Mean Nasal Height Research Articles

A Morphometric Study of Nasal Index among Owo Indigenes of Ondo State, Nigeria

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of the nasal index among the Yoruba people of Owo, in Ondo State of Southern Nigeria, and to ascertain whether there is sexual dimorphism in their nasal characteristics.Methods: The study adopted the multistage, descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. A random sample of 130 males and 130 females between the ages of 18 – 55 years was taken.For each subject, the nasal height was measured and recorded as distance between nasion and subnasale while the nasal width was measured and recorded as distance between the most lateral points of right and left ala of the nose using a sliding digital caliper. Data obtained were analysed using both descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test) to describe the nature of the data.Results: Data analyses showed that the mean nasal height was 42.34 ± 0.54 for males and 42.14 ± 0.56 for females and that the difference was statistically significant (p< 0.05). The mean nasal width was 40.77 ± 0.85 for males and 40.41 ± 0.42 for females and that the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean nasal index was 96.68 ± 2.91 for males and 95.43 ± 1.66 for females, and that the difference between both groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Among the male respondents, 3.8%, 24.6% and 71.5%exhibited the Leptorrhine, Mesorrhine and Platyrrhine nose types, while for the female respondents, the respective proportions were 5.4%, 28.5% and 66.1% for Leptorrhine, Mesorrhine and Platyrrhine nose types.Conclusion: We observed sexual dimorphism in the nasal characteristics of Owo indigenes in Nigeria and the Platyrrhine type of nose was prevalent among them.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 165-169

Area of Nasal Triangle in an Adult Human Dry Skull: An Anatomical Study

Background: The nose is a piriform aperture on the face having roots and a tip or base. Root is continuous above with the forehead. It is one of the most prominent parts of the face which comprises of bony and cartilaginous portions. The bony part is formed by nasal bone, frontal bone and maxilla. The cartilaginous part is mainly formed by septal, major alar, lateral cartilage, and a few minor cartilages. Present study was carried out with objectives of determining important measurements like distance between right and left infraorbital foramina to nasion, distance between right and left infraorbital foramina and nasal height. Then findings are used to determine nasal index. Methods: All twenty-five dry adult human skulls are collected from Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Science, and Chitwan Medical College for study. Gender and ethnicity of scapula were undefined. The ethical clearance was taken from IRC-CMC (Ref: CMC-IRC/079/080-050). All damaged skull and small skull of pediatric age group are excluded. Nasal index was calculated by using formula nasal index = nasal width / nasal height X 100. Photographs were taken. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 version software and analyzed as frequency and distribution. Total twenty-five of skulls were measured. Results: Among the twenty-four human dry skulls, with one damaged skull is excluded, study showed that right sided mean distance between nasion and right sided infraorbital foramen and left sided mean distance between nasion and left sided infraorbital foramen are 40.57±3.71 mm and 39.53±4.77 mm respectively. The mean distance between right and left infraorbital foramen, mean nasal height and mean nasal index are 46.80±8.52 mm,16.98±3.008 mm and 47.74±10.90 respectively mm i.e., Hyper Leptorrhine (≤54.9). Conclusion: The data obtained from the present study will be useful when repairing the nose, for facial reconstructive surgeries and also in forensic investigation.

Characterization of the Saddle Nose Deformity Following Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

Objective The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is commonly employed in skull base surgery for neoplasm resection. While nasal deformity following EEA is described, this study aimed to perform a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the associated saddle nose deformity (SND) in particular. Setting/Participants This is a retrospective review of 20 adult patients with SND after EEA for resection of skull base tumors over a 5-year period at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Main Outcome Measures Fifteen measurements related to SND were obtained on pre- and postoperative imaging. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences between pre- and postoperative anatomies. Results The most common EEA was transsellar. Reconstruction techniques included nine free mucosal grafts alone, eight vascularized nasoseptal flaps (NSFs), one combined free mucosal graft/abdominal fat graft, and one combined NSF/fascia lata graft. Imaging analysis showed a trend toward loss of mean nasal height, nasal tip projection, and nasolabial angle postoperatively. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with NSF reconstruction had a significantly decreased nasal tip projection (1.2 mm, p = 0.039) and increased alar base width (1.2 mm, p = 0.046) postoperatively. Patients without functional pituitary microadenomas demonstrated significantly increased nasofrontal angle and decreased nasal tip projection on postoperative imaging, in contrast to those with functional adenomas who had no measurable significant changes. Conclusion Clinically evident SND does not always lead to significant radiographic changes. This analysis suggests that patients who undergo surgery for indications other than functional pituitary microadenomas or who receive NSF reconstruction develop more marked SND on standard imaging tests.

Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of the nose has a great importance to differentiate gender, race, and ethnicity. Nasal index is an important parameter in forensic sciences and rhinoplasty surgery. Our aim is to compare the nasal index of both males and females and its role to identify gender differences among medical students. Methods: First and second year medical students were chosen and height, breadth and nasal index were calculated. The height and width of the nose was measured using a vernier caliper. The nasal index of both males and females were calculated and compared and based on this, the nasal shape was also determined. Results: Among 184 total participants, 114 (61.9%) were Nepalese and 70 (38.1%) were Indian. In the Nepalese cohort, mean nasal height for male students was 4.58 ± 0.37 cm which was higher than females (4.39 ± 0.34 cm). The mean nasal index was higher among males in students of both the countries. The mesorrhine was most common type of morphology found among all students. Conclusions: Nasal index of male medical students was significantly higher than females. Mesorrhine nose was the commonest type of nose in our study. This information may be used to estimate gender differences.

A Longitudinal Study of The Nasal Symmetry in Unilateral Cleft Lip And Palate Patients Treated With Nasoalveolar Molding.

Background Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) has been extensively used as a presurgical technique in the treatment of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) over the last two decades. It has proven to be a useful tool to reduce the cleft size, improve nasal symmetry, and increase the columellar length. The long-term stability of these findings has not been conclusively proven. Methods In this longitudinal study, the nasal symmetry of 24 NAM treated UCLP patients was evaluated to assess the 5-year stability of NAM. The basal photographs were shot postcheiloplasty (T1), at 1-year follow-up (T2), at 3-year follow-up (T3), and 5-year follow-up (T4) appointments. Results In this study, we found that NAM was a useful adjuvant in achieving nasal symmetry in patients with UCLP in the immediate postoperative period. However, as the patients aged, there was a gradual loss of mean nasal height (by 22.83%) and columella length (by 24.89%), a mean gain in nasal width (by 40.25%) and alar base width (by 40.69%), and an increase in the columella deviation (by 3.46%) from the T1 to the T4 follow-up. Conclusion Although there is no conclusive evidence, the loss of symmetry may be due to the unequal growth on the cleft and noncleft sides. These patients will be followed-up till end of growth for a definite conclusion on the long-term effect of NAM.

Anthropometric Analysis of Nasolabial Region and Age-Related Changes in Adult Women.

The nasal and labial characteristics along with the other facial characteristics are different between races. The purpose of this study is to identify nasal and labial features of Turkish women by anthropometric measurements and indices besides to detect variances with aging. The study was conducted with total 302 women volunteers whose ages were between 19 and 85. The women included were divided into 3 groups according to their ages; respectively young (ages between 19 and 44), middle-aged (45-59) and senior (>60). By using camera footages with the IT version 3.00 software program, anthropometric measurements of the nasolabial region was performed. The mean nasal length of the included participants was measured as 38.56 ± 8.32 mm while mean nasal height was 50.05 ± 8.36 mm. Mean nasal root width was 13.24 ± 2.70 mm, mean morphological nasal width was 32.16 ± 5.80 mm and mean anatomical nasal width was 27.85 ± 4.92 mm. In addition, mean nasal depth was 19.55 ± 5.25 mm.In the middle-aged group of participants, the nasal length was more than senior group (P < 0.05). Nasal root width was increased with aging (P < 0.05). Morphological and anatomical widths of the nose were increased with aging but increase rate was lower in the senior group (P < 0.05). The nasal depth was lower in the young group in comparison with middle-aged and senior groups (P < 0.05). When nostril types were analyzed; ratios of 'teardrop', 'heart-shaped', 'annular' and 'triangular' types were 51.65%, 0.99%, 6.95%, and 40.39%, respectively. To be acquainted with facial anthropometric features and measurements of nasolabial region which varies with races and aging; would have a significant importance in view of conserving the facial ratio and esthetics in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field.

Nasal Height as a Parameter for Stature Estimation & Sex Differentiation in Dehradun Region

