Mean Percentage Of Lymphocytes Research Articles

Assessing Postpartum Reproductive Health via Endometrial Cytology and Body Temperature in Mehsana Buffaloes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of body temperature and endometrial cytology on postpartum reproductive health in Mehsana buffaloes. A total of twenty-six Mehsana buffaloes were used in this study. Per-rectal and ultrasonography examinations were used to observe the postpartum reproductive function of these buffaloes and on day 60 post natural service, the pregnancy was confirmed. Based on fertile estrus, buffaloes were retrospectively divided into two groups: Group I (buffaloes conceiving before 90 days) and Group II (buffaloes conceiving after 90 days). One week before parturition and four weeks after it, the rectal temperature was taken. The cytobrush technique was used to obtain endometrial samples for cytological tests on the 21st and 30th day postpartum. During the final week of pregnancy and the first, second, third, and fourth weeks’ post-partum, the mean rectal temperature (⁰F) varied from 101.7 ± 0.07 to 102.0 ± 0.06 in Group-I and 101.6 ± 0.07 to 102.1 ± 0.05 in Group-II. During the final week pre-partum and the first week post-partum, the mean rectal temperature (⁰F) was shown to be significantly (p<0.05) lower than it was during the second, third, and fourth weeks post-partum among the groups. On the 21st and 30th day postpartum during endometrial cytology, the percentage of neutrophils was 14.31 ± 1.56 and 12.23 ± 0.93 in Group I and 17.92 ± 1.51 and 15.08 ± 0.73 in Group II, respectively. On the 30th day, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups in Group II that had a greater mean percentage of neutrophils. When endometrial cytology was performed on buffaloes at various postpartum days, the mean percentage of lymphocytes, endometrial epithelial cells and large vacuolated epithelial cells revealed non-significant changes. On the 30th day, it was discovered that the prevalence of subclinical endometritis in Group I and Group II buffaloes was 7.69 and 23.07 percent, respectively. The postpartum first behavioural estrus and first fertile estrus occurred at 62.00 ± 4.34 and 65.31±4.45 days in Group I and 77.46±11.12 and 130.08±9.26 days in Group II buffaloes, respectively. Although, the average days for first behavioural estrus did not differ significantly between the groups the fertile estrus occurred significantly (P<0.05) delayed in Group II buffaloes.

CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes strongly correlate with molecular subtype and clinico-pathological characteristics in breast cancer patients from Sudan

Breast Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) occurs in a younger age group of patients and is more aggressive than in Europe and North America. Little is known about the presence of immune infiltration and clinico-pathologic correlates in patients from the MENA region. Immune infiltration of most solid tumors carries a prognostic role. Adaptive immune cells and cytotoxic T-cells, in particular, play a positive prognostic role in patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer. Therefore, our preliminary study was aimed to identify and quantify the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (CD8+, CD45RO+, and CD3+) in invasive breast cancer patients from Sudan. Additionally, TIL was correlated with patients’ clinico-pathological characteristics. Forty-three archival Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded samples of patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer were collected at The Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum, Sudan. CD8, CD45RO and CD3 immunostaining of FFPE tissue sections was performed. The mean percentage of lymphocytes in the invasive margin (stromal TILs) was scored. Overall distribution of CD3+, CD8+ and CD45RO+ in the tumor invasive margin were 100 %, 100 %, and 92.9 %, respectively. CD8+ TILs were significantly correlated with HER2/neu positive breast cancers and HER2/neu (+) tumors. Additionally, CD3+ TILs were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. None of the other clinico-pathological variables had any significant association with CD3+ and CD45RO+. Our limited and preliminary study identified a strong correlation between CD8+ TILs and HER2/neu positive invasive breast cancers and HER2/neu (+) tumors.

Clinical, cytological and microbiological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in children: A referral hospital-based study

IntroductionDiffuse lung diseases (DLD) in children involve a group of heterogeneous, rare disorders. In spite of the low diagnostic yield in pediatric DLD, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) can be used to diagnose specific disorders. There are few studies about microbial and cellular profiles of BAL samples in these patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical, cytological and microbiological evaluation of BAL in children with DLD. MethodsThe clinical, cytological and microbiological profiles of BAL samples of all patients with DLD who underwent the fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) at Children's Medical Center, an Iranian referral pediatrics Hospital during a year were evaluated. ResultsIn 18 patients (18.4%) of the 98 cases studied, 22 pathogens were obtained as etiologic agents. The mean total cells count of BAL was 23.9 × 104 ± 12.9 × 104/ml. The mean percentages of cellular components were macrophages (70.2%), neutrophils (16.3%), lymphocytes (11.8%) and eosinophils (1.4%), respectively. The type of lung disease was significantly associated with the mean percentage of lymphocytes (p = 0.005) and the percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.042). ConclusionFOB and BAL evaluation in combination with clinical and radiographic imaging data may be helpful for identifying of presumptive diagnosis of DLD in children.

Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets (CD4+, CD8+ T Cells, NK Cells) in Patients with Cardiovascular and Neurological Complications after Carotid Endarterectomy.

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in the circulating immune cells’ subgroups after the atherosclerotic plaque removal in patients presenting with postoperative complications as compared to the patients without complications after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods: Patients with significant carotid atherosclerosis (n = 124, age range: 44 to 87 years) who underwent CEA were enrolled in a prospective study. The immunology study using flow cytometry was performed to determine the percentages of peripheral blood T cells (CD4+, CD8+, Treg—CD4+/CD25+) and NK (natural killer) cells before and after the procedure. The data were expressed as the percentage of total lymphocytes ± the standard error of mean. Results: The mean percentage of lymphocytes (61.54% ± 17.50% vs. 71.82% ± 9.68%, p = 0.030) and CD4 T lymphocytes (T helper, 38.13% ± 13.78% vs. 48.39% ± 10.24%, p = 0.027) was significantly lower six hours after CEA in patients with postoperative 30-day cardiovascular and neurological complications as compared to the group without complications. On the other hand the mean NK level in the group with complications was significantly higher (21.61% ± 9.00% vs. 15.80% ± 9.31%, p = 0.048). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that after carotid endarterectomy the percentages of circulating immune cells subsets differ in patients with and without postoperative complications.

Microscopic differential cell counting to identify inflammatory reactions in dairy cow quarter milk samples

The diagnosis of intramammary infections is mostly based on somatic cell count (SCC) and bacteriological analysis. As an alternative, differential cell counting (DCC) could be a useful method, because it identifies changes in the relative cell populations before the increase in total cell number occurs. The aim of the study was to identify cytological parameters that could be used in the field to classify mammary quarters as healthy or diseased, comparing cyto-bacteriological results with DCC. Overall, 48 cows were randomly selected from 3 herds in Lombardy region of Italy. Herd A was characterized by the absence of contagious microorganisms; in herds B and C, the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 20 and 50%, respectively. Foremilk samples were aseptically collected from 188 quarters and submitted to bacteriological analysis, SCC, and DCC. For statistical analysis, the samples were clustered into 4 health groups, and DCC results were compared in each group. Ninety-six samples were classified as normal secretions (N), 30 as mastitis (M), 15 as latent mastitis (LM), and 47 as unspecific mastitis (UM) based on SCC and bacteriological results. Single percentages of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL), or macrophages were first evaluated to established variables capable of identifying healthy and inflamed quarters. Then, combinations of cell populations were tested to increase the discrimination power of DCC: phagocytes, logarithmic PMNL:lymphocyte ratio, and logarithmic phagocyte:lymphocyte ratio. The mean percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher in group N than in groups LM, UM, and M. The mean percentage of PMNL was significantly lower in group N than in groups UM and M, but not LM. Mean percentages of macrophages were not significantly influenced by the 4 groups. The mean value of phagocytes was significantly lower in group N than in the other groups. Both the logarithmic PMNL:lymphocyte and the logarithmic phagocyte:lymphocyte ratios were significantly lower in group N than in groups LM, UM, and M. Fisher (F-)values were calculated, and the highest F-value was that of log PMNL:lymphocytes ratio (48.23). The explanation for this could be that log PMNL:Lym is the only variable that involved both cell populations statistically influenced by health groups but excluded macrophages. Microscopic DCC has potential as a tool to identify cows affected by any inflammatory process of the mammary gland, with the best results being achieved using log PMNL:lymphocyte as variable.

