Mean Renal Length Research Articles

The Association of Renal Cortical Echogenicity and Length with Serum Creatinine in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is 21.2% in Pakistan and rising due to increasing prevalence of diabetes. Ultrasonography is effective tool in early detection and diagnosis of impaired renal function along with renal function tests. Objective: To study the correlation of serum creatinine with renal echogenicity grading and renal length in patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: This prospective cross sectional study was conducted at Medicine, Nephrology and Radiology departments of Pakistan Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi from 30th September 2021 to 15th July 2022. A total of 200 patients with chronic kidney disease were enrolled randomly by consecutive non probability sampling from medical and nephrology in and out patients after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria per study design. After history, physical examination of serum creatinine was done and the patient was sent for ultrasound in the radiology department. Demographic data and study data was entered on pre designed proforma and analyzed using SPSS21. Results: Mean age of the patients was 53.45±8.93 years. There were 110 male and 90 female patients in our study. Mean renal length was 9.55 cm. Mean serum creatinine was 1.921 mg/dl with grade 1 cortical echogenicity, 3.561 with grade 2, 4.267 with grade 3 and 6.001 with grade 4 echogenicity respectively on ultrasound. A negative correlation (r= -0.144) was present between renal length and serum creatinine. Conclusion: Renal cortical echogenicity is a valuable sonographic parameter and is found to be significantly related to serum creatinine level in chronic kidney disease. While renal length showed weaker association with serum creatinine levels.

Computed tomographic assessment of renal length in correlation to anthropometric parameters: A cross-sectional hospital-based observational study from Iraq

Abstract Background: Measuring the renal size is an important parameter used in the assessment of patients with renal diseases. There is no conventional nomogram for kidney length in the Iraqi population. Objectives: The main objective of our study was to evaluate the ranges of normal renal length in our population. Material and Methods: The right and the left kidney lengths were measured by computed tomography (CT) scan in 100 adult individuals without apparent renal condition. Analysis for differences was conducted according to laterality, age, and sex. The correlation of renal length with anthropometrical indices like body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) was also evaluated. Results: The mean length of the right kidney was 11.4 cm for males and 10.2 cm for females, and of the left kidney was 11.5 cm in males and 10.8 cm in females. The mean renal lengths in the Iraqi population were similar to Iranian and American populations. The left kidney was longer than the right. Age-group analysis exhibited a significant decline in renal length beyond the sixth decade. There was a modest positive correlation of renal length with height, weight, and BSA but no correlation with BMI. Conclusion: The research supports the knowledge of the standard renal length range in a study population of apparently healthy Iraqi individuals by using CT scan imaging and derives linear regression equations that can be simply used in clinical practice to estimate the renal length according to body indices such as height or weight.

Correlation of Sonographic Parameters with Renal Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Chronic Kidney Disease.

To correlate sonographic renal parameters (mean renal cortical thickness, length and volume) with renal functions in patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease. To predict the best renal parameter correlating with renal functions in patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease. A hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, in 78 adults with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease visiting the hospital from December 2019 to November 2020. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between eGFR and mean renal length, mean renal cortical thickness, and mean renal volume (p <0.001).The strongest correlation was shown between mean renal volume and eGFR (r = 0.90, r2 = 0.82; p-value <0.001). Renal volume and cortical thickness should be considered along with traditional renal parameters.

Reference values of somatometric and sonographic renal parameters of apparently healthy Hausa children in Kano metropolis, Nigeria

