Mean Size Distribution Research Articles

Fabrication of Spherical Colloidal Supraparticles via Membrane Emulsification.

Colloidal supraparticles are micrometer-scale assemblies of primary particles. These supraparticles have potential application in photonic materials, catalysis, gas adsorption, and drug delivery. Thus, the synthesis of colloidal supraparticles with a narrow size distribution and high yield has become essential. Here, we demonstrate membrane emulsification as a high-throughput approach for fabricating spherical supraparticles with a narrow size distribution and control over particle size and crystallinity. Spherical supraparticles with well-ordered surface structures are synthesized by generating emulsion droplets of an aqueous colloidal dispersion in fluorocarbon oil using a Shirasu porous glass membrane followed by the consolidation of particles through water removal within the emulsion. We systematically investigate process parameters, including the flow rate of the particle dispersion, the particle concentration, and the average pore diameter of the membrane, on the mean size and size distribution of the supraparticles, revealing key factors governing supraparticle properties and production throughput. A comparative evaluation with commonly employed methods highlights the advantage of membrane emulsification, which combines well-defined internal structure and controlled supraparticle sizes with comparably high yields on the order of tens of grams per day. Importantly, in contrast to widely used droplet-based microfluidics, membrane emulsification allows fabrication of supraparticles in nonfluorinated oil. Overall, membrane emulsification offers a simple yet versatile method for fabricating colloidal supraparticles with high quality and yield and may serve as a bridge between existing high-precision techniques, such as droplet-based microfluidics, and high-throughput processes with less control, such as spray-drying.

Relationship Between Wavy Liquid Film Dynamics and Droplet Formation From Trailing Edge

Abstract Erosion of steam turbine blades due to coarse droplet impingement is a serious problem. The physical relationship is still elusive between the dynamics of wavy liquid film on a wall and the droplet dispersion from the trailing edge. In this study, we experimentally and theoretically investigate the liquid film subjected to the turbulent airflow and following fragmentation process under well-controlled flow conditions, where the airflow velocity is up to 100 m/s, and initial liquid film velocity is 0.06 and 0.10 m/s, and trailing edge thicknesses are 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm. By applying the developed PLIF based method with no use of artificial threshold of brightness, we quantify the film thickness and interfacial friction factor. As the airflow velocity increases, the liquid film instability promotes and the interfacial friction factor increases, much exceeding the Blasius correlation. When the liquid film reaches the trailing edge, several liquid columns extend by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. We identify that the interfacial friction factor to accelerate the ligament corresponds to the Blasius correlation, distinct from the one on the wavy liquid film upstream. Incorporating the identified two interfacial friction factors, we successfully formulate the diameter of ligament as the characteristic lengthscale of the spreading droplet downstream. Derived formulation for the droplet statistics is well validated by the experimental results of mean and maximum diameters and size distribution.

Particle size effect on graphene nanoribbons with iron oxide nanoparticles

The particle size effect on nanocomposites made of reduced graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is studied. Three nanocomposites with different particle size were prepared by chemical reduction of IONPs formed by the co-precipitation method on graphene oxide nanoribbons. Several experimental techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction determined the particle size distribution and crystalline phases present in the samples. The specific surface area (SSA) of the nanocomposites was measured and discussed with the mean size of the IONPs. Depending on the mean size and surface distribution of the IONPs, samples with high SSA can be achieved. Magnetic measurements indicated that the particle size affects the magnetic properties of the nanocomposites. These results were discussed considering the effect of particle size, defects, amount of particles and interaction between the IONPs and GNRs surface. The potential application of the samples as supercapacitors was evaluated by calculating their specific capacitance from cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results showed that the specific capacitance increases with the SSA. This work confirms that the size of the IONPs significantly affects the properties of the nanocomposites, specifically the SSA, which is of great interest for various applications.

