dox ran a shorter cumulative distance over 5 weeks compared with Ex alone (103.6 ± 16.2km vs 168.8 ±23km, p=0.028). There was no correlation between distance run and tumor volume in either of the treatment cohorts involving exercise (p=0.39). PyMT, transcriptomic and immune cell infiltration analysis will be reported. At baseline, there was no significant difference in mean total body mass (TBM), lean mass (LM) or fat mass (FM) between the intervention groups (p&amp;gt;0.05). At 5 weeks, the mean TBM and LM in both groups treated with Dox was significantly lower than Ex only and controls. The Ex and the control mice gained weight (11%), compared with Dox only and Ex + Dox mice which did not gain weight (0% and -6% respectively). Therefore exercise had no significant impact on TBM or LM at 5 weeks, but Dox resulted in loss of TBM and LM compared with mice not treated with Dox. Conclusion Exercise significantly reduced tumor growth compared with sedentary controls in our preclinical TNBC PDX model, however there was not a synergistic effect seen with Dox. Cumulative doses of Dox resulted in weight loss and loss of lean mass, and reduced the cumulative running distance, compared with mice not treated with Dox. Citation Format: Sara Wahlroos, Ashleigh Wilkinson, Heloisa Milioli, Neil Portman, David Gallego-Ortega, Elgene Lim. Concurrent exercise and chemotherapy in preclinical breast cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-14-13.

GB Apprentice Jockeys Do Not Have the Body Composition to Make Current Minimum Race Weights: Is It Time to Change the Weights or Change the Jockeys?

Flat jockeys in Great Britain (GB) are classified as apprentices if they are aged less than 26 years and/or have ridden less than 95 winners. To gain experience, apprentices are allocated a weight allowance of up to 7lb (3.2kg). Given that there is no off-season in GB flat horseracing, jockeys are required to maintain their racing weight all year round. In light of recent work determining that current apprentices are considerably heavier than previous generations and that smaller increases have been made in the minimum weight, the aim of this study was to assess if the minimum weight in GB was achievable. To make the minimum weight (50.8kg) with the maximal weight allowance requires a body mass of ∼46.6kg while maintaining a fat mass >2.5kg (the lowest fat mass previously reported in weight-restricted males). Thirty-two male apprentice jockeys were assessed for body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean (SD) total mass and fat mass were 56 (2.9)kg and 7.2 (1.8)kg, respectively. Given that the lowest theoretical body mass for this group was 51.2 (2.3)kg, only one of 32 jockeys was deemed feasible to achieve the minimum weight with their current weight allowance and maintaining fat mass >2.5kg. Furthermore, urine osmolality of 780 (260)mOsmol/L was seen, with 22 (out of 32) jockeys classed as dehydrated (>700mOsmols/L), indicating that body mass would be higher when euhydrated. Additionally, we observed that within new apprentice jockeys licensed during this study (N = 41), only one jockey was able to achieve the minimum weight. To facilitate the goal of achieving race weight with minimal disruptions to well-being, the authors' data suggest that the minimum weight for GB apprentices should be raised.

Abstract P6-21-05: Concurrent exercise and chemotherapy in preclinical breast cancer models

Abstract The benefits of exercise following a cancer diagnosis is increasingly recognized. Increased physical activity is associated with reduced breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer specific mortality. However, the mechanisms underpinning this effect are still under investigation. The role of exercise as an adjunct to systemic therapy for breast cancer remains unclear. We hypothesize that exercise may exert an anti-tumor effect and a change in tumor immune cell infiltration. Methods We evaluated the effect of exercise alone and in combination with chemotherapy in preclinical patient-derived TNBC xenografts (PDX) established in Nude mice and PyMT mouse tumor models. Mice were individually housed in boxes equipped with running wheels and randomized to 1) clamped wheels (sedentary controls), 2) doxorubicin (Dox, 2mg/kg/week), 3) exercise (Ex) and 4) Ex + Dox. Daily distance run was measured. One week after randomization (acclimatization period), the intervention was commenced. Body composition was measured at randomization and at end point. Tumors were harvested after 5 weeks of intervention or at ethical endpoint. Tumor immune infiltrates were analyzed, and transcriptomic analysis performed. Results In the TNBC PDX model, there was no difference in tumor volume at randomization (p=0.96), or cumulative distance run after 1 week of acclimatization to the running wheel (p=0.47). At 5 weeks, Ex alone significantly reduced tumor growth rate compared with controls (relative reduction 10%, p=0.025). There was no difference between the other interventions. Mice randomized to Ex + Dox ran a shorter cumulative distance over 5 weeks compared with Ex alone (103.6 ± 16.2km vs 168.8 ±23km, p=0.028). There was no correlation between distance run and tumor volume in either of the treatment cohorts involving exercise (p=0.39). PyMT, transcriptomic and immune cell infiltration analysis will be reported. At baseline, there was no significant difference in mean total body mass (TBM), lean mass (LM) or fat mass (FM) between the intervention groups (p&amp;gt;0.05). At 5 weeks, the mean TBM and LM in both groups treated with Dox was significantly lower than Ex only and controls. The Ex and the control mice gained weight (11%), compared with Dox only and Ex + Dox mice which did not gain weight (0% and -6% respectively). Therefore exercise had no significant impact on TBM or LM at 5 weeks, but Dox resulted in loss of TBM and LM compared with mice not treated with Dox. Conclusion Exercise significantly reduced tumor growth compared with sedentary controls in our preclinical TNBC PDX model, however there was not synergistic effect seen with Dox. Cumulative doses of Dox resulted in weight loss and loss of lean mass, and reduced the cumulative running distance, compared with mice not treated with Dox. Citation Format: Wahlroos S, Wilkinson A, Gallego-Ortega D, Febbraio M, Lim E. Concurrent exercise and chemotherapy in preclinical breast cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-21-05.

