Mean Full-scale Intelligence Quotient Scores Research Articles

The cognitive and socio-emotional development of 5-year-old children born after PGD.

Does PGD increase the risk on adverse cognitive and socio-emotional development? The cognitive and socio-emotional development in children born after PGD seems to be normal when compared to control groups. A limited number of studies with small sample sizes indicate that the cognitive and socio-emotional development of (pre)school-aged children born after either PGD or PGS seem to be comparable to those of children born after IVF/ICSI and to naturally conceived (NC) children from the general population. For this study we invited 72 5-year-old PGD children, 128 5-year-old IVF/ICSI children and 108 5-year-old NC children from families with a genetic disorder. All children were invited between January 2014 and July 2016. In total, 51 PGD children, 52 IVF/ICSI children and 35 NC children underwent neuropsychological testing (WPPSI-III-NL and AWMA). The children's parent(s) and teachers filled in questionnaires evaluating children's executive functioning (Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functions; BRIEF) and socio-emotional development (Child Behaviour Checklist; CBCL and Caregiver-Teacher Report Form; C-TRF). The mean full-scale intelligence quotient scores (P = 0.426) and performance on the AWMA Listening Span task (P = 0.873) and Spatial Span task (P = 0.458) were comparable between the three groups. Regarding socio-emotional development, the teachers' scores revealed more externalizing (P = 0.011) and total problem (P = 0.019) behaviour in PGD children than for IVF/ICSI children; both groups did not differ significantly from the NC children (P = 0.11). More children (13%) with an affected first-degree family member (mostly parent) were included in the PGD group than in the NC group. Scores in all groups fell within the normal population range and should be considered normal. The number of NC children from families with a genetic disorder was relatively small. Furthermore, the fathers' CBCL results were based on small samples. PGD children show levels of cognitive and socio-emotional development at 5 years that are within the normal range, despite the biopsy involved in PGD and the potential extra psychological burden associated with the presence of a genetic disorder in the family. This study was funded by ZonMw (70-71300-98-106). None of the authors have any competing interests to declare. NCT02149485.

Impact of HIV Severity on Cognitive and Adaptive Functioning During Childhood and Adolescence

The influence of disease severity on cognitive and adaptive functioning in perinatally HIV-infected youth with (PHIV+/C) and without (PHIV+/NoC) a previous AIDS-defining illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Class C event), compared with perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected youth (PHEU) is not well understood. This was a cross-sectional analysis of cognitive and adaptive functioning in PHIV+/C (n = 88), PHIV+/NoC (n = 270) and PHEU (n = 200) youth aged 7-16 years, from a multisite prospective cohort study. Youth and caregivers completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition, respectively. We compared means and rates of impairment between groups, and examined associations with other psychosocial factors. Overall mean scores on measures of cognitive and adaptive functioning were in the low average range for all 3 groups. After adjustment for covariates, mean full-scale intelligence quotient scores were significantly lower for the PHIV+/C group than the PHIV+/NoC and PHEU groups (mean = 77.8 versus 83.4 and 83.3, respectively), whereas no significant differences were observed between the PHEU and PHIV+/NoC groups in any domain. Lower cognitive performance for the PHIV+/C group was primarily attributable to a prior diagnosis of encephalopathy. No significant differences between groups were observed in adaptive functioning. For long-term survivors, youth with HIV infection and a prior Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Class C event have higher risk for cognitive but not adaptive impairment regardless of current health status; this finding appears attributable to a previous diagnosis of encephalopathy. Early preventive therapy may be critical in reducing risk of later neurodevelopmental impairments.

Intellectual Functioning of Individuals with Mental Disorders on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale –Revised (WAIS –R)

The purpose of present research was to evaluate the intellectual functioning of individuals suffering from Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive disorder and Schizophrenia. After detailed literature review it was hypothesized that the mean full scale IQ score of adults with Obsessive Compulsive disorder will be higher than the mean full-scale IQ score of adults with (i) Schizophrenia and (ii) Depression. Since the previous century research work has been started on intelligence investigating how it is related to psychiatric disorders e.g Goodman and Graham, (1996) found psychiatric problems as the strongest consistent predictor of intelligence quotient (IQ). Further several other researchers found the effects of psychological disorders on intellectual functions (Tallis et al. 1999; Savage et al. 2000; Zitterl et al, 2001; Tuna et al. 2005). Through purposive sampling technique; considering the independent group design, a sample of 90 (30 in each group) was selected from different psychiatric clinics and hospitals of Karachi- Pakistan. The age range was from 16 to 50 years (mean age=31.5 years).Their education level was Intermediate to Masters. After taking the consent from the authorities their diagnoses were taken from the concerned files. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R, Wechsler, 1981) was administered to assess the intellectual functioning of the patients, followed by Intake card and Case History Sheet of Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi. In order to interpret the results in statistical terminology t-test and ANOVA were computed. It was indicated that there is a significant difference between mean Full scale IQ scores of adults with Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. However an insignificant difference was found between mean full scale IQ scores of adults with Major Depressive disorder and Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).Implication of the findings have also discussed.