Mean Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified Research Articles

Effect of prepared herbal mouthwash in maintaining the oral health of school children: A single-blind randomised control trial

Background and aimOral health is a vital indicator of overall well-being, quality of life, and general health, with historical roots in Unani medicine (i.e. preventive measures, oral hygiene, and treatment). This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of prepared herbal mouthwash in maintaining oral health among school children. Experimental procedure110 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to the test group (treated with herbal mouthwash -Anacyclus pyrenthrum DC, Punica granutum (pericarp), Capparis spinosa (root bark), and Quercus infectoria Oliv (galls)) and the control group (treated with 0.2 % Chlorhexidine Mouthwash) for 30-days. The response was assessed by DMFT, Salivary pH, Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), Plaque index (Loe & Silness) (PI), Plaque index simplified (O'Leary et al., 1972) (PI-S), Gingival Index (Löe-Silness) (GI), and Bleeding on probing (BOP) on baseline and 30th day GI and PI were further assessed on 60th, 90th and 120th days to determine the sustainable effect of the intervention. ResultsAfter treatment, Mean OHI-S, PI, PI-S, GI and BOP significantly reduced on the 30th day from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) in both groups. After discontinuing intervention, both groups showed significantly lower PI and GI scores on the 120th day from baseline. (p < 0.001). ConclusionThis study revealed that prepared mouthwash is safe and significantly effective in maintaining oral health, and it could be used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene measures.

Oral Health status in traditional and health

Background and Aim: Periodontal diseases and dental caries are two of the most common oral health problems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the oral and dental health indices of sixth grade primary school students. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 162 male and female students were randomly selected in two steps from traditional primary schools and health-promoting schools (HPSs) in Hashtgerd City, Alborz Province, Iran. Demographic information and oral health behaviors were recorded. Examinations were performed by one person, and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S) were checked and recorded in the standard form of the World Health Organization (WHO). Data were analyzed by the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: The mean DMFT was 1.83 ± 2.17. There was no significant difference between genders. The mean OHI-S was 1.40 ± 0.57. Oral hygiene was good for girls, and it was moderate for boys, in which this difference was significant (p &lt; 0.001). The relationship between DMFT and OHI-S in the total population was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). DMFT and OHI-S were higher in the traditional schools than in HPSs.

Dental Caries Prevalence and Oral Health Status among 15-Year- Old Adolescents in Kosovo.

IntroductionCaries has a harmful impact on oral and general health and is a major public health problem among children and adolescents. The objective of present study was to investigate into dental caries, oral hygiene, the frequency of brushing habits and dental visits among 15- year- old adolescents.Material and methodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out on a random sample of 323 15- year- old adolescents in different schools and municipalities of Kosovo. Oral clinical examination and self-administered questionnaire were used to obtain information about dental caries and oral health practices. Oral hygiene and caries status in permanent dentition was assessed through the DMFT index and Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S). The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.ResultsThe total mean of the DMFT index was 3.21 ± 2.193, while component D of the DMFT index dominated in both genders, with slightly higher values in boys compared to girls (2.15±2.092, and 1.91±1.919). The mean OHI-S index of adolescents aged 15 was found to be 1.945±3.926. Over 50% of schoolchildren brush their teeth only once per day and they have visited the dentist only when it was necessary. Irregular tooth-brushing, dental visits and poor oral hygiene index were significantly related to dental caries.ConclusionThe results of the study showed poor oral health status among 15- year- old adolescents in Kosovo. There is an emergent need for caries-prevention programs focusing on oral health and healthy habits.

Effectiveness of Braille and audio tactile performance aid in improving oral hygiene status of visually impaired students

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of Braille and audio tactile performance (ATP) aid in improving oral hygiene status of visually impaired students. Materials and Methods: Randomized interventional study was conducted among 220 institutionalized visually impaired students aged 8–18 years for a period of 9 months. Study participants were divided into two groups, Group I (Braille) and Group II (ATP). Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) was used to assess their oral hygiene status at baseline and post intervention at the end of 9 months. Health education as intervention was given in Braille and ATP aid once in 2 months. Pre- and post-intervention OHI-S scores were compared. Results: The mean OHI-S scores in Group I reduced from 1.83 ± 0.68 to 1.79 ± 0.67, and P value was not found to be statistically significant (P = 0.21). Group II OHI-S scores reduced from 1.8 ± 0.66 to 1.75 ± 0.65, and P value was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.03). Conclusion: This study concluded visually impaired students can maintain an acceptable level of oral hygiene when taught using ATP technique.