Accurate measurement of organ size is important in children to estimate adequate growth. Among various growth parameters, kidney size is an important parameter used for the clinical evaluation of renal growth and renal abnormalities. The study is aimed at evaluating the renal volume using ultrasound scan in normal Hausa primary school children in Kano aged 2 to 13 years. The study design was prospective cross sectional conducted among healthy Hausa children, aged 2 to 13 in Kano metropolis from October 2017 to October 2019. Approval to carry out the study was obtained from the State Universal Basic Education, Kano, Ministry of Health, Kano. Informed oral and written consent were obtained from the child’s parents or caregiver. A simple random sampling was employed in the study and a total of 457 subjects were recruited. The instrument used was MindrayDigiprince DP4900 ultrasound machines with 3.5 – 5.0MHz curvilinear transducer. Renal ultrasound scan was performed on all the selected subjects. SPSS version 22.0 was used for the data analysis. The mean heights, weights and BMI of the subjects were 1.21±0.11m, 20.46±4.92kg and 13.93kg/m2. The mean renal length, thickness, width and renal volume were 7.69±0.71cm, 3.31 ± 0.42cm, 4.80 ± 0.49cm and 64.79±16.13cm3 respectively. This study provides data for normal sonographic renal volume and length in Kano metropolis, a Hausa dominated Nigerian population.

Ultrasonographic chronic kidney disease score and eGFR in the assessment of chronic kidney disease

Objective: A prospective study developed to determine the relationship between the ultrasonographic parameters (kidney length, parenchymal thickness and parenchymal echogenicity obtained from both kidneys) and glomerular filtration rate in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study in 50 patients referred to the department of Radiodiagnosis, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Science, Kulasekharam, for ultrasound abdomen with abnormal renal function tests during the period of 12 months (June 2019- June 2020) and who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Both kidneys were evaluated by Siemens ACUSON X300 scanner using a 5.0MHZ wide frequency band, phased assay probe. The US parameters renal length, mean parenchymal thickness and parenchymal echogenicity were evaluated for both right and left kidneys. All three parameters were scored for each kidney and sum of the average scores were used to calculate ultrasonographic CKD score. The eGFR was calculated by using MDRD equation. The correlation between the eGFR and the kidney length, parenchymal thickness, parenchymal echogenicity and ultrasonographic CKD score were made out separately. Results: The mean serum creatinine was 3.9±2.2 and estimated glomerular filtration rate is 22.8±15.1. No patients with eGFR > 90 ml i.e. stage I of kidney disease was studied. The mean renal length in stage V (8.0±1.4), stage IV (8.4±1.0), stage III (9.5±1.3) and stage II (9.8±0.6). The parenchymal thickness in stage V (10.2±3.2), stage IV (10.4±1.8), stage III (13.2±2.6) and stage II (14.2±2.1). The median parenchymal echogenicity in stage V (2.5), stage IV & III (2) and stage II (1). The sonographic CKD score from 4 to 13, stage V (7.9±2.4), stage IV (8.1±1.6), stage III (6.1±1.5) and stage II (5.0±0.7). Conclusion: The ultrasonographic CKD score calculated from the USG parameters such as renal length, parenchymal thickness and parenchymal echogenicity is useful for differentiation of CKD stage 3-5 compared to CKD stage 1-2. We concluded that the ultrasonographic CKD score provide more objective data in the assessment of CKD.

USG findings in chronic kidney disease: A institution based study

Background: Geographic clustering has been discovered in the etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The use of renal ultrasound (USG) to diagnose CKD is common, but USG features are known to differ depending on the etiology of CKD.Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the etiological factors and USG features of CKD.Methods: Ultrasonogram was done in adult patients diagnosed with CKD (n=100) and a control group (CG) with normal renal function (n=90). The following information was collected: demographics, related co-morbidities, serum creatinine levels, renal length (RL), renal cortical echogenicity, and the number of renal cysts and the severity of CKD was assessed.Results: The most important etiological factors of CKD were hypertension (38%) and diabetes (17%). CKD severity was as follows: 35% grade3a, 39% grade3b, 11% grade2 and 15% grade4. Mean renal length of the CKD group (9.07cm; SD=0.84) was significantly lower (p

MO181ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF KIDNEY SIZE AND ITS CORRELATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WITHOUT RENAL DISEASE

