Mean Percentage Of Correct Answers Research Articles

The Performance of ChatGPT on the American Society for Surgery of the Hand Self-Assessment Examination.

This study aims to compare the performance of ChatGPT-3.5 (GPT-3.5) and ChatGPT-4 (GPT-4) on the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) Self-Assessment Examination (SAE) to determine their potential as educational tools. This study assessed the proportion of correct answers to text-based questions on the 2021 and 2022 ASSH SAE between untrained ChatGPT versions. Secondary analyses assessed the performance of ChatGPT based on question difficulty and question category. The outcomes of ChatGPT were compared with the performance of actual examinees on the ASSH SAE. A total of 238 questions were included in the analysis. Compared with GPT-3.5, GPT-4 provided significantly more correct answers overall (58.0% versus 68.9%, respectively; P = 0.013), on the 2022 SAE (55.9% versus 72.9%; P = 0.007), and more difficult questions (48.8% versus 63.6%; P = 0.02). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, correct answers were predicted by GPT-4 (odds ratio [OR], 1.66; P = 0.011), increased question difficulty (OR, 0.59; P = 0.009), Bone and Joint questions (OR, 0.18; P < 0.001), and Soft Tissue questions (OR, 0.30; P = 0.013). Actual examinees scored a mean of 21.6% above GPT-3.5 and 10.7% above GPT-4. The mean percentage of correct answers by actual examinees was significantly higher for correct (versus incorrect) ChatGPT answers. GPT-4 demonstrated improved performance over GPT-3.5 on the ASSH SAE, especially on more difficult questions. Actual examinees scored higher than both versions of ChatGPT, but the margin was cut in half by GPT-4.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward tuberculosis in high school students in Qingdao, China.

The purpose of this study is to assess the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) related to TB, and to analyze the differences among various demographic groups. A total of 621 students enrolled in Qingdao High School, coming from high TB burden settings. The cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July of 2022. Participants completed an online questionnaire. Differences in knowledge and practice based on participant characteristics were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank test and Kruskal-Wallis rank test. Group differences were assessed using a rank-based analysis of variance. The mean percentage of correct answers for TB knowledge and practice was 82.09% and 83.25%, respectively. Grade Three students showed higher knowledge and practice scores than Grade One or Grade Two students (t = -3.9935, p = 0.0002, t = 3.4537, p = 0.0018. 8.58 vs 7.94, 8.58 vs 8.23. t = 3.4562, p = 0.0018, t = -2.8688, p = 0.0128. 1.78 vs 1.61, 1.78 vs 1.64). A significant majority (78.42%) of students expressed fear of being affected by TB. 49.28% of the students would support and help TB patients. 88.08% of participants had heard of TB, with 72.94% learning about it at school, mainly through visual aids like posters. Information was predominantly obtained from online sources (websites, microblogs, WeChat, etc.). It is recommended to develop a TB curriculum for lower-grade students to enhance awareness of TB prevention through various means, including the internet and social media.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in males: Associations of HPV-related knowledge and perceptions with HPV vaccination intention among Korean mothers of boys

ObjectivesHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates among males are suboptimal worldwide. In South Korea, little is known about parents’ intention to vaccinate boys against HPV. Therefore, we examined the associations of HPV-related knowledge and perceptions with vaccination intention among Korean mothers of boys. MethodsFrom August to December 2021, eligible mothers were surveyed about HPV-related knowledge, perceptions, and intention to vaccinate their sons against HPV. Mothers were categorized into no intention, contemplating, and intention to vaccinate groups. Using analysis of variance, we compared the groups’ scores on the scales measuring HPV-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. We conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis to assess the associations between the variables and vaccination intention. ResultsAmong 361 mothers, 43.9 % had no intention, 60.7 % were contemplating, and 4.4 % intended to vaccinate their sons. The mean percentage of correct answers on the HPV and vaccine knowledge scales were 52.5 % and 62.3 %, respectively. The mean scores on the HPV attitudes and beliefs subscales were significantly different. Higher scores on benefits (OR = 3.04, 95 % CI 1.96 – 4.70; OR = 3.94, 95 % CI 1.54 – 10.70) and influence (OR = 1.48, 95 % CI 1.03 – 2.13; OR = 2.97, 95 % CI 1.44 – 6.14) were associated with contemplating the vaccine and intending to vaccinate sons. Knowledge was not associated with mothers’ vaccination intention. ConclusionsPublic health authorities and healthcare providers in Korea can use the results of this study to implement effective interventions that emphasize the importance of male HPV vaccination and encourage parent-son communication about the vaccine.