Introduction: Stature is one of the most important parameters in the identification of an individual, living or dead. In intact bodies, stature estimation does not pose any problem but when dismembered human body parts are involved, it is of a challenge for the forensic pathologist as these parameters are highly sex, race and age dependent.Materials & Method: The study was conducted in Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College, Dehradun among a total of 158 healthy subjects (17-25 years), comprising 79 males and 79 females. Those with cranio-facial defects were excluded from the study. Mean stature and nasal height were obtained by direct measurement; co-relation co-efficient were obtained and regression equation formulated for estimating stature.Observations & Result: The study showed that in males mean values are significantly higher than females for both stature as well as nasal height; stature (males, 172.3435 ± 6.48442; females, 158.9430 ± 5.64269), nasal height (males, 5.0341±.37075; females, 4.6770±.30431). Nasal height in total subjects and individually in males is significantly (p<0.05) and positively correlated with stature. However, in females it is found to be statistically insignificant. These values can be employed in estimation of stature using the linear regression equation Y = 155.251+ 3.395 (nasal height of Males), Y = 151.170 + 1.662 (nasal height of females). Also, accuracy in predicting sex when mean nasal height is taken as independent variable is more in females as compared to males (F=77.2%,M= 68.4%).Conclusion: Nasal height can be used as a reliable tool in estimating stature, particularly in the males and in females it can be used for determination of sex with accuracy.

Nasal Height as a Parameter for Stature Estimation &amp; Sex Differentiation in Dehradun Region

Introduction: Stature is one of the most important parameters in the identification of an individual, living or dead. In intact bodies, stature estimation does not pose any problem but when dismembered human body parts are involved, it is of a challenge for the forensic pathologist as these parameters are highly sex, race and age dependent.Materials & Method: The study was conducted in Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College, Dehradun among a total of 158 healthy subjects (17-25 years), comprising 79 males and 79 females. Those with cranio-facial defects were excluded from the study. Mean stature and nasal height were obtained by direct measurement; co-relation co-efficient were obtained and regression equation formulated for estimating stature.Observations & Result: The study showed that in males mean values are significantly higher than females for both stature as well as nasal height; stature (males, 172.3435 ± 6.48442; females, 158.9430 ± 5.64269), nasal height (males, 5.0341±.37075; females, 4.6770±.30431). Nasal height in total subjects and individually in males is significantly (p<0.05) and positively correlated with stature. However, in females it is found to be statistically insignificant. These values can be employed in estimation of stature using the linear regression equation Y = 155.251+ 3.395 (nasal height of Males), Y = 151.170 + 1.662 (nasal height of females). Also, accuracy in predicting sex when mean nasal height is taken as independent variable is more in females as compared to males (F=77.2%,M= 68.4%).Conclusion: Nasal height can be used as a reliable tool in estimating stature, particularly in the males and in females it can be used for determination of sex with accuracy.

Morphometric variations of nasal parameters in gujarati population: An anatomical study

Introduction: Nasal morphology is an important factor in forensic investigations and facial reconstructive procedures. Found to be strongly related to ethnicity and environmental factors, and known to be sexually dimorphic, the study of nasal parameters is useful in forensic facial reconstruction. The aim of the study is to evaluate the nasal morphological characteristics of the Gujarati population as an indicator for personal identification and to assess the prevalent nasal morphology of the study population determined. Material and Methods: The study involved randomly selected 180 healthy subjects (90 males and 90 females) between three age groups. Nasal width and nasal height were measured using a digital vernier caliper, and nasal index was calculated along with other parameters. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean nasal width for male and female was 38.23 mm and 34.94 mm while the mean nasal height was 47.59 mm and 44.35 mm, respectively. The mean nasal index for male subjects (81.08) was also higher than for female subjects (77.30). The morphological classification showed the mesorrhine nose type as the most prevalent among both the males (58.88%) and females (66.66%). Discussion and Conclusion: The population under the study exhibits mesorrhine type of the nose and shows sexual dimorphism in the values of nasal measurements. Thus, the current study is valuable not only in forensic facial reconstruction but also as an added method for determining the gender and ethnicity of an unidentified individual.

A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF NASAL INDEX IN ADULT HUMAN DRY SKULLS OF NORTH INDIAN POPULATION

Introduction: Nasal Index is very useful in anthropology and it is one of the clinical anthropometric parameters recognized in nasal surgical and medical management. Nasal index is the most common nasal parameter which may be related to regional and climatic differences so that it would be further useful as an essential tool to the researchers, clinicians, rhinoplastic and facial reconstructive surgeons and forensic experts related to this field. The present study was designed to provide a normative data of nasal index and to classify their nose type and comparison of data with other studies. Material &amp; Methods: The study was conducted on 200 human dry skulls of north Indian population in Department of Anatomy, S.N. Medical College, Agra. The measurements were taken using digital vernier caliper. Nasal Index was calculated by measuring nasal height and nasal width in order to determine the nasal type. Results: In the present study, mean nasal height was 49.25±3.68mm whereas mean nasal width was 24.63±2.90mm. Mean nasal index was calculated as 51.00± 0.09. Conclusion: The findings of our study suggest that according to the nasal index, the studied population of North India belongs to Platyrrhine type.