High extracellular induced sputum haem oxygenase‐1 in sarcoidosis and chronic beryllium disease

Sarcoidosis and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are inflammatory conditions in which oxidative stress state may be crucial for disease outcome. This study compares haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) extracellular activity for the first time in patients with sarcoidosis or CBD and in healthy controls. Induced sputum was recovered using a standard protocol. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed by conventional methods. T lymphocyte subsets (CD4 and CD8) were measured by flow activated cell shorter (FACS). The HO-1 and nitrite levels were measured by a bilirubin-biliverdin reductase-dependent reaction and Greiss reaction respectively. Ferritin and iron levels were measured by enzymatic reaction and chemiluminometric immunoassay respectively. The mean percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher in the 36 sarcoid patients compared with that in the 17 controls (P=0.001). The mean CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in the sarcoid and the 10 CBD patients compared to that in controls (P=0.000 and 0.002 respectively), as was the mean HO-1 activity (P=0.045 and 0.041 respectively). The HO-1 activity did not differ with the sarcoidosis stage. The HO-1 level and PFT parameters were negatively correlated. The differences in mean nitrite, ferritin and iron levels were non-significant between the three groups. The HO-1 and ferritin levels were correlated (P=0.008). We succeeded in non-invasively measuring the activity of HO-1 from cells of airways in spite of its being an intracellular enzyme. The HO-1 levels in sarcoidosis and CBD were abnormally elevated.

Elevated BALF concentrations of α- and β-defensins in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Defensins are endogenous antibiotics and regulators of inflammation, immunity and wound repair. Their concentrations are substantially increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with infectious lung diseases. alpha-defensin (HAD) levels are also elevated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and correlated with the decline in pulmonary function tests, suggesting the association of defensins with the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of defensins in interstitial lung diseases. Serum and BALF levels of HAD and beta-defensin 1 and 2 (HBD-1, and -2) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 63 patients with interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), IPF, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and in 9 healthy volunteers as controls. Levels of HAD in BALF of patients with PAP were significantly higher than those in controls and patients with COP and sarcoidosis. Serum levels of HAD in all groups were significantly higher than those in controls. Levels of HBD-1 and -2 in BALF of patients with PAP were extremely high in all subjects. Serum levels of HBD-1 were higher in all patient groups, with the exception of those with PAP, and those of HBD-2 were also higher in patients with IPF and sarcoidosis, compared with controls. BALF of PAP patients, but not IPF patients and controls, expressed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings suggest different kinetics of HAD and HBD-1 and -2 in serum and BALF of interstitial lung diseases and that these antimicrobial peptides in the airway lumen may contribute to prevention of bacterial airway infections in PAP.

Differential leukocyte counts in "dourado", Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes, 1840, from the Mogi-Guaçu River, Pirassununga, SP.

From August, 1996 to December, 1997, 293 of "dourado" specimens, Salminus maxillosus (Valencienes, 1840), of various sizes, were caught in Mogi-Guaçu River, Emas Falls, for hematologic studies. Total weight (Wt in g) and length (Lt in cm) were taken for each individual animal. Smears were prepared from blood samples and utilized for differential leukocyte counts (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, special granulocytic cell and immature cells). The mean percentages of leukocytes were determined according to sex and stage of gonadal maturation (immature, in maturation, mature, spent and resting). Significant differences between male and female occurred only for the special granulocytic cell. In analyzing the leukocyte profile during gonadal development, only female showed significant differences in mean percentages of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils.

Evaluation of Alveolitis by Bronchoalveolar Lavage and High-Resolution Computed Tomography in Patients With Sarcoidosis

This study evaluates the homogeneity of alveolitis by estimating lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage, and by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). This may help in determining the usefulness of HRCT as a guiding method in selecting the lung region most suitable for bronchoalveolar lavage. Simultaneous double lavage, from upper and lower lung segments, was performed in 28 patients with sarcoidosis who were evaluated previously using HRCT. Twenty-eight patients with sarcoidosis and 11 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Twelve of the patients showed a homogenous distribution, and 16 showed a nonhomogenous distribution of changes observed by HRCT. HRCT was performed in all patients at maximum inspiration. Most and least affected segments were determined. Bronchoalveolar lavage was then performed in both sites. Lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD19, NK, CD4, CED8, HLA-DR (human lymphocytes antigen—D-region), and CD25) were estimated by flow cytometry. In the extensively involved lung sites of the patients with nonhomogenous involvement of the disease, there are substantially more lymphocytes and higher CD4 to CD8 ratios compared with the less involved sites. When all results were pooled together, the mean percentage of lymphocytes in the upper lobe was substantially higher than that in the lower lobe. It is concluded that although HRCT is useful for selecting the most reliable lung region for bronchoalveolar lavage, alveolitis is not fully homogenous and its intensity is greater in lung sites with more extensive involvement of sarcoidosis, as determined by HRCT.