Stability in Photoluminescence and Photovoltaic Properties of Formamidinium Lead Iodide Quantum Dots

Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) thin films in the perovskite crystalline phase have piqued interest for single-junction solar cells due to their optimal bandgap, long photocarrier lifetime, and intrinsic structural stability. However, trap states on the surface and within the lattice impede the performance and stability of FAPI bulk crystalline film cells. Strategies such as film crystallization, deposition optimization, precursor engineering, and interface property tailoring aim to overcome these limitations. One approach involves forming FAPI quantum dots (QDs). By reducing the size, we achieve better quality and stable alpha-phase FAPI on a nanometer scale. In this contribution, we report synthesizing of alpha-phase FAPI QDs with a mean size distribution of 20 nm. These QDs exhibit a narrow photoluminescence emission peak at 1.61 eV and higher absolute quantum yields ranging from 70% to 86%. Compared to bulk FAPI with a 1.54 eV gap, a blue shift is observed due to the quantum confinement effect.However, achieving degradation-free perovskite solar cells under prolonged light soaking remains a challenge. Furthermore, we investigate the stability of FAPI bulk and QDS films in a humid chamber and after exposure to AM1.5G light in a humid setting (RH ~ 30%, T ~ 28°C). Our approach allows us to form homogeneously dispersed films of quantum dots with thicknesses of several hundred nanometers. These films are studied for photoluminescence and photovoltaic properties. Prototype solar cells incorporating synthesized FAPI QDs showed a power conversion efficiency of around 8%. These findings indicate considerably more stability in photoluminescence and photovoltaic properties of FAPI QDs for enhanced light-soaking stability compared to bulk FAPI films.

Liposomes and niosomes production by a supercritical CO2 assisted process for topical applications: A comparative study

A supercritical CO2 assisted process was used to perform a comparative study between liposomes and niosomes. Process operating conditions were fixed at 100 bar and 40 °C, and the produced vesicles were characterized in terms of mean diameter, size distribution, ζ-potential, and stability over time. Mean diameters of liposomes and niosomes were similar (130 ± 37 nm for liposomes and 141 ± 36 nm for niosomes) and both systems were stable after 1 month from production. Ascorbic acid (AA) was loaded in both kinds of formulation. AA encapsulation efficiency was equal to 92 % and 99 % for liposomes and niosomes, respectively, and DPPH-activity was larger than 90 % in both vesicular systems. Drug release tests revealed that AA was released in 120 min and 240 min from liposomes and niosomes, respectively, due to a different compactness of the vesicle bilayer.

Particle Sizing and Surface Area Measurements: A Comparative Assessment of Commercial Air Permeability and Laser Light Diffraction Instruments

Six different commercial powders, finer than 45 μm, were used for examining the effects of particle characteristics on mean particle size and specific surface area. The measurements were carried out using the most commonly used air permeability- and laser light diffraction (scattering) techniques. As the air permeability method has been used as a benchmark for decades in the powder metallurgy (P/M) industry, the physical phenomena that govern the passage of gas through the powder bed under laminar flow conditions were also presented. The experimental data indicate that both methods give similar results for spherical powders. The advantage of laser light systems over gas permeameters is the ability to provide additional information on particle size distribution. Irregularly shaped powders should be analyzed by both techniques, relying on gas permeametry for surface area measurements and on laser light diffraction for the estimation of mean particle size and size distribution. Application of scanning electron microscopy as a complementary technique was found very helpful in the interpretation of data through visualization of individual particles.

Probucol-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Otic Formulations: Stability and In Vitro Assessments for Hearing Loss Treatment

Targeted drug delivery is an ongoing aspect of scientific research that is expanding through the design of micro- and nanoparticles. In this paper, we focus on spray dried microparticles as carriers for a repurposed lipophilic antioxidant (probucol). We characterise the microparticles and quantify probucol prior to assessing cytotoxicity on both control and cisplatin treated hair cells (known as House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1; HEI-OC1). The addition of water-soluble polymers to 2% β-cyclodextrin resulted in a stable probucol formulation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) used as formulation excipient increases probucol miscibility and microparticle drug content. Formulation characterisations reveals spray drying results in spherical UDCA-drug microparticles with a mean size distribution of ∼5–12 μm. Probucol microparticles show stable short-term storage conditions accounting for only ∼10% loss over seven days. By mimicking cell culture conditions, both UDCA-probucol (67%) and probucol only (82%) microparticles show drug release in the initial two hours. Furthermore, probucol formulations with or without UDCA preserve cell viability and reduce cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. Mitochondrial bioenergetics results in lower basal respiration and non-mitochondrial respiration, with higher maximal respiration, spare capacity, ATP production and proton leak within cisplatin challenged UDCA-probucol groups. Overall, we present a facile method for incorporating lipophilic antioxidant carriers in polymer-based particles that are tolerated by HEI-OC1 cells and show stable drug release, sufficient in reducing cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation.