Association between oral hygiene status and dental caries among 13–14 years old children of Kamrup District, Assam

Background: Dental caries and periodontal problems are mainly caused due to poor oral hygiene practices. Aim: This study aims to determine the relationship between oral hygiene status and dental caries in 13–14 years old school-going children of rural and urban locality in Kamrup Metropolitan District, Assam. Materials and Methods: A total of 1501 school children in the age group of 13–14 years were included in the study and dental caries was recorded from decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) index as described by World Health Organization (1997) and Oral hygiene status was assessed using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) given by Greene and Vermilion 1964. The unpaired t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation test were used to assess the relation between oral hygiene status and dental caries among different age groups, and location of the school-going children using SPSS version 21 and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The results showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between mean OHI-S score and decayed component of DMFT score among rural school children whereas in urban children a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) was found between mean OHI-S score and mean score of Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth component of DMFT. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of dental caries among school children of Kamrup (Metropolitan) District was 33.6%. The present study showed a significant positive correlation of mean OHI-S score with a mean of decayed teeth and DMFT score.

Evaluation of relationship between stress and periodontal disease in different professional college students.

Background:To evaluate the association between stress and periodontitis in different professional college students.Subjects and Methods:The study was conducted in 360 professional college students which includes Medical, Dental, Pharmacy, Nursing, Engineering, and Chartered Accountancy. From each group, 60 students were included in the study. Self-reported Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale questionnaire was given to all the students and clinical examination was conducted in all the participants to assess the Oral hygiene index - simplified (OHI-S), clinical attachment level (CAL), and Gingival Index Simplified (GI-S).Statistical Analysis:Statistics was performed using the ANOVA test, post hoc test, and Pearson correlation test to compare the psychological parameter of stress with periodontal parameters among six groups of students. P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results:Group I showed higher mean stress scores (10.78 ± 0.76) compared to other groups. The mean OHI-S (1.61 ± 0.15), mean CAL (3.68 ± 0.79), and mean GI-S (1.43 ± 0.15) scores also increased with elevated stress levels among medical students. Followed by Group VI and Group II showed almost similar results.Conclusion:The present study showed strong association between stress and periodontal disease and have an adverse effect over oral hygiene factors among the students.

The Effect of Dental Health Education and the Total Quality Management Approach on the Behavior of Dental and Oral Health Maintenance and the Status of the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified in Elementary School Students in Aceh Besar

BACKGROUND: Overall body health is influenced a lot by teeth and mouth. Dental health education in schools through total quality management (TQM) is a non-formal education system for school communities by learning by doing to change their behavior from being less profitable to be beneficial for their oral health.&#x0D; AIM: This study aims to analyze the effect of dental health education with a TQM approach on the behavior of dental and oral health management, and the status of the oral hygiene index simplified (OHIS) in elementary school students.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The design of that project was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post-test design with a control group design. The number of study population was 80 children that were selected. The sample was divided into two groups, the intervention group consisted of 40 children who were given intervention (dental health education with TQM approach) and the control group consisted of 40 children who were not given intervention. Data analysis used univariable, bivariable, and multivariate using paired samples t-test and independent t-test.&#x0D; RESULTS: The statistical findings showed that there were differences in behavior and oral hygiene status after dental health education through the TQM approach to students (p &lt; 0.05). There was an effect of dental health education through the TQM approach on OHIS status (p &lt;0.05). Dental health education using the TQM approach influenced changes in behavior and OHI-S status (p = 0.001). The finding of the analysis showed that in the intervention group, there were differences in the average behavior and oral hygiene status from pre-test to post-test I (p = 0.001). However, there was no difference between post 1 and post-test II (p = 1.00). In the intervention group, there was a difference in this status from pre-test to post-test 1 (p = 0.001). While in the control group, there was no difference in the average behavior from pre-test to post-test I and from post-test I to post-test II. There was a difference in the mean OHIS status from pre-test to post-test 1 and from post-test 1 to post-test 2 in the intervention group and the control group (p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Dental health education using the TQM approach has influenced changes in behavior and OHIS status of elementary school students in central Aceh districts.