Abstract Background and Aims Renal length as well as renal cortical thickness has been closely related to creatinine clearance in patients with chronic kidney disease. Our primary aim was to establish a normal range of values for kidney length in our adult population with normal renal function. Method This was a prospective observational study. Ultrasonographic assessment of renal parameters in 499 healthy volunteers between 18 to 80 years of age was done. Volunteers with any known renal condition or any co-morbidity were excluded from the study population. Correlation between body mass index (BMI) and renal parameters was assessed. Results Out of 499 volunteers 327 (65%) were males and 172(35%) were females. 17.8% volunteers were less than 30 years of age, 51.5% volunteers were in the age group of 30-60 years and 30.7 % were above 60 years of age. Mean BMI in males was 25.20 ± 3.96 kg/m2 whereas mean BMI in females was 24.08 ± 3.28 kg/m2. In males the mean cortical thickness in right kidney was 13.68+/- 2.47 mm and in left kidney cortical thickness was 13.94 ± 2.6 mm. In females right kidney cortical thickness was 12.63 ± 1.91 mm and left kidney cortical thickness was 13.40 ± 2.37 mm. In the present study the right mean renal length was 9.9 ± 40cm and left renal length was 10.19 ± 0.97cm. In our study, there was positive correlation BMI with renal length. Conclusion Size of kidney has significant ethnic and geographic basis and there is a positive correlation between BMI and kidney size in our study population.

Evaluation of bipolar lengths of the kidneys in healthy Sri Lankan adults in view of assessing the need for nomograms

Introduction: Renal sizes are of immense use to diagnose renal pathologies. As ethnic variations are known to influence renal sizes, we aimed to assess the ethnic variations in bipolar renal length (RL) and kidney to body height ratio (KBR) of a young adult Sri Lankan population. Methods: Healthy adults were recruited, by excluding subjects with previous renal surgeries, renal diseases, or other chronic illnesses. Bilateral RLs were measured sonographically. Results: The study sample consisted of 215 individuals (100 females) with an age range of 19-36 years (mean age=24 years). Mean right RL was 9.77±0.78cm; mean left RL was 10.16±0.83cm; mean KBR of the right kidney was 0.60±0.05mm/cm and left kidney was 0.63±0.05mm/cm. Right and left RLs and KBRs of males were 9.82±0.76cm; 10.3±0.78cm and 0.59±0.05mm/cm; 0.62±0.05mm/cm respectively and same parameters in females were 9.71±0.8cm; 10.0±0.9cm and 0.62±0.05mm/cm; 0.64±0.05mm/cm respectively. Irrespective of gender, left RL and KBR were higher than those of the right side (p Conclusions: This preliminary study can be considered as the first step in establishing age and gender specific reference values for RL and KBR for a Sri Lankan population. Due to ethnic variations, accuracy of using renal nomograms from other populations as reference values raises serious concerns.

Impact of gonadal status on ultrasonographic renal parenchymal dimensions in healthy cats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gonadal status on ultrasonographic renal parenchymal dimensions in healthy cats. Forty healthy cats (10 intact males, 10 intact females, 10 castrated males and 10 spayed females) presented to the Division of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, and the Diagnostic Imaging Unit at The Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University. They were ultrasonographically examined to assess renal length, aortic luminal diameter, cortical thickness and medullary thickness. Regardless of gonadal status, the renal length, aortic luminal diameter, cortical thickness and medulla thickness of males were greater than those of females (P <0.05). In general, neutered cats had thicker medullae (0.36 ± 0.08 cm) and higher mean renal length:aortic luminal diameter ratio (12.15 ± 1.48) than intact cats (0.32 ± 0.08 cm and 11.22 ± 1.37 cm, respectively) (P <0.05), but no differences were observed in renal length, cortical thickness or aortic luminal diameter. Interestingly, when comparing between sexes with relatively equal body weight, only sex had an impact on renal length. Gonadal status has an effect on medullary thickness and mean renal length:aortic luminal diameter ratio.