PVP/aprepitant microcapsules produced by supercritical antisolvent process

The supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was a green alternative to improve the low bioavailability of insoluble drugs. However, it is difficult for SAS process to industrialize with limited production capacity. A coaxial annular nozzle was used to prepare the microcapsules of aprepitant (APR) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by SAS with N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. Meanwhile, the effects of polymer/drug ratio, operating pressure, operating temperature and overall concentration on particles morphology, mean particle diameter and size distribution were analyzed. Microcapsules with mean diameters ranging from 2.04 μm and 9.84 μm were successfully produced. The morphology, particle size, thermal behavior, crystallinity, drug content, drug dissolution and residual amount of DMF of samples were analyzed. The results revealed that the APR drug dissolution of the microcapsules by SAS process was faster than the unprocessed APR. Furthermore, the drug powder collected every hour is in the kilogram level, verifying the possibility to scale up the production of pharmaceuticals employing the SAS process from an industrial point of view.

Optimization of Particle Size Distribution with Gaussian Analysis of Albumin Microcarriers Cross-linked by Natural Phenolic Compounds

The biodegradation of albumin into natural products and nontoxicity besides its antigenicity has many advantages in controlled drug delivery of therapeutic agents. A bifunctional covalent bonding agent, glutaraldehyde is extensively used for linking amine groups of albümin microparticles/microcarriers (AlbMC’s). But its cytotoxicity and the rapid calcification of the glutaraldehyde-treated tissue limit the use of glutaraldehyde. Phenolic compound showed non-covalent and covalent chemical interactions with proteins. The objective of this research is to prepare three different natural phenolic compound cross-linked/stabilized AlbMC’s and estimate the cross-linker concentration which is giving narrow size distributions since it is important to gain higher surface area. The influence of qallic acid (GA), tannic acid (TA) and quercetin concentrations on AlbMC’s size was investigated by Gaussian function analysis of microcarriers determined after optical micrograph measurements. Gallic acid (GA) stabilized AlbMC’s have 3.35  0.71 μm average mean size distribution while it was 3.56  0.71 μm for Quercetin and 3.71  0.69 μm for TA stabilized microcarrier formations. Average mean particle size distribution of AlbMC’s synthesized with synthetic cross-linker, glutaraldehyde was calculated as 5.12  0.50 μm. All statistical analysis were evaluated by MATLAB program. New approach for albumin microcarrier synthesis by using phenolic compounds as a cross-linker can be proposed as an alternative microcarrier preparation system with narrow size distributions.

Grindability of Torrefied Camelina Straw and Microparticle Evaluation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for Use as Biofuel

This study examined the combined effect of torrefaction and microwave absorbers on improving biomass thermochemical characteristics and grindability for heat, power, and value-added products. Camelina straw in two grinds, ground (6.4 mm screen size) and chopped with biochar addition (0%, 10% and 20%), was torrefied in a bench-scale microwave reactor at torrefaction temperatures of 250 °C and 300 °C with residence times of 10, 15 and 20 min under inert conditions and nitrogen-activated. After torrefaction, the geometric mean particle and size distribution, moisture content, ash content, bulk and particle densities were determined, and the grinding performance values of torrefied ground and chopped with and without biochar were determined and compared with the raw camelina straw. The results showed that the geometric diameter decreased after torrefaction in both grinds. The specific energy required for grinding torrefied biomass decreased significantly with biochar addition, longer residence times, and increased torrefaction temperatures. Torrefied ground camelina straw with biochar after grinding had the lowest grinding energy of 34.30 kJ at 300 °C/20 min. The surface morphology by confocal laser scanning microscopy of torrefied camelina straw particles indicated that biochar addition (>10%) and a torrefaction temperature at 250 °C can create profound surface distortion, and beyond 300 °C, colossal surface damage and carbonized weight fractions were produced.