Gingival Health Status In Patients With And Without Anterior Crossbite: A Case Control Study

Anterior crossbite is an anteroposterior malocclusion resulting from an abnormal axial inclination of maxillary anterior teeth. Anterior crossbite can cause periodontal damage leading to gingival recession.To assess the gingival health status in patients with an anterior crossbite, and also compare with patients without anterior crossbite.The present study consisted of 56 patients divided into two groups: patients with anterior crossbite and patients without anterior crossbite. 89000 Case sheets were reviewed from the dental treatment records for DMFT index in children with and without anterior crossbite from June 2019 to March 2020. In both groups, the following parameters were recorded - Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe).Mean Plaque Index for case group (patients with anterior crossbite) is 0.89, and Mean Plaque Index for the control group (patients without anterior crossbite) is 0.68. Mean OHI-S Index for case group (patients with anterior crossbite) is 0.46 and Mean OHI-S Index for the control group (patients without anterior crossbite) is 0.45. On the Mann-Whitney test, the difference was not statistically significant (P-value - 0.088 and 0.096).In this study, gingival health status in patients with anterior crossbite is poor compared with patients without anterior crossbite.

Gingival health status in patients with and without anterior open bite: A case-control study

Open bite is the absence of vertical overlap of lower incisors by upper incisors when posterior teeth are in occlusion. An anterior open bite can cause periodontal damage which leads to gingivitis and periodontitis. To assess the gingival health status in patients with anterior open bite and also compares with patients without an anterior open bite. Retrospective data collected from 89,000 case records from June 2019 to March 2020. The present study consisted of 76 patients divided into two groups: patients with anterior open bite and patients without an anterior open bite. In both groups, the following parameters were recorded - Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe). OHI-S index and plaque index was similar in patients with and without an anterior open bite. Mean Plaque Index for case group (patients with anterior open bite) is 0.76, and Mean Plaque Index for control group (patients without the anterior open bite) is 0.78. Mean OHI-S Index for case group (patients with anterior open bite) is 0.51, and Mean OHI-S Index for the control group (patients without the anterior open bite) is 0.53. The difference was not statistically significant (P-value &gt; 0.05). In this study, gingival health status in patients with and without an anterior open bite is low.

Association of tobacco dependence and oral hygiene status

Tobacco use has a major public health concern that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Tobacco use has an injurious effect on oral health such as oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders like , oral fibrosis. Tobacco use has been found to have a strong, chronic and dose dependent effect on periodontal tissues due to poor oral hygiene caused by increased deposit of debris and calculus among tobacco users. This study aimed to find the association between oral hygiene status and tobacco dependence. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in University hospital. Data on tobacco dependence and oral hygiene status from 150 patient records were collected and for association. Descriptive statistics and chi-square association was done. The mean age of patients in the records was 35 ± 12.44 years and males (14%) had severe tobacco dependence. The mean Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHIS) score was found to be 2.03 ± 1.009 which is interpreted as fair. There was no statistically significant association between oral hygiene status and tobacco dependence (p= 0.157). Tobacco dependence has no role in the oral hygiene status of an individual.

Changing Pattern of Gingivitis and Periodontitis in Different Trimesters amongPregnant Women Comparing. The Same with Non Pregnant Women Attendingthe Government Hospitals in Delhi

Background: Pregnancy is a dynamic physiological state evidenced by several transient changes which even affects the oral cavity. Present study was conducted with an aim to assess the changing patterns of gingivitis and periodontitis in different trimesters of pregnancy amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending the outpatient Department of Government Hospitals in Delhi, India. Methodology: A total sample size of 800 pregnant and 800 non-pregnant women attending the O.P.D of 4 Government Hospitals of Delhi was obtained through Stratified Cluster Sampling Technique. A structured pretested assessment form was used to assess the gingival, periodontal and oral hygiene status using Gingival Index (GI), Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA) and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v16.0 software package. Results: Mean GI scores was significantly high for pregnant women than non pregnant women (1.57 ± 0.51, 1.48 ± 0.35 respectively, p<0.001) and was more in 2nd trimester (1.73 ± 0.42) and 3rd trimester (1.75 ± 0.45) as compared to 1st trimester of pregnancy (1.25 ± 0.48) (p=0.001). Maximum CPI code 3 was seen in 14.6% of pregnant subjects and 8.1% of non pregnant subjects (p-0.001). Mean OHI-S score for pregnant and non-pregnant subjects was 2.89 ± 0 and 2.60 ± 1.07 respectively (p=0.002). Oral Hygiene status also worsened with increase in trimester of pregnancy, (p=0.001). Conclusion: Prevalence of the Gingival and Periodontal disease was significantly high among pregnant women and worsened with increasing gestation age Hence it is necessary to reinforce knowledge about significance of oral health in pregnant women by means of appropriate preventive and educational programs.

