Mean Number Of Trips Research Articles

Disaster and unplanned disruption: Personal travel planning and workplace relocation in Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch, New Zealand, is a city dominated by car use. In the 2013 Census 84% of people travelled to work by car. In 2010 and 2011, a series of earthquakes resulted in widespread damage to horizontal infrastructure, and the relocation of many homes and businesses. Over 70 percent of buildings in the central business district were destroyed or deconstructed and many organisations, including government departments and private commercial enterprises, relocated to suburban areas.The relocation of businesses back to the central city in 2017 presented opportunities to rethink the travel network to and from the city, and to promote alternatives to private motor vehicle use such as public transport, car-pooling, walking and cycling. The Greater Christchurch Partnership undertook personal travel planning with some of these organisations to help facilitate the goals of the new transport plan. This action was based on the habitat discontinuity hypothesis that context change or disruption increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be reconsidered and different choices made.A personal travel planning programme was subsequently implemented. It included a pre-move survey (N = 834), individual interviews with staff (N = 1234) and a post-move survey (N = 624). Results showed that after businesses relocated to the central city, the mean number of trips per week made by walking, cycling, bussing and carpooling increased for those not interviewed (Group A) and those interviewed (Group B) and the mean number of trips by car per week decreased for both these groups.Results of the ANOVA showed the difference in mean trips per week between the group interviewed and the group not interviewed was statistically significantly higher for bussing after businesses moved. No other statistically significant differences were found between these two groups for any other mode.It is concluded that one-to-one interviews targeting workers about to relocate were effective in relation to bussing, but were not effective in relation to cycling, carpooling, walking and 'other' forms of transport. This study provides a unique situation involving large scale business relocation, rather than the fragmented relocation of individual residents.

Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) Use of Alternative Feeding Habitats at the Bahía San Blas Protected Area, Argentina

Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) foraging patterns were studied by deploying GPS loggers on 20 incubating individuals at their colony in the Bahia San Blas protected area, Argentina. Mean number of trips per day was 1.5 ± 0.5, and mean trip duration was 272.6 ± 165.2 min. Mean maximum distance from the colony was 19.6 ± 24.4 km. Incubating Kelp Gulls visited natural and anthropogenic environments. Individuals switched between two or three different habitat types 47% of the time during a given foraging trip. Kelp Gulls showed a differential use of feeding areas, with a significantly higher use of refuse dumps (75%; n = 151 trips) than coastal (47%), terrestrial (10%) and offshore (10%) habitats. In 72% of the recorded trips, Kelp Gulls targeted the dump located in the small town of Bahia San Blas, where waste generated by recreational fishing is regularly disposed. Moreover, most visited shoreline locations were those regularly used by recreational fishers. Despite showing plasticity in foraging habitat use, the local refuse dump and nearby shoreline sites where fish waste is regularly disposed were the main feeding habitats for incubating Kelp Gulls.

OP34 Inequities in Bicycle Usage: Socio-Demographic Predictors of Uptake and Usage of a Public Bicycle Sharing Scheme in London, UK

BackgroundCycling confers individual and population-level health benefits. Increasing numbers of cities are therefore introducing public bicycle sharing schemes, with London’s Barclays Cycle Hire (BCH) scheme introduced in July 2010. Yet...

Foraging patterns of breeding Dolphin GullsLarus scoresbiiat Punta Tombo, Argentina

The Dolphin GullLarus scoresbiiis a little‐known, rare species endemic to southern South America. Knowledge of its feeding ecology is essential for development of management and conservation strategies. To obtain information on their use of food resources and on the frequency and duration of their foraging trips, we followed seven individuals by radiotelemetry during the breeding season of 2002 at the Punta Tombo Reserve, Argentina. In 99% of mapped locations (n = 4069) the Gulls were within 2.4 km of their colony. Dolphin Gulls foraged mostly at the colonies of three other species, feeding on Magellanic PenguinSpheniscus magellanicusand Imperial CormorantPhalacrocorax atricepsregurgitates and on Southern Sea LionOtaria flavescensfaeces. The sea lion colony was the most frequently visited foraging area, accounting for 64% of the total (n = 260 trips). A similar trend was observed during both the incubation (60%,n = 38 trips) and the chick (64%,n = 40 trips) stages. The mean number of trips per day was 3.8 (range = 3–5), with a mean duration of 123 min (sd = ±27). Trip duration differed between foraging areas, being significantly longer at the sea lion than at the penguin and cormorant colonies. The small foraging range given by its particular feeding strategy suggests that Dolphin Gulls, in contrast to most other seabirds that range over large expanses of ocean in search of food, may be effectively conserved within protected areas during the breeding season.

Foraging Patterns of Breeding Olrog’s Gull at Golfo San Jorge, Argentina

Abstract The spatial distribution and use of feeding areas by Olrog’s Gull (Larus atlanticus) breeding within a 34 km2 inlet at Golfo San Jorge, Argentina was investigated. Radio-transmitters were deployed on eight breeding adult birds during the late incubation period in 2001. Feeding areas were identified by means of radio-telemetry on the basis of 93 bird locations during a total of 89 foraging trips, and by direct observation of instrumented birds on 23 occasions. Both telemetry and visual data indicated that Olrog’s Gull fed almost exclusively within the inlet. In all, 85% of mapped locations (N = 93) were within 3 km of the colony, near the mouth of the inlet. The birds were consistent in the use of one particular area, and most of the tracked birds foraged mainly in one or two areas. Mean number of trips per day was 4.1 ± 0.99 (range = 1-9) and mean trip duration was 109 ± 31.2 min (range = 15-645 minutes). Both variables differed significantly among individuals. Gulls foraged at all states of the ...