Litterfall production, decomposition and nutrient accumulation in Sundarbans mangrove forests, Bangladesh

Litterfall production and litter decomposition are the principal factors for controlling the functions of mangroves to store and cycle carbon and nutrients within the ecosystem. We analyzed the litterfall production, its seasonality, patterns and changes of mass loss, carbon, and nitrogen content of litterfall decomposition in different locations as well as different position of decomposition bags in Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF). Total annual litterfall production was 1005.9 ± 7.0 g m−2 yr−1 and leaves being the principal contributor of all the studied location throughout the study period. During the decomposition experiment, the litterfall lost 20% of its original mass in the first 60 days, and this loss continued to 50% of its original weight by the end of the experiment (196 days). There was not significant difference in the mass loss at different positions or sites during the experiment period. Monthly mean total carbon and nitrogen mass in litterfall accounted for 344.6 ± 28.7 kg ha−1 and 8.7 ± 0.7 kg ha−1, respectively. The pattern for nitrogen content showed increasing trend throughout the experiment period. Mangrove communities growing along the oligohaline zone showed higher nutrient concentration than other mangrove areas indicating their ecological significance and also efficiently retain C and N.

Anthropogenic fine aerosols dominate over the Pune region, Southwest India

The major water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and mass concentration of fine- (PM2.5) and coarse-mode (PM10–2.5) aerosols were measured at Pune during January–December 2016. The mass closure approach was used by comparing the sum of the masses of the individual chemical species to the gravimetric PM obtained by weighting the filter samples. The 1 year mean total mass concentration of fine and coarse mode was 40 µgm−3 (64%) and 23 µg m−3 (36%), respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.64 ± 0.9 indicating an abundance of fine-mode particles over Pune during the study period. A principal component analysis identified three components, where the one with highest explanatory power (59%) displayed clear impact of anthropogenic sources on the measured mass concentration of a majority of the compounds. The strong linear relationships between EC, OC, nss-SO42− and nss-K+ suggest a predominance of a common primary source, with a contribution from biofuel as well as biomass burning sources. Keeping the strong correlation and sources of individual chemical species as the base, it was noticed that (1) major contributors to fine- and coarse-mode particles over the Pune regions are carbonaceous aerosols and secondary inorganic aerosols (non-sea-salt SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+), (2) anthropogenic aerosols contribute mostly to the fine-mode, and (3) meteorological parameters play an important role in controlling levels of fine- and coarse-mode particles. Taken together, the study clearly indicates the dominance of anthropogenic sources during the entire year with more significance in the winter season.

Bioimpedance analysis with a novel predictive equation - A reliable technique to estimate fat free mass in birth weight based cohorts of Asian Indian males

AimTo validate bioimpedance based predictive equations for fat free mass (FFM) against DEXA and to derive a novel birth weight based predictive equation for FFM in a birth weight based cohort of healthy Asian Indian men. MethodologyWhole body composition was done using DEXA and bioimpedance in 117 young Asian Indian men, born of normal birth weight (n = 59, birth weight ≥2.5 kg) or low birth weight (n = 58, birth weight < 2.5 kg). Predictive accuracy of 11 different bioimpedance based equations for FFM was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis and the root of mean squared prediction error (RMSE) analysis. ResultsThe mean FFM (on DEXA) and total lean mass & impedance index (on bioimpedance) were significantly higher in the low birth weight cohort. Significantly higher body fat percentage was noted on bioimpedance, for the normal birth weight cohort, but not on DEXA. In addition, the mean values of predicted FFM were significantly higher in the low birth weight cohort for 9 different predictive equations. Specifically, the mean FFM values obtained using the predictive equations of Schaefer et al., Hoot cooper et al. and Hughes et al. were in close agreement with the actual FFM values on DEXA. A novel predictive equation (CMC equation) for FFM based on birth weight was derived. FFM = 32.637 + (−0.222*age) + (−32.51*waist-to-hip ratio) + (0.33*body mass index) + (1.58 * 1 or 2 (1 = normal birth weight, 2 = low birth weight) + (0.510*waist circumference). ConclusionsOur study findings substantiate the validity of Bio-impedance analysis (BIA) as a reliable and noninvasive tool for estimating body composition measures in birth-weight based cohorts of Asian Indian males. Further, we have devised a novel BIA-based predictive equation that can be useful in larger epidemiological studies to look at alterations in body fat in this cohort.