Study of Nasal Height for Sexual Dimorhism in 18-30 Years age Group People in Bhavanagr City of Gujarat

Introduction: Nasal parameters are important for estimation of stature, gender identification and age estimation. Commonly used Nasal parameters are Nasal height, Nasal breadth and Nasal width; Nasal height is one of the most reliable of which. Previous studies have reported racial differences and geographical variation in Nasal height along with importance in gender differentiation. This study was conducted with aim to measure Nasal heights of Bhavangar city population and check for Nasal height differences among males and females. Subjects and Methods: 510 subjects (243 male and 267 female) were enrolled in the present cross-sectional study, conducted at Government Medical College, Bhavanagar in 2011 after institutional ethical committee approval. Age group of the subjects enrolled in the study was 18 to 30 years. Nasal height was measured with the help of sliding caliper after informed and written consent of the subject. The data was compiled and analyzed with standard statistical methods by Microsoft excel and Epiinfo 7.0TM software. Results: Difference in mean nasal height of Males (46.241 ± 3.518 mm) and females (43.799 ± 3.419) was statistically significant at 95% confidence interval (p value = 0.0001). Conclusion: Nasal height can be used as one of the parameters for gender determination of the subject.

The Indian nose: An anthropometric analysis

Anthropometric measurements of the nose are of great importance in planning aesthetic nasal surgery. Abundant literature is available on anthropometric analysis of Caucasians and Orientals, without similar references on the Indian nose and its regional differences. Thus, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study of 1000 volunteers, with equal number of subjects derived from five geographic groups, namely North, Central, West, South, and the Himalayan region, to determine differences in nasal morphology of Indian population and among its various regions. The objective was to establish a standard Indian data for guidance in nasal surgery. All measurements were deduced using photographic analysis. The mean nasal height and width of our study population was 50.48 and 36.59mm, respectively. Nasal profile varied among all five regions of the country. North Indians had the longest (52.69mm nasal height) but the narrowest nose (35.01mm width), thus having a leptorrhine nose with Caucasoid features. South Indians had the broadest nose (nasal width=38.66mm), whereas subjects from the Himalayan region had the shortest nose (nasal height=47.2mm). Indians on average had a mesorrhine nose as compared to Caucasians and Orientals who have a leptorrhine nose and Africans who have a platyrrhine nose. We thus conclude that the Indian nose should be considered a different entity in comparison to the nose of Caucasian, Oriental, and African populations. There are obvious differences in the facial architecture of people from different regions within the country. Therefore, appropriate adjustments need to be made according to different racial descents during nasal surgeries so as to give patients results that blend harmoniously with other facial features.

Comparative Anthropometric Study of Nasal Parameters between Two Ethnic Groups of Rajasthan State

Background & objectives: Human physical variability has been a subject of interest for the scientists since a very long time. Being a powerful descriptive means of the human face, anthropometric nasal landmarks are used to compare two groups of population. Method: Anthropometric study of nasal parameters of two ethnic groups of Rajasthan state was carried out on 200 native respondents. Hundred were Jats and hundred were Sindhis. The age of subjects ranged from 19-25 years. Nasal height and nasal breadth were taken by using spreading calliper and the nasal index calculated. Results: The data collected was statically analysed and the result shows that mean nasal height for Jats and Sindhis were 56.42±3.70 & 55.84±4.61 respectively. Nasal breadth for Jats and Sindhis were found as 38.42±2.86 & 39.24±3.38 respectively. Conclusion: Thus the Jats fall within Leptorrhine type with nasal index 68.09 and Sindhis fall within the Mesorrhine type with nasal index 70.72 that showed significant relationship. Study is providing a useful baseline and an anthropometric data that will be of clinical and surgical interest.

Three-Dimensional Assessment of Early Surgical Outcome in Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Part 1. Nasal Changes

To evaluate three-dimensional nasal morphology following primary reconstruction in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate relative to contemporaneous noncleft data. Prospective, cross-sectional, controlled study. Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow University. Two groups of 3-year-old children (21 with unilateral cleft lip and palate and 96 controls) with facial images taken using a three-dimensional, vision-based capture technique. Three-dimensional images of the face were reflected so the cleft was on the left side to create a homogeneous group for statistical analysis. Three-dimensional coordinates of anthropometric landmarks were extracted from facial images by a single operator. A set of linear measurements was used to compare cleft and control subjects on right and left sides, adjusting for sex differences. The mean nasal base width and the width of the nostril floor on right and left sides differed significantly between control and unilateral cleft lip and palate groups. The measurements were greater in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The differences in the mean nasal height and mean nasal projection between the groups were not statistically significant. Mean columellar lengths were different between the left and right sides in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. There were significant nasal deformities following the surgical repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate.