Mean Osteoprotegerin Level Research Articles

Comparison of Serum Levels of Osteoprotegerin, Insulin, Triglyceride, and Cholesterol in Obese and Non-obese Children

Background: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Some studies have also shown that mortality in obese people is higher than in other non-obese people. Due to the prevalence of obesity and the need to investigate the causes of atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and other related disorders, we tried to assess the serum levels of osteoprotein, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol in obese and non-obese children. Methods: In this case-control study, we randomly selected 76 students aged 12-18 years in Birjand schools in 2019 and stratified them into obese and overweight groups as the case arm and non-obese groups as the control arm. We used a “Secca” height-weight scale with an accuracy of 50 grams and 0.1 cm to measure the children’s height and weight. The children’s venous blood samples were collected and the sera were isolated. The following kits were licensed in Germany and made in China: The Roche kit for cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose, the Diametra kit for insulin, and the Eastbiopharm kit for osteoprotegerin. For analyses of data, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square test were used. The significance level for all the test was less than 5%. Results: Both case and control groups were similar in terms of age and sex (P>0.05). The mean serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, and glucose in the case group were significantly higher than in the control group (p <0.05). The mean osteoprotegerin level was significantly lower in the case group than in the control group (p <0.05). Conclusion: Obese children have a higher risk of developing atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders.

Osteoprotegerin as a possible marker of diabetes-associated osteoarthritis

Patients with type 1 diabetes have a higher incidence of osteoarthritis and early manifestation than in the general population. The role of insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia in the initiation of the destructive process has been proven, but the processes of local and systemic regulation of the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the joint and their role in the development of diabetes-associated osteoarthritis remain poorly understood.The aim: to study the role of osteoprotegerin (soluble receptor for tumour necrosis factor - alpha) in the development and progression of diabetes-associated osteoarthritis and its relationship with major metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods. 40 patients with type 1 diabetes (17 men and 23 women) were examined, the mean age of the patients was 38.0±2.0 years, the duration of the diabetes was 18.3±1.9 years, the average level of НВА1с was 8.6±0.3 % and 49 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (23 men and 26 women), mean age of patients 61.7±1.3 years, duration of diabetes 12.1±1.1 years, mean level HBa1c 7.6±0.1 %. Arthropathy was established in 70.0±7.3 % patients with type 1 diabetes, in 69.4±6.6 % in patients with type 2 diabetes. By sex and type of diabetes, the proportions of patients with and without arthropathy were not statistically different (p&gt; 0.05). The serum content of osteoprotegerin was determined by ELISA using a kit of reagents from Diaclone (France) and enzyme-linked analyser Stat fax 3200 (USA).Results. In patients with arthropathy, a significant increase in osteoprotegerin levels was found. The risk of developing arthropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes with an increased levels of osteoprotegerin is 2.3 times higher than at the normal level (relative risk (RR)=2.33; confidence interval (CI 1.42–3.82; p&lt;0.001), in patients with diabetes 2 type – in 1.55 times (RR=1.55; CI 1.16–1.91). Significant differences in the mean osteoprotegerin level were found for groups absent/present arthropathy. A direct correlation between osteoprotegerin and age was found (p&lt;0.01), diabetes mellitus duration (p &lt;0.05); creatinine level (p&lt;0.05), and an inverse correlation was found with glomerular filtration rate (p&lt;0.05). In the absence of arthropathy, osteoprotegerin and fasting glucose were directly correlated in the type 1 diabetes group (p&lt;0.05). Increased osteoprotegerin levels have been shown to be more common in male patients with longer duration of diabetes. In these patients, no renal lesions were detected, but arthropathy was present as a complication of the underlying disease against the background of an increase in HBA1c.Conclusions. Diabetes-associated osteoarthritis occurs on the background of increased serum osteoprotegerin levels. An increase in the level of osteoprotegerin with an increase in the stage of osteoarthritis was established, so that its level reflects the severity of osteoarthritis. Osteoprotegerin established a direct relationship with the level of creatinine and negatively associated with glomerular filtration rate, i.e. the development and progression of osteoarthritis progression takes place against the background of other vascular complications of diabetes, in particular diabetic nephropathy. An increase in osteoprotegerin is more typical for male patients and depends on the duration of diabetes