Liquid dispersion behaviors in a rotating packed bed with different packing arrangements: A comparison study

Wire mesh packing is widely used in the rotating packed bed (RPB). Packing arrangements have been proven to influence the mass transfer of an RPB. However, the liquid dispersion behaviors including dispersion characteristics and mechanisms for packing with different arrangements require further study. In this work, the dispersion behaviors of wire mesh packing with coiled and concentric arrangements were compared. An in-situ Doppler optical probe method was firstly employed to obtain fundamental parameters of liquid dispersion characteristics, such as the Sauter mean diameter, size distribution, and velocity of liquid droplets. The obtained results showed that the coiled arrangement was conducive to generating droplets with large velocity and narrow size distribution owing to the capturing and spreading of liquid inside the packing, while the concentric arrangement was beneficial in decreasing droplet size due to the shearing and carrying actions of the packing. Based on the optimization of liquid dispersion, the max and average reductions of d32 were 34.8% and 19.0% for packing with concentric arrangement than a coiled one. Further comparison results of dispersion characteristics indicated that the optimized concentric arrangement with 3 layers could provide better liquid dispersion than that of a coiled one with around 20 layers.

Impact of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles on Tillandsia usneoides as a model plant to assess pollution in heavy traffic areas

Due to the increasing evidence of widespread sub-micron pollutants in the atmosphere, the impact of airborne nanoparticles is a subject of great relevance. In particular, the smallest particles are considered the most active and dangerous, having a higher surface/volume ratio. Here we tested the effect of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (IONPs) with different mean diameter and size distribution on the model plant Tillandsia usneoides.Strands were placed in home-built closed boxes and exposed to levels of airborne IONPs reported for the roadside air, i.e. in the order of 107 - 108 items m−2. Plant growth and other morpho-physiological parameters were monitored for two weeks, showing that exposure to IONPs significantly reduced the length increment of the treated strands with respect to controls. A dose-dependence of this impairing effect was found only for particles with mean size of a few tens of nanometers. These were also proved to be the most toxic at the highest concentration tested. The IONP-induced hamper in growth was correlated with altered concentration of macro- and micronutrients in the plant, while no significant variation in photosynthetic activity was detected in treated samples. Microscopy investigation showed that IONPs could adhere to the plant surface and were preferentially located on the trichome wings.Our results report, for the first time, evidence of the negative effects of airborne IONP pollution on plant health, thus raising concerns about related environmental risks.Future research should be devoted to other plant species and pollutants to assess the impact of airborne pollution on plants and devise suitable attenuation practices.

Synthesis of Monodisperse Silica Nanospheres and Titania Beads from Rotating Cylinder System

Economic raw materials such as low-grade ethanol and Tetraethyl Ortosilicate (TEOS) were adopted as reactants for the synthesis of monodisperse silica nanospheres using a Taylor Vortex flow reactor with a rotating cylinder system. Factors affecting the mean diameter and size distribution of the silica grains were investigated by changing the rotating speed of the inner cylinder and the composition of reactants. In the case of titania beads, grain diameter size was adjusted by changing the amount of precursor (titanium (IV) isopropoxide, TIP), hexadecylamine (HDA) or Potassium Chloride (KCl) and reaction temperature as well as the rotation speed of the cylinder. As a demonstrative application, titania beads could be used for the removal of organic dye as a model contaminant dissolved in an aqueous medium using a photocatalytic decomposition system.

Reef Fish in the Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain of the Southwestern Atlantic: Biogeographical Corridors and Impact of Fishing

This paper aimed to study the community structure of large reef fish off the central coast of Brazil by defining the spatial distribution patterns of 34 species in the outer shelf (50 to 100 m) between 13 and 22ºS, including sea banks, seamounts and the Trindade Island, seeking further to interpret these patterns in light of biogeographic knowledge. In addition, this study attempted to estimate the impact of fishing on the community in different regions using mean weight and size distribution data. The data were obtained in four exploratory fishing surveys of demersal resources employing a bottom longline with steel wire under the aegis of the REVIZEE Program between 1996 and 1998. The numerical abundances were standardised in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) in number, and species matrices per station were subjected to detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis. Reef fauna in the southwestern Atlantic can be divided, in its continental margin, into a tropical component and a subtropical component from latitude 19ºS, which corresponds to the Southern limit of the Abrolhos Bank. North of 19ºS, four distribution patterns were identified (North, Abrolhos, Banks and Trindade). The similarity between the last three enabled the definition of an “Abrolhos-Trindade faunal complex”. Evidence of the impact of commercial fishing on the structure of reef communities was found through differences in the sizes of species studied, which may have occurred differently in each one of the regions of the Abrolhos-Trindade complex. The results also reinforce the importance of the need for conservation measures in these areas.