Sonographic Renal Dimension in Patients with Essential Hypertension in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the commonest non-communicable diseases worldwide; it is the second most common cause of end-stage renal disease. Objective: To evaluate the renal dimensions and volume of essential hypertension patients in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi and to compare the dimensions with that of apparently healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: A total of two hundred and eleven individuals (comprising 121 females and 90 males) with essential hypertension attending an outpatient clinic in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital Bauchi, and an equal number of healthy volunteers (comprising of 172 females and 49 males) were studied as controls. Both the healthy volunteers and the Hypertensive patients’ renal length, renal width, antero-posterior diameter, and parenchymal thickness were assessed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0) was used for data analysis. Results: Study show the mean renal length for hypertensive patients to be 9.1 ± 0.79 cm and 9.1 ± 0.73 cm, the mean renal width of 3.5 ± 0.48 cm and 3.8 ± 0.68 cm, and mean renal volume of 87.22 ± 19.58 cm3 and 95.08 ± 22.93 cm3 for the right and left kidneys respectively. Results equally show statistically significant difference in anteroposterior diameter (p&amp;lt;0.05), parenchymal thickness (p&amp;lt;0.05) and renal volume (p&amp;lt;0.05) between the hypertensive group and the volunteer group for both right and left kidneys. Conclusion: This study has established baseline renal dimensions for hypertensive in our population (Bauchi Metropolis). The hypertensive subjects showed a decrease in renal anteroposterior diameter, parenchymal thickness and volume compared to control group.

The relationship between body mass index and renal length in obese children

Obesity in the pediatric population is a severe public health problem and is associated with various comorbidities. Renal length is an important clinical parameter for the diagnosis and follow-up of renal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between renal length (measured ultrasonographically) and body mass index (BMI) in obese children, and to develop nomograms for renal length according to BMI. Renal ultrasound was performed in 368 children without renal disease. Each child's age, gender, weight, height, and BMI (kg/m2) were recorded. The children were divided into three groups according to BMI percentiles: obese group: BMI ≥ 95th percentile; overweight group: BMI 85th-94th percentile; normal weight group: BMI 5th-84th percentile. Weight, height, BMI, and right and left renal length differed significantly between the three groups (p = 0.001). There were significant correlations between renal length with age, weight, height, and BMI. Measurement of renal length was independently associated with BMI, age, and height. BMI was used to create renal length nomograms for obese children, based on multiple regression analysis (R2 = 0.32 and p = 0.0001). Mean renal length was highest in the obese group (96.9 ± 13.4mm) and lowest in the normal weight group (88.3 ± 12.9mm). Ultrasonographic measurement of the renal length according to BMI in children can be a useful method in evaluating these children. Smaller-than-normal kidneys can easily remain undiagnosed in obese and overweight children and this nomogram offers an additional method to evaluate the renal size in obese children.

Renal cortical thickness as an indicator of renal insufficiency in chronic kidney disease

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the common causes of renal failure. Renal sonography is an essential diagnostic tool in nephrology. Renal sonographic dimensional parameters could be of great utility, providing indirect but valuable information about the morphostructural changes occurring in the kidney in the course of CKD. Aim To determine whether there is a relationship between renal cortical thickness and renal length measured on ultrasound and the degree of renal insufficiency in patients with CKD. Patients and methods From December 2016 to October 2017, 50 patients with clinically stable chronic renal insufficiency participated in this study. Renal sonographic parameters including length of the kidney, cortical thickness, and renal echogenicity were measured. Serum creatinine was used for estimated glomerular filtration rate using Cockcroft and Gault equation for all patients. Results The most common cause of CKD in our patients was systemic lupus (22%) followed by hypertension (16%). The mean renal length was 97.6 ± 12.2 mm, the mean cortical thickness was 9.38 ± 1.79 mm, the mean serum creatinine level was 2.46 ± 1.74 mg/dl, and the mean value of estimated glomerular filtration rate using Cockcroft and Gault equation was 60.95 ± 53.78 ml/min. There was a high statistically significant relationship between cortical thickness and creatinine clearance (r = 0.67,P Conclusion Renal cortical thickness measured at ultrasound appears to be more closely related to the degree of renal impairment in patients with CKD than renal length.