Impact of contextual school and home environmental characteristics on oral health-related quality of life among 11–14 years old children residing in Sri Ganganagar city

Background: Environment has shown a significant impact on day-to-day activities like psychological well-being, including oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children. Aim: To assess the impact of contextual school and home environmental characteristics on OHRQoL among 11–14 years old children residing in Sri Ganganagar city. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of 345 children aged 11–14 years old were recruited. The present cross-sectional study was conducted among school-going children in Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, during November 2018–January 2019. Data were collected on demographic characteristics along with OHRQoL using Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (C-OIDP) index. A prevalidated questionnaire used to collect data on contextual school and home environmental characteristics, oral hygiene, and dental caries were recorded using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, respectively. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics Windows, Version 21.0. (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, t-test, and multivariable Poisson regressions models were analyzed for this study, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean C-OIDP extent was significantly higher in 11-year-old (6.11 ± 4.53) (P = 0.008), among those who were living with single parents with a less maternal level of education (<9 years). The mean DMFT score was higher among the participants who did not feel safe at school (3.94 ± 2.24) (P < 0.01) and mean OHI-S score was seen higher among those who were bullied at school (2.50 ± 0.51) (P = 0.018). Mean C-OIDP extent was statistically associated with bullying at school (P = 0.007) and lack of security (P = 0.002). Among all factors of C-OIDP, smiling factor shows a major problem for the children (10.2 ± 4.73) (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Poor school and home environmental characteristics were independently associated with poor OHRQoL in individuals. Actions toward the improvement of schools' security and implementation of anti-bullying campaigns should be components of health promotion strategies.

Evaluation of effect of auditory - aid in improving oral hygiene among visually impaired individuals - Original Study

Background: Oral health is an integral part of systemic health, which affects the quality of life of an individual. Physically disadvantaged individuals also start their life as normal children but, due to lack of awareness, poor motor skills, negligence of parents and care givers put them at high risk for oral diseases. So, the aim of the present study is toevaluate the effect of auditory aid in improving the oral hygiene among visually impaired children. Materials and Methods: Fifty one (51) Visually impaired individuals of age 8-25 years were included from Kala Bharathi residential school for the blind, Guntur. Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), gingival index (GI)were recorded at baselineand oral hygiene instructions were given by using Auditory-aid for 3 months. The OHI-S and GI were recorded again after 3 months to evaluate the effect of Auditory –aid. Results: At baseline, oral hygiene of the individuals was moderate to poor and mean OHI-S, GIat baseline were 2.45 and 1.75 respectively. There was improvement in the OHI-S and GI which were found to be 1.17 and 0.95 respectively after 3 months of intervention. Conclusion: Visual impairment is the most challenging situation to the individuals as the prevalence of systemic and oral diseases are more in these individuals when compared to normal individuals. However, if educated and motivated properly with the help of auditory aid these can be made to maintain good oral hygiene. Key Words: Auditory aid, Visual impairment, Oral hygiene

Patients satisfaction with the dental care provided by dental students of King Saud University

BackgroundThe success of an oral health service can be assessed by the degree of satisfaction of its patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction following comprehensive dental treatment provided by final year dental students at college of dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and to correlate the level of patient satisfaction with their post-treatment oral hygiene maintenance. MethodsThe required information was collected from patients using a self-answered questionnaire. A five point Likert scale was used (Strongly agree, agree, neither, disagree and strongly disagree) to evaluate the level of patient satisfaction. Clinical examination included assessment of oral hygiene status using OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified). ResultsFour hundred & forty-six patients who received comprehensive dental treatment at the student clinics during the past two years were contacted out of which 86 patient’s (81% males and 19% females) participated. The overall patient’s satisfaction score of 68.67 ± 6.85 was highly satisfactory. The mean OHI-S score was 2.21 ± 1.68. This showed a good to moderate level of oral hygiene among the participating patients. No statistically significant difference was found for the overall patient satisfaction score in relation to the age, gender, nationality and educational level. The post treatment oral hygiene status was significantly better in female patients compared to males. There was no statistically significant difference in OHI-S scores in relation to age, nationality and education level. The patient satisfaction scores and OHI-S score showed no correlation. ConclusionThe patients treated by the dental students at college of dentistry were highly satisfied with their treatment. A good to moderate level of post treatment oral hygiene among the participating patients was recorded according to the OHI-S. Conflict of interestThe authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

A CASE–CONTROL STUDY TO ASSESS AND COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF 0.2% CHLORHEXIDINE AND 0.25% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE MOUTHWASH IN TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GINGIVITIS

Objective: The objective of present study was to compare the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine and 0.25% sodium hypochlorite as a mouthwash in controlling chronic gingivitis.Methods: A total of 80 patients suffering from chronic marginal gingivitis were recruited for the study. Non-surgical periodontal therapy was completed for all the patients to bring the gingival status to healthy levels. The patients were divided into two study groups with 40 patients in each group, Group A patients were asked to use 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash, and Group B patients used 0.25% sodium hypochlorite mouthwash as an adjunct to brushing twice daily for 2 weeks. After a period of 2 weeks, the gingival status was recorded using the oral hygiene index simplified (OHIS), plaque index (PI), and modified gingival index (MGI) and compared between the two groups.Results: The mean OHIS score for Group A was 1.38 and for Group B it was 1.05. The mean PI for Group A and B was 3.62 and 2.32, respectively. The mean MGI score for Group A was 1.22 and for Group B was 1.20. Group B showed better results than Group A. Intergroup comparison of OHIS and PI revealed significantly better results in Group B than Group A while MGI did not show any statistical difference on comparison.Conclusion: Nearly 0.25% sodium hypochlorite was more effective than 0.2% chlorhexidine in reducing the gingival inflammation. Thus, 0.25% sodium hypochlorite may represent an efficacious, safe and affordable antimicrobial agent in the prevention and treatment of gingival disease.

Oral health status and barriers to utilization of services among down syndrome children in Bengaluru City: A cross-sectional, comparative study

Introduction: Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Individuals with DS present with high prevalence of oral health conditions but oral health services are underutilized due to various reasons. Aim: The aim is to assess oral health status and barriers to utilization of oral health services among children with DS in Bengaluru city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted among 100 DS children and compared with 100 non-DS (NDS) children in Bengaluru city. Clinical levels of oral hygiene were assessed using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and caries according to WHO criteria (1997). Parents completed a structured questionnaire used to determine barriers to utilization of oral health services. Chi-square test, unpaired t-test, and Spearman's correlation were applied. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: Children with DS had a significantly higher mean OHI-S (3.05 ± 1.26) as compared to NDS children (1.65 ± 1.02) (P < 0.001). Mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth for DS and NDS group was 2.38 ± 3.41 and 0.66 ± 1.19, respectively, (P < 0.001), whereas mean Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth for DS and NDS group was 1.22 ± 1.63 and 1.78 ± 1.9, respectively, (P = 0.03). Mean awareness about child's dental problem was found to be significantly higher among DS group compared to NDS group. Accessibility was found to be positively correlated to dental visits among DS group (r = 0.30, P = 0.003). Conclusion: DS children had poor oral hygiene and considerable caries experience and faced certain barriers to utilization of oral health care services. Parental education as an integral component of oral health promotion programs should be introduced in special schools for better oral health.

Oral health status and treatment needs of asthmatic children aged 6 – 12 Years in Lucknow

Introduction: Asthma is a growing public health problem affecting over 300 million people worldwide. Asthmatic children have an altered immune response and a high tendency to mouth breathing especially during an episode of rhinitis or an attack thus predisposing them to serious oral health problems. Aim: This study aims to assess oral health status of asthmatic children aged 6–12. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 asthmatic children aged 6–12 years in Lucknow, asthmatic children were chosen from pediatric department of major hospitals. Gingival index (GI), oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), and dentition status and treatment need of World Health Organization oral health survey pro forma (1997) were used to assess oral health status. ANOVA, Chi-square test, and descriptive statistics were carried out. SPSS 16 was used for the data analysis. Results: Mean dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) was 2.98 ± 1.52 and 3.05 ± 1.60, mean GI score was 1.55 ± 0.52 and 1.53 ± 0.42 and mean OHI-S was 2.59 ± 0.68 and 2.48 ± 0.77 among the male and female asthmatic children. Conclusion: Female asthmatic children had higher mean DMFT score, but lower mean GI score and oral hygiene score than male children in comparison and also they had a compromised oral hygiene status.