Osteoprotegerin concentration is associated with the presence and severity of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Osteoprotegerin plays a role in the development of several bone diseases. In addition, osteoprotegerin may contribute to the development of vascular disease. Little is known about the association between serum osteoprotegerin levels and the presence or severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The aim of this study was to examine the association between serum osteoprotegerin levels and both the presence as well as the severity of lower extremity arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The study included 165 consecutive patients with T2DM (57 % males, mean age 65.0 ± 0.7 years). PAD was diagnosed by measurement of the toe-brachial index (TBI). Serum osteoprotegerin was measured using ELISA. The mean osteoprotegerin level was significantly higher in patients with PAD in comparison to patients without PAD (18.2 ± 1.0 vs. 13.1 ± 2.0 pmol/L, p = 0.014). Significant univariate correlations between TBI and osteoprotegerin level (r = -0.308; p < 0.001), age, body mass index, and HDL cholesterol were observed. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, serum osteoprotegerin (β = -0.005; p = 0.020), higher age, and male gender were significant predictors of TBI. When 25(OH) vitamin D was introduced into the mentioned model, OPG was no longer a significant predictor of TBI and was replaced in the model with vitamin D (β = 0.009, p = 0.001). This finding suggests a role of OPG as a mediator of the effects of 25(OH) vitamin D. Serum osteoprotegerin level is significantly associated with both the presence and severity of PAD in patients with T2D. Osteoprotegerin might be a biomarker for the presence of atherosclerotic disease in patients with T2DM.

Assessment of bone metabolism and biomechanical properties of the femur, following treatment with anastrozole and letrozole in an experimental model of menopause

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of anastrozole and letrozole supplementation following surgically induced menopause on bone metabolism and biomechanical properties. A total of 45 Wistar rats underwent ovariectomy and were then randomly allocated to receive no treatment, anastrozole or letrozole. At 2 and 4 months following the initiation of the present study, the serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were determined, and the animals were sacrificed at the end of the 4-month period to assess the biomechanical properties of the femoral bones. The applied force and the deflection of the central section were recorded during the test. Taking advantage of these quantities, the fracture force, the stiffness of the bone and the energy absorbed until fracture were determined. At 2 months following the initiation of the experimental protocol, the mean OPG levels were significantly increased in the control group compared with the anastrozole-treated group (P<0.01). Similarly, RANKL levels were significantly increased in the control rats compared with the anastrozole-treated animals (P<0.001) and animals that received letrozole (P<0.05). Notably, these trends were not observed at the end of the experiment (4 months). A biomechanical study of the femoral bones revealed significantly decreased stiffness among animals that received anastrozole (P<0.05) and letrozole (P<0.01) compared with their control counterparts. The results of the present study indicate that treatment with anastrozole and letrozole significantly increases the levels of OPG and RANKL in bone, an effect that appears to be directly associated with the biomechanical properties of bones.

Association of salivary RANKL and osteoprotegerin levels with periodontal health.

The aim of this study is to determine the association of salivary levels of the bone remodelling regulators (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) with periodontal clinical status. One‐hundred fifty‐eight participants selected from a pool of adult patients via systematic random sampling were included in this descriptive cross‐sectional study carried out at the University of Nairobi Dental Hospital. About 5 ml of unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each participant followed by periodontal clinical examination. Salivary levels of RANKL and OPG were determined using human RANKL and OPG ELISA kits from R&D systems, UK. The mean salivary level of RANKL was 14.65pg/ml (+18.72 SD) with strong association to periodontal disease severity (F = 64.82, p < .001). Mean OPG levels was 139.03 pg/ml (+51.19 SD) with significantly high levels in cases without periodontitis (F = 19.031, p < .001). Consequently, a relative RANKL/OPG ratio was established with a strong positive correlation to disease severity (r s = .759, p < .001). Statistically significant area under curve value of .932 was reported (.1613 cutoff ratio, 95% sensitivity, 6.2% specificity). The levels of RANKL and OPG in saliva and their relative ratio have strong association with the severity of periodontal disease, hence a potential adjunctive diagnostic in evaluating periodontal disease.

Osteoprotegerin in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is an inhibitor of bone resorption. Circulating levels of OPG seem to be elevated in patients with cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. The relationship between OPG and the metabolic syndrome has never been studied in postmenopausal women. In a population-based study, 382 Iranian postmenopausal women were randomly selected. Cardiovascular risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and OPG were measured. The diabetes classification and the metabolic syndrome definition were based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association and the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III, respectively. The mean serum OPG level was higher in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus than those without diabetes (4.33 ± 1.70 vs 3.84 ± 1.76 pmol/L, P = .016). In multiple logistic regression analysis, type 2 diabetes mellitus showed a significant association with serum OPG levels when adjustments were made for age, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio = 2.21; confidence interval, 1.34-3.66; P = .002). No significant difference was found between the mean serum OPG levels of those with the metabolic syndrome and those without the metabolic syndrome. Mean OPG levels did not differ significantly between subjects with and without hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, or abdominal obesity according to the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. In conclusion, circulating OPG levels are significantly associated with diabetes, independent of cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. However, OPG levels have no correlation with the metabolic syndrome or its components. Further studies are warranted to determine the pathophysiologic origin of elevated OPG in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Association of Osteoprotegerin with Cardiovascular Disease and the New York Heart Association Classification

Background and Objectives:Recent studies have suggested that there is a significant correlation between elevated serum Osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether the serum OPG levels were associated with heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina (UA), and whether the serum OPG levels were correlated with the NYHA classifications. Subjects and Methods:The serum OPG levels were measured in 127 patients suffering with HF, AMI and UA and they were hospitalized in the cardiology department, and these values were compared to 63 healthy controls. The NYHA classification was used to define the clinical disease severity. The serum OPG level was measured by performing ELISA. Results:The serum OPG levels were significantly higher in the patients with HF and AMI than those in the control subjects (p=0.003, p=0.002, respectively). The mean OPG levels were 555, 683, 774 and 856 pg/mL for the subjects and controls, according to the NYHA classifications II, III and IV, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the serum OPG levels were significantly associated with HF and AMI, and when all subjects were regrouped according to NYHA classification, the serum OPG levels were also significantly associated with the NYHA classification. Conclusion:The serum OPG levels were increased in Asian patients suffering with cardiovascular disease such as HF and AMI, and they were also increased with the NYHA classification. The serum OPG level could be a marker for different stages of cardiovascular disease. (Korean Circulation J 2007;37:353-358)

Osteoprotegerin and Bone Mineral Density in Hemodiafiltration Patients

A newly identified cytokine, osteoprotegerin (OPG) appears to be involved in the regulation of bone remodeling. In vitro studies suggest that OPG, a soluble member of the TNF receptor family of proteins, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the intercellular signaling between osteoblastic stromal cells and osteoclast progenitors. As patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) often have renal osteodystrophy (ROD), we investigated the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in ROD, and investigated whether there was any relationship between serum OPG, intact parathyroid (PTH) (iPTH), vitamin D, and trabecular bone. Serum OPG combined with iPTH might be a useful tool in the noninvasive diagnosis of ROD, at least in cases in which the range of PTH values compromises reliable diagnosis. Thirty-six patients on maintenance hemodiafiltration (HDF) and a control group of 36 age and sex matched healthy subjects with no known metabolic bone disease were studied. The following assays were made on serum: iPTH, osteocalcin (BGP), bone alkaline phosphatase, 25(OH)-cholecalciferol, calcium, phosphate, OPG, IGF-1, estradiol, and free testosterone. Serum Ca+ +, P, B-ALP, BGP, IGF-1, iPTH, and OPG levels were significantly higher in HDF patients than in controls, while DXA measurements and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters were significantly lower. On grouping patients according to their mean OPG levels, we observed significantly lower serum IGF-1, vitamin D3 concentrations, and lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density in the high OPG groups. No correlation was found between OPG and bone turnover markers, whereas a negative correlation was found between serum OPG and IGF-1 levels (r= − 0.64, p = 0.032). Serum iPTH concentrations were positively correlated with bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) (r = 0.69, p = 0.038) and BGP (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The findings made suggest that an increase in OPG levels may be a compensatory response to elevated bone loss. The low bone mineral density (BMD) levels found in the high OPG group might have been due to the significant decrease in serum IGF-1 and vitamin D3 observed. In conclusion, the findings made in the present study demonstrate that increased OPG in hemodiafiltration patients is only partly due to decreased renal clearance. As it may partly reflect a compensatory response to increased bone loss, this parameter might be helpful in the identification of patients with a marked reduction in trabecular BMD.