Phénotype MDR-I de multirésistance aux traitements de fond dans les maladies rhumatismales auto-immunes: Deuxième partie : une activité accrue de la P-glycoprotéine lymphocytaire semble s'accompagner de besoins plus importants en glucocorticoïdes dans le lupus érythémateux disséminé

Background. Over-expression of the membrane glycoprotein called P-glycoprotein has been widely observed in a variety of both normal and neoplastic cells. P-glycoprotein is a pump molecule that transports hydrophobic drugs (including steroids) and toxins outside the cell, thus inhibiting their therapeutic or toxic effects. The gene encoding P-glycoprotein is named multidrug resistance-I (MDR-I). Objective. To evaluate the functional activity of P-glycoprotein in lymphocytes and monocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Subjects and methods. 30 systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 20 healthy controls were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by gradient centrifugation were incubated in the presence of daunorubicin (a fluorescent drug extruded by P-glycoprotein) at 37° C or 4° C for 30 min. P-glycoprotein activity was then analyzed using flow cytometry. Results were expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes or monocytes with high P-glycoprotein activity (i.e., low fluorescence). Results. Mean fluorescence values for lymphocytes and monocytes were comparable between patients and healthy controls. However, because our method allowed to measure P-glycoprotein function at the single-cell level, we were able to show that the mean percentage of lymphocytes with high P-glycoprotein activity was increased in the patients (11.51 % ± 14.3%) as compared to the healthy controls (0.71% ± 0.57%) (P < 0.05). Moreover, P-glycoprotein activity was lower in the patients in clinical remission than in those with active disease. Conclusions. Our results suggest that P-glycoprotein function might affect glucocorticoid requirements in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PULMONARY RESPONSE TO TONER, TiO2 AND CRYSTALLINE SILICA UPON CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE IN SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTERS

A chronic inhalation study of a test toner, TiO2, and crystalline silica was conducted by exposure of groups of Syrian golden hamsters (strain: Han:AURA) for 6 h/day, 5 days/ wk for 18 mo. Subsequently, the animals inhaled clean air only for an additional period of 5 mo. The target test aerosol exposure concentrations were 1.5, 6, and 24 mg/3m for the test toner, 40 mg/m3 for TiO2, and 3 mg/m3 for SiO2. The latter two materials were used as negative and positive controls for fibrogenicity. The aerosol concentrations were changed to 4, 16, and 64 mg/m3 for toner (referred to as toner low, toner medium, and toner high) and 30 mg/m3 for TiO2 after 5 mo, in order to achieve the desired lung burdens. Inhalation of the test toner or the control materials showed no signs of overt toxicity. Body weight, hematology and clinical chemistry values, food consumption, and organ weights were normal in the toner-, TiO2-, and SiO2-exposed groups, except for relative lung weights with elevations of up to 56%, 98%, and 98% for the toner high, the TiO2, and the SiO2 group at the end of the study. Small increases in the number of segmented neutrophils and decreases in the mean percentage of lymphocytes were observed in the same groups, indicating a mild inflammatory reaction in the lung. All of the changes in the toner-exposed groups were restricted to the lungs or associated lymph nodes. A chronic inflammatory response was evident from the bronchoalveolar lavage parameters for the toner high-, the TiO2-, and the SiO2-exposed groups. Primary lung tumors were not found in the control or toner-exposed groups. One small-sized bronchioloalveolar adenoma was observed in a female of the TiO2exposed group and one in a female of the SiO2-exposed group. A very slight to slight degree of interstitial fibrosis was observed after exposure to toner medium (in 49% of hamsters), to toner high (83%), to TiO2(82%), and SiO2(91%). Two squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach were observed in the male toner high group as well as in the female SiO2 group. Upon closer examination, an increased incidence of fore stomach papillomas was detected in all particle-exposed groups, but there was no doseresponse relationship among the three toner-exposed groups. Several of the observed lesions randomly distributed in most of the exposure groups, such as the neuroendocrine tumors (larynx and trachea), heart thrombosis, and forestomach papilloma(s), are not considered to be relevant for human risk assessment. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) criterion was exceeded at the toner high and the TiO exposure concentra2 tions. The results of the present investigation coupled with the previously documented chronic inhalation studies in rats lead to the firm conclusion that inhalation of toner does not represent a carcinogenic hazard.

Varicella-zoster virus immune status in CAPD and chronic hemodialysis patients.

Patients on chronic dialysis who are supposed to disclose an impairment of the immune potential, seldom show clinical viral illnesses. Since severe varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection develops in immunocompromised patients, we have examined the proliferative activity to VZV in the blood lymphocytes of 16 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and compared it to healthy matched controls. The cellular in vitro response of these patients to specific VZV antigens was essentially normal. The mean stimulation index for CAPD patients was 7.06, and for matched controls 3.68 (p greater than 0.05). The mean percentage of lymphocytes in CAPD patients as determined by CD3 monoclonal antibodies was 57%, the CD4 helper and CD8 suppressor cells were 41 and 21%, respectively. When those 16 CAPD patients were followed up for the presence of anti-VZV IgA, IgM and IgG immunofluorescent antibody to membrane antigen antibodies during a period of 6 months, the recrudescence of VZV was documented by the appearance of IgA and IgM antibodies and/or fourfold increase in IgG titer in some patients, but no clinical illness was observed. The frequent reactivation of the virus without clinical symptoms in patients undergoing long-term intermittent chronic hemodialysis (HD) or CAPD was strengthened by the presence of increased anti-VZV geometric mean titers (52.68 and 53.00, respectively) in these patients as compared to control subjects (11.75).

Dermatitis herpetiformis: lymphocytes, immunoglobulins and complement factors in peripheral blood

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and healthy controls were investigated in order to determine the percentages of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and cells with receptors for the Fc part of human IgG (EA-RFC). Furthermore, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE and the complement factors C3 and C4 were also measured. An increase in the mean percentages of lymphocytes with membrane-bound IgA and IgD, as well as an increase in the mean percentage of cells with receptors for the Fc part of human IgG (EA-RFC) were found in the patient group as compared with the control group. No differences between patient group and control group were found concerning the mean percentage of B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes. The mean serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulins and the complement factors investigated did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Decreased T Cell Levels in Patients With Warts

Thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell) levels were determined in 72 healthy patients who had viral warts, in 21 healthy patients who had been cured of warts from one to 15 years previously, and in 35 age-matched normal controls who had no history of warts. The mean percentage of lymphocytes that formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was less in patients with warts and patients previously cured of warts than in normal controls (P less than .001 and P less than .001, respectively). The number of total T cells/cu mm was decreased in untreated patients with warts (P less than .01) but was normal in patients cured of warts for more than one year. In addition, the morphology of the rosettes in the two patient groups differed from the controls; 32% had small numbers of sheep erythrocytes bound loosely to T cells compared with a rosette of numerous erythrocytes closely adherent to the T cell in 91% of the controls. The results suggest a defect of cellular immunity in many healthy patients with warts.

B and T lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood.

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals were examined to detect the presence of membrane-bound Ig and surface receptors for fixed IgG and fixed C3. These three features are thought to be characteristic of B lymphocytes and were measured by the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction, the antibody (Fc) rosetting reaction and complement (C3) rosetting reactions, respectively. As a reaction believed to be characteristic of T lymphocytes, the capacity to rosette with non-sensitized SRBC was also evaluated. Mean percentages of the total number of lymphocytes from 20 healthy donors ± 1 SD were: sheep red blood cell rosetting reaction 55.7 ± 9.6; mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction 34.3 ± 9.6; Fc rosetting reaction 26.3 ± 9.9, and C3 rosetting reaction 14.7 ± 5.2. Having established a range of normal values, eleven patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were examined. For all the reactions believed characteristic of B lymphocytes the mean percentage of lymphocytes rosetting was increased; mixed antiglobulin rosettes 85.8; Fc rosettes 60.4, and C3 rosettes 56.4. There was consequent reduction in the mean percentage of lymphocytes rosetting with SRBC, i.e. 11.8%. This confirms that, in the cases studied, CLL is a disorder of B lymphocytes. In normal persons and in CLL patients it was found that Fc receptors, C3 receptors and Ig determinants appeared to express themselves independently on B lymphocytes.

The significance of primitive cells in marrow aspirates of children with neuroblastoma.

A study was undertaken to determine the nature of primitive cells resembling lymphoblasts found in the marrow of an asymptomatic child with neuroblastoma. The cells proved to be lymphoblasts by electron microscopy and were similar in appearance to antibody-producing lymphocytes. A retrospective analysis was made of 90 marrow aspirates from 19 children with neuroblastoma. The mean percentage of lymphocytes and lymphoblasts was calculated for each patient. To determine the prognostic significance, if any, of the presence of these cells, patients were grouped according to age and stage of disease at diagnosis and to the presence or absence of disease at the time the analysis was made. Increased numbers of lymphoblasts were seen in patients with a good prognosis. Differentiation between isolated neuroblasts and cells resembling lymphoblasts is important because the presence of tumor cells is an ominous sign while lymphoblasts correlate with a good life expectancy.