A scientific note on the dynamics of labor devoted to nectar foraging in a honey bee colony: number of foragers versus individual foraging activity

entered the hive and both the departure and arrival times of the trips were recorded. A nectar forager was defined as a bee that, after a trip of 10 min or longer, unloaded at least once a day liquid to a receiver bee. Between 0 and 67% of the workers engaged in nectar foraging on a given day, with a mean of 34 ± 18% per day. The percent nectar foragers in the colony changed significantly between days in 5 of 6 observation periods (Fig. 1), most likely as a reaction to changing nectar availability. Overall, 66% of the nectar foragers made 1–4 foraging trips per day, 34% made 5–10 trips, and no bee made more than 10 foraging trips per day. The mean number of trips per nectar forager per day was 3.5 ± 1.3. The majority of the nectar foragers (over 70%) foraged for 4.5 h or less, even though there were approximately 15 h of daylight each day. The mean activity level (number of foraging trips.bee–1.day–1) of the nectar foragers in the colony changed significantly between days in only 1 of the 6 observation periods (Fig. 1). The results of this study suggest that the honey bee colony adjusted its daily foraging effort mainly by changing the number of nectar Division of labor is common to all insect societies and is regarded as one of the most important factors in their ecological success. A key feature of the division of labor in insect colonies is its plasticity. Changing the labor effort devoted to a task with regard to its urgency enables a colony to respond adaptively to changes in external and internal conditions [1, 2]. Honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) can be expected to adjust the labor devoted to nectar foraging, because foraging conditions strongly fluctuate. The proportion of a colony’s workers engaged in nectar foraging and the activity of each nectar forager are two parameters that might be involved in the adjustment [2]. In this study we measured for the first time both the proportion and the activity of nectar foragers in a honey bee colony. From May to July 1999, 6 random samples of each 50 bees were taken from a colony with about 4 000 bees that was housed in a 3-frame observation hive. The bees in each sample were individually marked, and observed over a period of 3 successive days (except the first period lasting 2 days). Observations started at 05.00 and lasted without interruption until 19.00–21.00 or until foraging activity stopped. Scientific note

Choosing a Household Survey Method: Results of Dallas—Fort Worth Pretest

Presented are the findings of a pretest of a travel behavior survey conducted in the Dallas—Fort Worth region. The pretest directly compared five methodological options: ( a) a 24-h versus 48-h diary period; ( b) a shorter versus longer series of questions about each activity recorded; ( c) three types of incentives to encourage response; ( d) a booklet versus log format for the diaries; and ( e) telephone versus mailback retrieval of information. A diary recording period of 24 h was 1.6 times more likely to result in a completed household survey response than a 48-h recording period ( p-value <0.01). Telephone retrieval was twice as likely to result in a completed household than through mailbacks ( p-value <0.01). There was a significant difference ( p <.01) in the mean number of trips per day per person for those retrieved by telephone and mailback. Households with a 24-h recording period responded with significantly more trips per day per person (4.7) than households with a 48-h period (3.9) ( p <.01). Considering separately the trip rate on each of the 2 d that made up a 48-h reporting interval, the mean number of trips per day per person showed a statistically significant trend ( p <.01) toward fewer trips on the second day (mean difference of 0.6 fewer trips compared with the first day).

Lifelong patterns of forager behaviour in a tropical swarm-founding wasp: effects of specialization and activity level on longevity

The relationships between foraging tenure and specialization on materials, and foraging tenure and foraging activity were measured for marked, known-age workers of the social wasp Polybia occidentalis. The purpose of the study was to assess differences in cost to foragers, in terms of risk of mortality, associated with material specializations and activity level, and determine whether ontogenetic changes in forager behaviour reflect these differences in cost, such that more risky patterns of behaviour are postponed until later in adult life. Polybia occidentalis workers terminated foraging at an average of 5·9 days after their first trip, independent of their age at first foraging, suggesting that this task entailed a high risk of mortality. Lifetime foraging activity was calculated as foraging rate (mean number of trips per hour), foraging effort (mean number of time-weighted trips per hour), and as the proportion of observation days that an individual was active during her foraging tenure. Foraging tenure was not related to foraging rate or effort, but had a strong negative relationship with the proportion of observation days during which an individual foraged. By the latter measure, risk of mortality increased with foraging activity. The length of foraging tenure was negatively correlated with the proportion of foraging effort devoted to food materials (nectar and insect prey), supporting the hypothesis that gathering food was riskier than gathering nest materials (water and wood pulp). Foragers that switched between food and nest materials exhibited no tendency to specialize on nest materials first and therefore foraging for riskier materials was not always performed later in adult life. These results are discussed in terms of possible factors regulating task performances at the individual level in social insects.

On the Mobility of Population in the National System of Cities, Towns and Villages of the USSR (in connection with development of the service sector)

AbstractPopulation mobility, as represented by the number of trips per person per year, is analyzed in the context of treating passenger transportation as one of the key elements in the developing service sector of the Soviet economy. Population mobility is computed in terms of three basic distance zones: intraurban trips (within a particular city or town), suburban trips within a localized settlement system (from small system to large agglomeration) and long-distance trips. The mean number of trips per person in the USSR as a whole is 2.8 in the long-distance zone, 43 suburban and 154.5 intraurban trips. An attempt is made to estimate the breakdown by trip purposes in each distance zone. Because of the lack of data, only two categories are distinguished: work trips and all other trips (shopping, personal business, etc). Work trips are taken to represent half of all intraurban journeys and roughly 40 percent of suburban journeys. All long-distance travel is assumed to have purposes other than work. A rela...