Relationship between renal dimensions using ultrasonography and body mass index in apparently healthy school children in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Background: Renal size is an important parameter in evaluation and management of a child with kidney disease. Establishing the normal limits of renal sizes standardized against somatometric parameters will be a useful tool in detecting probable renal diseases in children. Aim: To determine renal sizes in relation to body mass index (BMI) in apparently healthy primary school children in Port Harcourt. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and multi-staged study involving 450 children aged 6-12 years. Renal ultrasonography was carried out using a portable DP 1100 PLUS real time ultrasound machine fitted with 3.5MHz probe. The length, width and anteroposterior diameter of the kidneys were measured, and renal volume calculated. The BMI percentile for age and sex were obtained. The renal sizes were correlated with somatometric parameters and regression equations derived. Results: The mean renal length and volume percentiles increased from 77.7 ± 5.6 and 49.2 ± 13.7 at 6years to 85.9 ± 5.9 and 60.4 ± 18.4 at 12years respectively. There were no significant differences in the length and volume between the right and left kidneys, and dimensions of the kidneys were not statistically different in males and females. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI and renal dimensions. The renal length and volume increased at a rate of 1.372mm and 1.951cm3 per year and at a rate of 0.067mm and 0.176cm3 per one percentile increase in BMI respectively. The regression model derived for predicting renal length in mm =65.731 + (1.372 Age X) + (0.067 BMI percentile X) while that for renal volume in cm3 =26.386 + (1.951 Age X) + (0.176 BMI percentile X), (Where X is the independent variables: age in years and BMI in percentile). Conclusion: BMI has a significant positive linear relationship with renal dimensions. This study has provided prediction models for deriving renal length and volume from subject's BMI and age.

Renal ultrasound findings in chronic kidney disease – a single centre study from Hambantota district of Sri Lanka

Background Aetiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has shown geographical clustering. Renal ultrasound (USS) is used to diagnose CKD, but USS features are known to vary with aetiology of CKD. Objectives To describe aetiological factors and USS features of CKD. Methods Renal USS was performed in diagnosed adult CKD patients (n=100) and a control group (CG) with normal renal function (n=90). Demographic data, associated comorbidities, serum creatinine values, renal length (RL), renal cortical echogenicity, and number of renal cysts were recorded. CKD severity was graded. Results Hypertension (38%) and diabetes (17%) were commonest aetiological factors of CKD. Severity of CKD was as follows: 35% grade 3a, 39% grade 3b, 11% grade 2, and 15% grade 4. Mean RL of CKD group (9.07cm; SD=0.84) was significantly lower (p<0.001) than the CG (9.83cm; SD=0.79). In CG, the left kidney was longer than the right kidney (T=2.89; P=0.04); but no significant RL difference between both sides in the CKD group (T=0.19; p=0.19). CKD patients (14%) had small kidneys with increased renal cortical echogenicity (95.7%); 55% in sonographic echogenicity grade 2, 20% grade 1, 30% grade 3, 3% normal echogenicity, and 2% grade 4. RL has progressively decreased with CKD severity. Renal cysts were prevalent in CKD group (34%). Compared to diabetics (5.8%), small kidneys were frequently found in hypertensive patients (21.2%). Conclusion Hypertension and diabetes as the commonest aetiological factors of CKD had shown as influence on renal length. Renal length and the echogenicity had varied with the severity of CKD.