Assessment of dental caries, oral hygiene status, traumatic dental injuries and provision of basic oral health care among visually impaired children of Eastern Odisha.

The magnitude and severity of oral health problems in visually impaired population are worse than in general population, and they tend to have more untreated dental diseases and more problems accessing dental care. The aim of this study is to assess dentition status and treatment needs, oral hygiene status, and traumatic dental injuries among institutionalized children attending special schools for the visually impaired in eastern Odisha. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using a universal sampling protocol. American Dental Association Type III clinical examination was carried out using plane mouth mirrors and community periodontal index probes under adequate natural illumination by a single examiner assisted by a trained recording assistant. After completion of the study, all participants were provided with basic oral health care through outreach programs. Comparisons were done using Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and Chi-square test. Caries prevalence for primary and permanent dentition was 15% and 46%, respectively. Mean oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) was 2.43 ± 1.03. The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 11%. A statistically significant difference in mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft) was observed in children consuming liquid sugar as compared to solid and those consuming sticky sugars as compared to nonsticky. A statistically significant difference in mean OHI-S scores was observed when compared with frequency of changing toothbrush. This sample of visually impaired children has a high prevalence of dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and poor oral hygiene. Unmet needs for dental caries were found to be high indicating very poor accessibility and availability of oral health care.

Impact of various sociodemographic factors on oral hygiene of mentally retarded residing in Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Oral health of the mentally retarded (MR) has received scant attention in the literature compared with the normal child even though they are much sufferer. Aim: To assess the impact of various sociodemographic factors on oral hygiene of MR subjects of Bhopal city. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 267 MR subjects enrolled at various institutions of Bhopal city. A pretested proforma was used to record information about demographic data, socioeconomic status, the intelligent quotient of inmates, type of mental retardation, and dietary habits. The clinical examination was done to evaluate oral hygiene of subjects using oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S). Descriptive statistics, Student's t -test, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis was applied using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The mean OHI-S of MR was found out to be 2.51. Male had mean OHI-S of 2.95 while female had 1.65. Noninstitutionalized had poorer oral hygiene with mean OHI-S of 3.2. According to the degree of mental retardation, profound had the highest OHI-S score, i.e. 3.71 while mild had the lowest score, i.e. 1.01.

Statistical Study on Serum CRP levels in Aggressive &amp; Chronic Periodontitis:Pre &amp; Post Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

Background: Elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is regarded as a risk predictor for cardiovascular diseases. A positive association between circulating CRP levels and periodontal disease may be responsible. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on serum CRP, WBC and OHI-S level in patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis. Methods: Total 57 subjects, divided into 3 groups based on the diagnosis into: Group A- aggressive periodontitis (n=17), Group B- chronic periodontitis (n=20) and Group C- non-periodontitis (n=20). After clinical data were recorded, venous blood was taken at baseline and 1 month after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontal examination included probing depth at baseline and OHI-S level was recorded at baseline and after 1 month. Blood was analysed to determine serum CRP and white blood cells (WBC) count. Results: Mean WBC level: In group A, at baseline is 1.03E4 ± 1850.85 whereas it is 7976.47 ± 1538.47 after one month and in group B, at baseline is 9464.00 ± 1904.62 whereas it is 8510.00 ± 1778.79 after one month. Mean OHI-S level: In group A, at baseline was 2.8847 ± 0.83 whereas it was 0.7029 ± 0.30 after one month and in group B, at baseline was 3.1480 ± 0.87 whereas it was 0.6465 ± 0.40 after one month. Treatment resulted in reduction of WBC count and oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-S) score levels (p<0.05). Mean CRP level: In group A, at baseline was 5.091 ± 10.02 whereas it was 3.0153 ± 3.37 after one month and in group B, at baseline was 2.658 ± 1.82 whereas it was 3.0030 ± 2.24 after one month. In group C at baseline was 1.917 ± 0.79. However, there were statistically no significant changes in levels of serum CRP in aggressive and chronic periodontitis (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both forms of periodontitis are associated with increased systemic inflammatory response with aggressiveness of disease progression, but improvement in periodontal health did not influence the levels of serum CRP.