Inter-relations of precipitation, aerosols, and clouds over Andalusia, southern Spain, revealed by the Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA)

Abstract. The south-central interior of Andalusia experiences intricate precipitation patterns as a result of its semi-arid Mediterranean climate and the impact of Saharan dust and human-made pollutants. The primary aim of this study is to monitor the inter-relations between various factors, such as aerosols, clouds, and meteorological variables, and precipitation systems in Granada using ground-based remote sensing and in situ instruments including a microwave radiometer, ceilometer, cloud radar, nephelometer, and weather station. Over an 11-year period, we detected rain events using a physical retrieval method that employed microwave radiometer measurements. A composite analysis was applied to them to construct a climatology of the temporal evolution of precipitation. It was found that convective rain is the dominant precipitation type in Granada, accounting for 68 % of the rain events. The height of the cloud base is mainly distributed at an altitude of 2 to 7 km. Integrated water vapor (IWV) and integrated cloud liquid water (ILW) increase rapidly before the onset of rain. Aerosol scattering at the surface level and hence the aerosol concentration are reduced during rain, and the predominant mean size distribution of aerosol particles before, during, and after rain is almost the same. A meteorological environment favorable for virga formation is observed in Granada. The surface weather station detected rainfall later than the microwave radiometer, indicating virga according to ceilometer and cloud radar data. We used 889 rain-day events identified by weather station data to determine precipitation intensity classes and found that light rain is the main precipitation intensity class in Granada, accounting for 72 % of the rain-day events. This can be a result of the high tropospheric temperature induced by the Andalusian climate and the reduction of cloud droplet size by the high availability of aerosol particles in the urban atmosphere. This study provides evidence that aerosols, clouds, and meteorological variables have a combined impact on precipitation which can be considered for water resource management and improving rain forecasting accuracy.

Observation of the Aerosol Plume From the 2022 Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha'apai Eruption With SAGE III/ISS

AbstractThe Tonga eruption of 15 January 2022 has released a long‐lived stratospheric plume of sulfate aerosols. More than 17 months after, we focus on the high quality data series of SAGE III (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) on board the International Space Station (ISS) to determine the mean radius and size distribution of the aerosols and their total mass. The persisting volcanic aerosols—with a mode width of 1.25 and an effective radius of 0.4 μm—differ from the significantly smaller background aerosols and from those measured during recent stratospheric eruptions. The sulfuric acid mass between 50°S and 30°N is estimated to be very stable in spite of considerable redistribution in latitude at a value of 0.66 ± 0.1 Tg, corresponding to an initial sulfur dioxide emission of 0.44 Tg. Such properties are expected to facilitate the persistence of a climate warming due to the volcanic water vapor.

Isolation and substrate dependence on extracellular vesicle characterisation using atomic force microscopy

Extracellular vesicles are nano- to micro-sized structures that carry biomolecules between cells to coordinate cellular activity and communication. Isolation and characterisation must be standardised to better understand the role of extracellular vesicles and how they can be used for disease diagnosis. Here we use atomic force microscopy to determine the physical differences between extracellular vesicles isolated using two different methods. Extracellular vesicles were isolated using two standardised methods, vacuum filtration and syringe filtration. In addition, extracellular vesicles were immobilised to plain mica and amino-functionalised mica to observe differences in adhesion onto substrates with different hydrophobicity. The application of atomic force microscopy enabled the study of vesicle adhesion, size distribution and morphology on the two different surfaces. It was found that both the isolation method and the substrate had a considerable effect on the physical properties of the extracellular vesicles, such as root mean square roughness values and size distribution. This demonstrates the ability to use atomic force microscopy to gain a more detailed understanding of the physical features of extracellular vesicles and the influence of different isolation methods on their morphology.