AN ANATOMICAL STUDY ON HILAR VARIATIONS AND MORPHOMETRIC DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN KIDNEYS

Variations in renal hilar arrangement patterns and morphometric dimensions are clinically relevant in this age of advancing modern medicine and minimally invasive surgery. The purpose of the present study is to record variations in renal hilar arrangement patterns and assess renal dimensions of length, width and thickness respectively. Hilar regions of fifty isolated embalmed kidneys were carefully dissected and variations observed were photographed and documented. Renal dimensions were measured with digital calipers and values obtained were tabulated and analysed. Normal anteroposterior hilar arrangement pattern was observed in 72% cases. Anterior and posterior divisions of renal artery were observed in 24% cases with anterior division being the most anteriorly placed structure in 14% cases. The renal pelvis was situated between the divisions of the renal artery in 8% cases. Prehilar segmental branches anterior to renal vein were observed in 4% cases. Other variations seen included extrahilar branches (4%), superior polar artery arising from anterior division of renal artery, prehilar tributaries of renal vein and an additional renal artery in 1 case each. The mean renal length was 9.35+/- 0.98 cm for right and 9.25 +/- 1.25 cm for left kidneys, mean renal width 4.93 +/- 0.65 cm for right and 4.95 +/- 0.5 cm for left kidneys and mean renal thickness 3.77 +/- 0.7 cm for right and 3.86 +/- 0.53 cm for left kidneys respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the mean values between right and left sides. The clinical implications of these findings have been discussed. The findings of this study may enhance the existing literature and contribute additional information for improving treatment outcomes during clinical and surgical interventions.&#x0D; Keywords: Variation, Hilum, Kidneys, Morphometry, Arrangement pattern, dimensions

Normal sonographic renal length measurements in an Australian pediatric population.

Reference charts depicting normal growth are important for the sonographic assessment of the pediatric kidney. Limited charts are available for clinical use in an Australian population. To retrospectively collate sonographic renal length measurements in a cohort of low-risk Australian children aged newborn to 16years to produce a reference table and comparison with other published charts. We identified consecutive pediatric patients who were at low risk for renal disease and had renal lengths measured. After exclusions, we included 941 renal lengths (male 490, female 451). We used linear regression to estimate the relationship of renal length with age, gender and side. We calculated percentile values of renal length according to age categories. No statistically significant differences in mean renal length were observed between males and females, or for left and right kidneys. We tabulated reference data and provide them in a reference chart (1-, 2.5-, 5-, 10-, 50-, 90-, 97.5- and 99-percentiles). We calculated new reference ranges for pediatric renal length using a larger cohort than previously published, from a population with diverse ethnicity.

Sonographic assessment of renal length in apparently healthy students of college of health sciences, Bayero University, Kano

In persons with normal renal function, renal length has been found to be the most important marker for assessing renal function. Ultrasound is readily available, non- invasive and provides a direct and easy method of determining renal length. The aim of this study is to determine the range of normal renal measurements among the students of College of Health Sciences, BUK. Renal lengths of apparently healthy volunteered students were measured using Mindray DP-7700 digital ultrasound scanner with a 3.5MHz curvilinear transducer. Maximum bipolar length for each kidney was measured with participants in supine position. Differences between renal length with age and gender was assessed while its relationship with BMI were assessed statistically for right and left kidneys. A total of 201 consenting participants were recruited into the study. Average mean bipolar length among the student’s was established to be 9.28±0.94cm and 9.42±1.02cm for the right and left kidneys respectively. Mean renal length in males was found to be 9.51 ± 1.11cm for the left and 9.47 ± 0.93cm for the right which are slightly higher than those of the females 9.29 ± 0.87cm for the left and 9.07 ± 0.91cm for the right. The left kidneys were longer than the right kidneys. The mean renal length did not correlate with age and BMI. Nomogram of renal dimension among students of BUK were established. This will form basis for renal diagnosis especially for health Institutions like the BUK health services.Keywords: Normal students, Renal length, Ultrasonography

Right Living Donor Nephrectomies: Retroperitoneoscopic vs Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Approach