Nursing Students' Knowledge on Pressure Injuries Following a Blended-Learning Unit: A Quasi-experimental Study.

To assess first-year bachelor's degree in nursing students' knowledge about pressure injury (PI) etiology, classification, prevention, and management following blended learning and clinical practice. A quasi-experimental design was used. Nursing students' PI knowledge was measured using the French version of the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT) at three time points: baseline (before a blended-learning unit, consisting of 2 hours of e-learning and 3 hours of practical workshop), after the blended-learning unit, and after clinical practice. A total of 21 students participated over the three time points. At baseline, the mean percentage of correct answers on the PUKAT was 45.8%. This score increased to 59.2% following the blended-learning unit and 65% after completing the clinical practice (F2,58 = 19.08; P = .00). Over the three time points, students scored highest on knowledge of risk assessment and lowest on knowledge of prevention. Blended-learning units combining e-learning and practical workshops are valuable tools to increase students' knowledge about PIs. The PUKAT enables the evaluation of changes in students' knowledge following a teaching unit on PIs. However, more research is needed to assess the long-term evolution of knowledge and the impact of this teaching on clinical practice.

Successful implementation of Medical Education Faculty Development Project at Saint George University of Beirut in the immediate post triple blow to Beirut.

The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of the Faculty Development Program (FDP) implemented at the Saint George University of Beirut-Faculty of Medicine (SGUB FM) under exceptional circumstances as the triple blow to Beirut. The Faculty Development, directed towards a cohort of 35 faculty members, is composed of two major components: methodology of teaching and techniques of assessment. The Kirkpatrick's assessment model, in combination with a specifically designed psychological questionnaire, were chosen to assess the effectiveness of the faculty development initiative. Results of the different questionnaires were interpreted individually, then through the lens of the psychological questionnaire. A majority of faculty (55%) were significantly affected psychologically by Beirut's triple blow and 77% of all participants found the workshops to be of excellent quality (Kirkpatrick's Level I). Moreover, Kirkpatrick's level II results yielded a 76% mean percentage of correct answers to post-workshops MCQs and a significant improvement in the mean results of the self-assessment questionnaires, administered before and after each workshop. Results also show that the more a trainee is psychologically affected, the less he/she performs as evidenced by a decrease in the satisfaction rate as well as in the score of the cognitive MCQs and of the self-assessment questionnaires. This study was able to highlight that significant learning can occur amidst exceptional circumstances like the Beirut triple blow and administration should invest in professional growth to retain its faculty.

340 Dementia knowledge and attitudes among undergraduate medical students- a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background With our ageing population, medical students should expect to encounter and treat growing numbers of patients with dementia throughout their careers. This must be reflected during their preclinical and clinical training. This study aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes towards patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (ad) and dementia among undergraduate medical students in Ireland. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out of medical students undergoing hospital-based clinical attachments using the Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS). These were distributed electronically. The ADKS is a 30-point true/false questionnaire covering 7 areas of knowledge of ad. The DAS is a 20-item scale using a 7-point Likert scale assessing attitudes towards patients with dementia across two domains: ‘dementia knowledge’ and ‘social comfort’. Demographics were collected including age, gender, academic year, student type (undergraduate or postgraduate) and desired field of future study. Data was collected and analysed via Qualtrics. Results The survey was distributed to 415 students, with a 21.7% respondent rate (n = 90). 64.7% (n = 54) were female, mean age of 23.3 years. 68.6% of students were in their first phase of clinical attachment (n = 59), undergraduate students represented 95.4% of respondents (n = 82). Mean percentage of correct answers on the ADKS was 83.7%. The domain with the highest correct scores was ‘Assessment and Diagnosis’ at 93.6%. The mean score on the DAS was 7.4% (108.4/140); when analysed by subgroup, mean score on ‘comfort’ was 68.1% (47.7/70) and mean score on ‘knowledge’ was 88.2% (61.7/70). Conclusion Participating medical students demonstrated high levels of ad knowledge and high positive attitudes scores towards patients with dementia. Scores were higher for ‘knowledge’ than ‘comfort’. Limitations included volunteer bias and social-desirability bias. This study identifies areas of deficits in students’ experience and attitudes and provides useful insights to inform training requirements for medical students to ensure they are adequately trained for these major demographic changes.

Studying the Association Between Knowledge of Professionalism and Demographic Characteristics in King Saud University Medical Students.

Objectives To study the association between the level of knowledge regarding professionalism and demographic characteristics among medical students from years three to five atKing Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods Data for this quantitative observational cross-sectional study were collected using stratified random sampling. The participants included male and female students from years three to five studying at the College of Medicine, King Saud University. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using the Student's t-test and a one-way ANOVA test. Results The study comprised 112 female (52%) and 103 male (48%) students who completed 215 questionnaires. The mean percentage values of correct answers by females and males were 59.99% and 59.31%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the mean percentage of correct answers given by males and females (p=0.684). The mean percentage of correct answers among the 3rd, 4th, and 5th-year medical students was 59.27%, 56.56%, and 62.72%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the academic year groups (p<0.05), and the grade point average (GPA) groups showed significant differences (p<0.05). Conclusion A highly significant association was found between knowledge of professionalism and both academic level and performance among medical students. This suggests that professional perception evolves parallel to acquiring basic science and clinical knowledge.

Retention of Knowledge After Opioid Education in Surgical Interns.

In many academic centers, opioid prescribing is managed primarily by residents with little or no formal opioid education. The present study evaluates intern knowledge and comfort with appropriate opioid prescribing 7months after an organized opioid education effort. A repeat knowledge and attitude survey was sent to surgical interns who had completed an initial opioid education training session 7months before the study. Results were compared to post-education assessment results in the same cohort. 16 general surgery and podiatric surgery interns at a single academic medical center. The mean percentage of correct answers on follow-up was 67.6% identical to the average post-session score of 67.6%. Interns reported comfort with opioid prescribing increased to a mean score of 5.9 (out of 10) on follow-up compared to post-session score of 5.19. Surgical interns have significant gaps in knowledge for optimal prescribing and management of opioid prescriptions. Targeted education demonstrates significant and lasting improvement in opioid assessment scores, but there remains room for improvement.

Successful implementation of Medical Education Faculty Development Project at Saint George University of Beirut in the immediate post triple blow to Beirut

Background: The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of the Faculty Development Program (FDP) implemented at the Saint George University of Beirut-Faculty of Medicine (SGUB FM) under exceptional circumstances as the triple blow to Beirut. Methods: The Faculty Development, directed towards a cohort of 35 faculty members, is composed of two major components: methodology of teaching and techniques of assessment. The Kirkpatrick’s assessment model, in combination with a specifically designed psychological questionnaire, were chosen to assess the effectiveness of the faculty development initiative. Results: Results of the different questionnaires were interpreted individually, then through the lens of the psychological questionnaire. A majority of faculty (55%) were significantly affected psychologically by Beirut’s triple blow and 77% of all participants found the workshops to be of excellent quality (Kirkpatrick’s Level I). Moreover, Kirkpatrick’s level II results yielded a 76% mean percentage of correct answers to post-workshops MCQs and a significant improvement in the mean results of the self-assessment questionnaires, administered before and after each workshop. Results also show that the more a trainee is psychologically affected, the less he/she performs as evidenced by a decrease in the satisfaction rate as well as in the score of the cognitive MCQs and of the self-assessment questionnaires. Conclusions: This study was able to highlight that significant learning can occur amidst exceptional circumstances like the Beirut triple blow and administration should invest in professional growth to retain its faculty.

Awareness and knowledge of drug-food interactions among polish third-age university listeners before and after training – a questionnaire study

The problem of drug-food interactions is of particular concern to the elderly, as polypharmacy is most prevalent in this population. The study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of drug-food interactions among Polish third-age university listeners before and after training on that topic. A total of 143 participants, with a mean age of 71.5 ± 5.5 years, took part in the study. 123 participants (86%) completed the pre- and post-training questionnaires. 91% of respondents had heard that food can affect the effectiveness of drugs and a similar number stated that they are aware of what time to take their medications. Information about drug-food interactions was most frequently obtained from the physician (34%), the drug leaflet (30%), or the internet article (23%). The mean percentage of correct answers to questions testing knowledge of drug-food interactions before and after training was 32% and 57%, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). To determine the structure of relationships between parameters (or categories of parameters), the results were examined using correspondence analysis (CA). The categories of parameters with the highest quality of representation in the CA model were indicated and the parameters characterized by the highest strength of coexistence were determined. The majority of study participants were aware of drug-food interactions, but their knowledge of the topic was poor, and often incorrect. The training significantly increased knowledge of drug-food interactions. The study indicates the need to educate geriatric patients on the correct use of drugs with food and on the importance of drug-food interactions.

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Urologists in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a potentially preventable adverse side effect of mainly antiresorptive drugs. MRONJ is expected to become a growing clinical problem due to the aging population and the increasing number of patients requiring antiresorptive agents. Knowledge and awareness about MRONJ and elimination of the oral and dental risk factors before starting antiresorptive therapy (AR) are fundamental to reducing the incidence of MRONJ. In urology, ARs are used primarily in patients suffering from bone metastases due to prostate cancer and to prevent cancer-treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) in prostate cancer patients receiving endocrine therapy. This postal survey aimed to evaluate disease-related knowledge and awareness about implementing oral examinations for patients starting AR among Swiss, German, and Austrian urologists. A total of 176 urologists returned the completed questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 11.7%. Of the respondents, 44.9% (n = 79) and 24.4% (n = 43) stated that they give more than five first-time prescriptions of denosumab and of intravenous or oral bisphosphonates per year, respectively. Only 14.8% (n = 26) of the participating urologists had never encountered MRONJ cases related to BPs. Of the participants, 89.8% (n = 158) had implemented referrals to dentists for oral examination before initiating AR. The mean percentage of correct answers regarding the knowledge about MRONJ was 70.9% ± 11.2%. In contrast to previous surveys on MRONJ among physicians, this study showed that the participating urologists were sufficiently informed about MRONJ, as reflected by the high number of participants implementing preventive dental screenings.

Penyuluhan Penanganan Kedaruratan Trauma Gigi Di Masa Pandemik Covid-19 Pada Ibu-Ibu PKK Cideng - Jakarta Pusat

Dental trauma is an injury involving the teeth and/or involving the supporting structures of the teeth. Dental trauma can cause tooth fracture, tooth displacement, tooth loss (avulsion), or damage to supporting tissues (gums and bones). During the Covid-19 Pandemic Period, mothers have more dominant time with their children, so they are expected to provide quick and effective action in dental trauma cases. This community Service Counseling aims to increase knowledge and skills in dealing with dental trauma problems. Counseling was carried out by the Trisakti University Faculty of Dentistry Team to PKK organization in Cideng, Gambir, Central Jakarta on January 5, 2022. Counseling includes the knowledge on handling emergency dental trauma using webinar methode with power point and animated videos. There is a significant difference in the mean percentage of correct answers between the pre-test (54,23 + 16,47) and post-test (68.58 + 11.45) with a significance level of p = 0.013. Thus, it can be concluded that after the Counseling activity, there is an increase in the level of knowledge regarding the handling of emergency dental trauma. Training is needed to improve skills so that trauma emergencies can be handled better

Short-term educational value of online neuromuscular ultrasound courses.

We have previously reported that online neuromuscular ultrasound courses are feasible and were found to be useful by most survey respondents. However, our previous report lacked objective assessment of the educational value of the courses. Therefore, we aimed in this study to evaluate the learning outcomes of online neuromuscular ultrasound courses. Each of the basic and advanced courses featured one pre- and two post-course online knowledge tests. The percentage of corrected answers and the participants' scores in the three tests were calculated and compared. A total of 153 out of 277 course participants answered the course test. The mean percentage of correct answers were significantly higher in the second and first post-course tests compared to the pre-course test (Basic course test: 80.2 ± 14.8%, 75.5± 15.9%, 64.3± 19.1%, respectively; Advanced course test: 80.9± 20.1, 78.9± 15.2%, 69.5± 20.2%, respectively). The mean scores of the participants in the basic course test significantly improved in the first and second post-course tests (from 66.6% to 77.5% and from 67.2% to 80.2%, respectively) whereas those of the participants in the advanced course test significantly improved in the first post-course test only (from 76.3% to 85.4%). This report demonstrates the capability of online neuromuscular ultrasound courses, particularly the basic-level courses, to enhance knowledge. This information can further help integrate virtual neuromuscular ultrasound teaching as a standard complementary educational format together with supervised in-person or remote hands-on training.

Project SELfit: training socio-emotional skills in a school environment in Porto

Abstract Issue/Problem Mental disorders are the main cause of years lived with disability (YLD) in 5-14-year-old people around the world, in Western Europe, and particularly in Portugal. Young people who experience anxiety during childhood have a 3,5-fold likelihood of suffering from depression or anxiety during adulthood. COVID-19 has aggravated this situation, namely regarding socio-emotional competencies. Description of the problem SELfit, a project based on the Socio-emotional learning (SEL) methodology, aims promoting mental health, by training teachers and community nurses to develop socio-emotional skills in students from primary schools. The project includes a theoretical and a practical/training session, and monthly supervision sessions by a team that includes a psychologist, a public health doctor and public health nurses. The period of implementation is between February to July 2022. Results A total of 8 community nurses and 13 teachers from 3 primary schools in Porto enrolled in this project, which corresponds to a total around 272 students from 5 to 8-year-old. Knowledge of nurses and teachers regarding mental health literacy, and social emotional learning was assessed, before and after the theoretical session. The mean percentage of correct answers before was 49% (54% regarding nurses and 45% teachers) compared to 84% (92% regarding nurses and 78% teachers) after. Concerning socio-emotional skills of the primary school students, possible improvement will be evaluated at the end of the project (July 2022). Lessons Mental health literacy and social emotional learning knowledge increased 35%, which highlights the importance of these theoretical sessions promoting mental health literacy. By the end of this project, it is expected to exist an improvement on socio-emotional skills of the primary school students. This is a very important project, expected to be implement and replicated in other schools in Porto and in Portugal. Key messages • Mental disorders are the main cause of years lost due to disability (YLD) in primary school students in Portugal; hence, it was chosen for this mental health promotion project. • This is a pioneer project in Porto, involving both community nurses and primary teachers, in which all are involved in training and promoting social-emotional learning in a school context.

Assessment of Knowledge towards Radiation Protection Measures among Newly Graduated Dentists from Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: It is hypothesized that knowledge towards ionizing radiation (IR) protection measures is lacking among newly graduated dentists from Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the present questionnaire-based study was to compare the IR protection knowledge among newly graduated dentists from Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: The present investigation was a questionnaire-based study and had a cross-sectional observational analytical design. Newly graduated dentists were defined as individuals who had graduated from a credentialed dental institution within the past 36-months. The questionnaire was related to knowledge about radiation safety, awareness and practices. The questionnaire comprised of 17 multiple choice questions. Questionnaires in which all the 17 questions were not answered or had missing pages were excluded. Odds ratios were computed for the number of correct and incorrect responses and 95% confidence intervals were determined. Individuals that provided up to 40%, 41% to 70% and >70% correct answers were categorized as having “low competence”; “moderate competence” and “high competence” in IR knowledge. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean percentage of correct answers provided by dentists from Egypt and KSA were 56.9% and 67.4%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentages of correct responses for the 17 questions submitted by respondents from Egypt and KSA. The overall percentage of correct responses ranged between 40.2–71.2% and 45.4–81.4% for respondents from Egypt and KSA, respectively. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals showed no statistically significant correlation in the responses from respondents from Egypt and KSA for each of the 17 questions addressed. Conclusion: Newly graduated dentists from Egypt and KSA are moderately competent regarding IR doses and related safety measures. It is recommended that modifications in the undergraduate dental education curriculum with emphasis on IR safety and practice would help enhance the knowledge and competence of students and newly graduated dentists. Moreover, routine continuing dental education seminars/programs may help enhance the IR knowledge of dental students and dentists.

Nursing Education for the Acute Care Nurse on Pain Mechanisms of Sickle Cell Disease.

Background It is unknown whether nurses' knowledge about pain among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) reflects the current standard of care. The authors evaluated changes in nurses' knowledge and simulated practice behavior after a continuing education program. Method Inpatient nurses completed an e-learning program on SCD pain; a pretest and a posttest with the same 10 questions; and two patient cases with four pain intervention options at the posttest. Results On the pretest, the mean percentage of correct answers was 83% (SD = 13%). The mean percentage of correct answers increased by 12% (p < .0001) on the posttest. For the first simulated patient case, 100% (n = 31) of the nurses selected an appropriate pain intervention option based on the patient-reported pain score. For the second simulated patient case, 84% (n = 26) did so. Conclusion Increased knowledge does not always translate into simulated practice change. The reasons for this are unknown, but they could include implicit bias from exposure to patients who have high use of acute care, although the minority of patients with SCD fit this description. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2022;53(3):137-144.].

Nutritional Knowledge and Awareness of Primary Health Care Physicians Working in Hail Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrition and its awareness play an important role in medical education for the management, as well as in the treatment of various chronic illnesses. Moreover, it always has been a concern about the knowledge and awareness of nutrition among physicians. Therefore, we aimed to study the nutritional knowledge, as well as awareness of primary health care physicians (PHC) working in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among PHC physicians working in Hail, Saudi Arabia from September 2019 to December 2019. The questionnaire was distributed to PHC physicians and responses were recorded and data were statistically analyzed by applying Chi-square tests using SPSS 21.0. Questionnaires were circulated to 124 physicians, participated in this study. However, out of 124 physicians only 41 physicians filled out the complete questionnaire, indicating a very poor response rate (33%). The mean percentage of correct answers was 71.56%. Physicians who described their knowledge as “good” were found to be 75%. Furthermore, physicians working in PHC centers were aware of the basic nutritional knowledge regarding food content, pregnancy, lactation, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Our assessment revealed that physicians working in PHC of Hail Region had average nutritional knowledge. Moreover, it was also found that addition of various nutrition related educational programs in medical schools and hospital premises would improve the knowledge and awareness among the physicians.

Increasing the Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy in Psychiatry by Using a Pharmacological Interaction Database.

Recent studies have shown that the knowledge of pharmacological interaction databases in global psychiatry is negligible. The frequency of hospitalizations in the case of patients taking new psychoactive substances along with other drugs continues to increase, very often resulting in the need for polypharmacotherapy. The aim of our research was to make members of the worldwide psychiatric community aware of the need to use a pharmacological interaction database in their daily work. The study involved 2146 psychiatrists from around the world. Participants were primarily contacted through the LinkedIn Recruiter website. The surveyed psychiatrists answered 5 questions concerning case reports of patients taking new psychoactive substances along with other drugs. The questions were answered twice, i.e., before and after using the Medscape drug interaction database. The mean percentage of correct answers given by the group of psychiatrists who were studied separately in six individual continents turned out to be statistically significantly higher after using the pharmacological interaction database (p < 0.001). This also applies to providing correct answers separately, i.e., to each of the five questions asked concerning individual case reports (p < 0.001). Before using the drug interaction database, only 14.1% of psychiatrists stated that they knew and used this type of database (p < 0.001). In the second stage of the study, a statistically significant majority of subjects stated that they were interested in using the pharmacological interaction database from that moment on (p < 0.001) and expressed the opinion that it could be effective in everyday work (p < 0.001). Using a pharmacological interaction database in psychiatry can contribute to the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.

Validity and Reliability of a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for High School–Aged Adolescents

ObjectiveTo determine the validity and reliability of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for adolescents. MethodsAn adult questionnaire was administered to 4 high school student convenience samples with and without known prior nutrition education. Questionnaire refinement was determined by item-total correlation, item discrimination, and item difficulty. Mean percentage of correct answers was calculated, and the group difference was assessed using an independent samples t test. A post hoc regression analyzed the association between mean percentage of correct answers and group while controlling for school. ResultsThe questionnaire, with 1 question eliminated, had good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α = 0.83). The nutrition education group (n = 174) demonstrated significantly (P < 0.0001) higher mean percentage of correct answers compared with the no nutrition education group (n = 136). The association between mean percentage of correct answers and the group remained with school controlled. Conclusions and ImplicationsResults suggest that the questionnaire is valid and reliable for measuring nutrition knowledge in high school–aged adolescents.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of UK paramedics regarding pharmacology and the legal, management and administration aspects of medicines: a cross-sectional online quantitative survey.

Introduction:Changes in the paramedic profession have seen an increased range of medicines available within UK ambulances services. However, poor practice in medicines management has been identified by the Care Quality Commission. Literature in this area is sparse. This study aimed to determine the perceived knowledge, attitudes and practices of paramedics regarding pharmacology and the legal and regulatory issues of medicines management and administration.Methods:The study utilised a cross-sectional survey design, administering an anonymous online survey to all (approximately 1000) paramedics within one UK NHS ambulance trust. The survey focused on paramedic knowledge on pharmacology, legal supply and administration; self-assessment of knowledge and confidence related to medicine management and administration; and personal characteristics. The primary outcome was percentage of (pre-determined) correct answers.Results:251 responses were received. The mean percentage of correct answers was 79.0% (SD 10.0), with variation by question observed, from 34.7 to 97.2% correct responses. A higher correct knowledge was associated with: higher self-rated confidence, lower self-reported knowledge, being less likely to report errors and higher education-based initial route into the paramedic profession.Conclusion:This single-site UK-based survey highlighted variation in medicines knowledge among self-selecting paramedic respondents. The results indicate a need for medicines-specific further education for all paramedics, particularly those who have not experienced longer formal education entry routes, integrating a focus on confidence and self-perceived knowledge, and enhancing and embedding integrated improvement strategies. Further research is required with larger, multi-site samples, and to evaluate the impact of education packages developed.