Nutrient recovery through struvite precipitation from anaerobically digested poultry wastewater in an air-lift electrolytic reactor: Process modeling and cost analysis

Anaerobic digested poultry wastewater (ADPW) is characterized by high levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), which need to be removed and recovered before the wastewater is discharged into water bodies with advanced nutrient recovery technologies that are cheap and eco-friendly. In this study, an innovative air-lift electrolytic reactor (ALER) with a magnesium anode was developed for phosphate (PO43−) and ammonia–nitrogen (NH3–N) recovery from anaerobically digested poultry wastewater through electrochemical struvite (MgNH4PO4‧ 6H2O) precipitation. Under constant current density (12.4 A/m2) and superficial velocity (107.42 m/h), the maximum removal efficiencies of PO43− and NH3–N were 99.9% and 97.3%, respectively. Kinetic modeling revealed that PO43− and NH3–N removal from the liquid phase by the ALER followed a pseudo-first-order reaction model, with rate constants (k) of 0.0188 min−1 and 0.0143 min−1, respectively. The recovered precipitate was characterized with FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS which also identified that precipitates as high-purity (88.5%) struvite with a mean particle size of 142.95 μm. Mean particle size and size distribution were found to be linearly increased with superficial upflow velocity. The electrical energy consumption per order (EEO) of the ALER was 0.824 kWh/m3, and the space–time yield is achieved at 0.988 kg/m3h with a corresponding operating cost of 3.87 $/m3. The ALER process has proven to be energy efficient in nutrient recovery from ADPW with struvite products suitable to be used in agricultural practices.

Singularly narrow size distributions of 200 nm polystyrene latex spheres determined by high resolution mobility analysis

A high-resolution differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is used for the first time to study the mobility distribution of Polystyrene Latex (PSL) particles. We investigate in particular some unique, nominally 200 nm and 100 nm PSL particles, known by other methods to be unusually monodisperse. The suspensions are electrosprayed after adding ammonium acetate to a concentration of 10 mmol/L. Mobility analysis is carried out after charge reduction with a second electrospray of the opposite polarity. The 200 nm particles typically produce two narrow peaks, with relative intensities that depend on electrospray parameters. Under the most favorable spraying conditions achieved, the more mobile peak becomes dominant, is narrowest, and has a repeatable mobility; we attribute it provisionally to the unpolluted suspended particles. The less mobile peaks are substantially more variable but never entirely removed. We initially attributed them to attachment of involatile solutes in the suspension to the atomized PSL particles; however, this hypothesis is put in doubt by later observations. The measured relative width of the mobility distribution for the most mobile peak is FWHMZ = (1.65 ± 0.08) %. This translates into a width for the diameter distribution FWHMd = (1.09 ± 0.05) % or standard deviation σd = (0.46 ± 0.02) %, by far the most monodisperse polymeric submicron particle suspension so far reported. Concentrations of ammonium acetate of 100 mmol/L and 40 mmol/L were also tested in order to reduce residue attachment by forming smaller initial electrosprayed drops. These higher salinities, however, led to capillary clogging, apparently because the narrow electrospraying jet precludes the passage of the PSL particles. The 100 nm particles gave a wider variation in mean diameter and size distribution depending on electrospraying parameters, perhaps because of the suspension's considerably larger content of involatile solutes. Unlike the 200 nm particles, no spraying condition was found under which a precisely repeatable size distribution could be achieved for the 100 nm particles. However, the data do point to an estimated upper bound on the size distribution width of FWHMd ≈ 3 % (σd ≈ 1.3 %), which is uniquely narrow for particles of this size.

Choline Chloride Encapsulated PLGA Nanoparticles Labelled with Lanthanide Metals

Herein, choline chloride was loaded into PLGA nanoparticles to ensure its controlled release. Encapsulation efficiencies (EE) and loading capacities (LC) of them were determined. Also, the produced nanoparticles were analyzed with Zetasizer, FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. The surfaces of the nanoparticles were functionalized by labeling with three different natural lanthanide metals Europium, Gadolinium, and Lutetium to expand diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities with three different imaging tecniques. Metal labeling of the nanoparticles was confirmed with SEM-EDX analysis. EE of the choline chloride nanoparticles were ranging between 62.5%-88.9%. LC of the choline chloride nanoparticles varied from 34.9 to 61.4. The mean size distribution obtained from the Zetasizer analysis of the free nanoparticles was 261.0 ± 7.598 nm. The Z-average size of the encapsulated nanoparticles also varied from 257.5 to 270 nm. The quite negative zeta potential, for example, -17.85 ± 0.165 mV for free NPs showed that the nanoparticles were sufficiently stable. The elemental mapping of the metal labeled NPs verified the labeling procedure. By obtaining therapeutic choline chloride-loaded nanoparticles with different metal labels, theranostic agents with common target and the ability to eliminate limitations with different imaging and detection techniques have been produced.