Retroperitoneoscopic right living donor nephrectomy (RLDN) provides direct access to the renal hilum without the need to mobilize the colon. However, factors such as lack of anatomic landmarks to guide orientation, smaller working space, and steep learning curve provided a debate against this approach. In this retrospective study, we reviewed our single-center experience of retroperitoneoscopic RLDN. Materials and methodsBetween January 2015 and January 2017, 10 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic RLDN by a single surgeon at the National University Hospital, Singapore. Baseline demographics, intraoperative parameters, and both donor and recipient outcomes were retrieved from the database. ResultsMean (SD) age was 52.7 (13.8) years, mean (SD) body mass index was 25.2 (2.9) kg/m2, mean (SD) operating time was 196.8 (38.0) minutes, mean (SD) warm ischemic time was 5.1 (2.1) minutes, and mean (SD) blood loss was 43 (25.0) mL. Mean (SD) renal vein length was 10 (2.5) mm, and mean (SD) renal artery length was 6 (1.8 mm). One patient had to be converted to laparoscopic transperitoneal nephrectomy. No donors developed complications. Mean (SD) hospital stay was 3.5 (1.1) days. All transplanted right kidneys had immediate graft function with no complications. Mean (SD) serum creatinine (at 1 year) was 103.6 (20.3) μmol/L. There is no graft loss among the recipient after 1 year. ConclusionsRight donor nephrectomy can be performed safely using retroperitoneoscopic approach. Retroperitoneoscopy offers advantages, especially in a patient who previously had transabdominal surgery or high body mass index. However, transperitoneal approach may be preferable in anomalous situations because it provides instinctive orientation from anatomic landmarks and a greater working space.

Renal sizes in healthy term newborns in Jos, Nigeria

Introduction Knowledge of the range of normal measurements of body organs including the kidneys in the healthy population is essential. Such reference values provide a quick guide for prompt and accurate evaluation of the abnormal. This study sought to determine renal size by ultrasound measurement in term neonates at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). Materials and Methods : Healthy term neonates aged 12 to 72 hours were consecutively enrolled. Ultrasound measurements of their renal sizes were determined. Mean renal dimensions and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed. The renal sizes were correlated with the infants’ anthropometric parameters and gestational ages using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Sizes of left and right kidneys and of male and female subjects were compared using student’s t-test. Results : Two hundred term newborns consisting of 105 (52.50 %) females and 95 (47.50%) males were enrolled. Their mean renal length was 4.09(95% CI, 3.72, 4.46) cm and 4.08 (95% CI, 3.72, 4.44)cm for right and left kidneys; width2.11 (95% CI, 1.89, 2.33) cm and 2.08 (95% CI, 1.85, 2.31) cm for right and left kidneys, and volume9.66(95% CI, 7.49, 9.87) cm 3 and 9.41 (95% CI, 7.23, 11.59) cm 3 for right and left kidneys respectively. Renal dimensions increased consistently with birth weight. No significant difference in renal dimensions between the right and left kidneys was found. Conclusion : The mean renal dimensions for right and left weresimilar and correlated with birth weight. Key Words : Healthy, Term, Newborn, Ultrasound, Renal Size,

Clinical significance of renal cortical thickness in patients with chronic kidney disease.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between laboratory findings and ultrasonographic measurements of renal length and cortical thickness in patients receiving follow-up for chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsA total of 41 CKD patients (18 males and 23 females; mean age, 65.2 years; range, 42 to 85 years) with a low glomerular filtration rate who did not require renal replacement therapy were included in this prospective study. Patients were followed up with laboratory assays at bimonthly intervals and with ultrasonography performed twice a year. Renal cortical thickness, renal length, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values were compared using the paired-samples t test. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between renal length and cortical thickness measurements and eGFR values to assess kidney function.ResultsAt the beginning of the study and after 24 months, mean eGFR values of the 41 patients were 35.92 mL/min and 28.38 mL/min, respectively. The mean renal length was 91.29 mm at the beginning of the study and 90.24 mm at the end of the study. The mean cortical thickness was 5.76±2.05 mm at the beginning of the study and 5.28±1.99 mm at the end of the study. A statistically significant positive association was found between eGFR and mean renal length (r=0.66, P<0.01) and between eGFR and mean cortical thickness (r=0.85, P<0.01), with the latter being more prominent.ConclusionOur study suggests that ultrasonographic cortical thickness measurements may be an important imaging technique in the follow-up care of patients with CKD.