Mean Fat Content Research Articles

Preliminary study of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess bone marrow adiposity in the third metacarpus or metatarsus in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to investigate metabolic changes within human bone. It may be possible to use MRS to investigate bone metabolism and fracture risk in the distal third metacarpal/tarsal bone (MC/MTIII) in racehorses. To determine the feasibility of using MRS as a quantitative imaging technique in equine bone by using the 1H spectra for the MC/MTIII to calculate fat content (FC). Observational cross-sectional study. Limbs from Thoroughbred racehorses were collected from horses that died or were subjected to euthanasia on racecourses. Each limb underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 T followed by single-voxel MRS at three regions of interest (ROI) within MC/MTIII (lateral condyle, medial condyle, proximal bone marrow [PBM]). Percentage FC was calculated at each ROI. Each limb underwent computed tomography (CT) and bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated for the same ROIs. All MR and CT images were graded for sclerosis. Histology slides were graded for sclerosis and proximal marrow space was calculated. Pearson or Spearman correlations were used to assess the relationship between BMD, FC and marrow space. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to check for differences between sclerosis groups for BMD or FC. Eighteen limbs from 10 horses were included. A negative correlation was identified for mean BMD and FC for the lateral condyle (correlation coefficient = -0.60, p = 0.01) and PBM (correlation coefficient = -0.5, p = 0.04). There was a significant difference between median BMD for different sclerosis grades in the condyles on both MRI and CT. A significant difference in FC was identified between sclerosis groups in the lateral condyle on MRI and CT. Small sample size. 1H Proton MRS is feasible in the equine MC/MTIII. Further work is required to evaluate the use of this technique to predict fracture risk in racehorses.

In Vitro Characterization of Fat Grafts Processed Using the REVOLVE ENVI System versus Decantation

Background: This preclinical study evaluated benchtop/in vitro properties and fat viability and activity of grafts processed using the REVOLVE ENVI 600 system compared with decantation and evaluated properties of REVOLVE ENVI waste. Methods: Lipoaspirate from six donors was processed using REVOLVE ENVI or decantation. The composition of each graft, hematocrit/red blood cell content, fat particle size/macrostructure, viable adipocyte count, and adipocyte activity were analyzed. Stromal vascular fraction was analyzed for viable progenitor cell count and colony-forming units. Results: REVOLVE ENVI grafts had a higher mean (±SD) fat content at 85.6% ± 6.1% than decanted grafts at 72.1% ± 4.0% (P < 0.001), with negligible free oil (0.4% ± 1.1%) and cellular debris (<0.1%), whereas REVOLVE ENVI waste contained primarily aqueous fluid (91.0% ± 2.2%) with negligible viable fat. REVOLVE ENVI grafts had significantly lower hematocrit levels (P < 0.001) and contained significantly more large fat globules (P < 0.001) than decanted grafts or REVOLVE ENVI waste. The percentage of tissue particles of more than 1000 µm was highest for REVOLVE ENVI grafts at 61.6% ± 9.2% (decantation: 52.5% ± 13.4%; REVOLVE ENVI waste: 0.49% ± 1.50%), and the percentage of particles less than 200 µm was lowest for REVOLVE ENVI grafts at 15.7% ± 2.6% (decantation: 32.2% ± 8.9%; REVOLVE ENVI waste: 97.9% ± 4.5%). REVOLVE ENVI grafts contained 145.2% ± 36.0% more viable adipocytes, 145.7% ± 46.2% greater activity, 195.5% ± 104.2% more progenitors in SVF, and 363.5% ± 161.2% more SVF colony-forming units than decanted grafts. Conclusion: Fat grafts processed using REVOLVE ENVI demonstrated greater viability and activity than decanted grafts in vitro.

Comparação entre métodos oficiais e espectroscopia por ultrassom na determinação das características físico-químicas do leite cru

The aim of the current study is to compare official methodologies (OM) and ultrasound spectroscopy (US) used to determine the physicochemical features of raw milk. Twenty-five (25) milk samples deriving from a rural property in Bacabeira County, Maranhão State, were assessed. Fat and protein contents, density at 15°C, cryoscopic index, total dry extract (TDE) and defatted dry extract (DDE) were determined based on official analytical techniques and ultrasound spectroscopy, in laboratory environment. Mean protein densities and contents determined through US and OM did not differ from each other (P > 0.05). Mean fat contents and mean values recorded for cryoscopic index, TDE and DDE - determined through US and OM - differed from each other (P = 0.026, P = 0.040, P < 0.001 and P = 0.014, respectively); positive correlations were observed in the analysis of these parameters (R = 0.470, R = 0.118, R = 0.087 and R = 0.315, respectively); methods’ accuracy reached 0.180, 0.058, 0.155 and 0.075, respectively. Ultrasound spectroscopy is a fast technique whose results correlate to those of official analyses. However, it is necessary adopting a specific profile by calibrating the equipment based on information deriving from official analyses. Results in the present study have suggested the need of conducting more comprehensive studies to validate its conclusions.

Quality Characteristics of Twelve Advanced Lines of Avena magna ssp. domestica Grown in Three Contrasting Locations in Morocco.

The popularity of oats (Avena sativa) continues to increase in the cereal market due to their health benefits. The recent domestication of Avena magna, a Moroccan oat, presents an opportunity to enhance these benefits due to their higher nutritional composition. As the impact of microclimates on A. magna grain composition has not been explored, this study evaluates twelve A. magna ssp. domestica lines across three Moroccan locations, providing new data into microclimate effects on key grain characteristics. Significant variability is observed among lines and sites for nutrients, with mean protein, fat, and dietary fiber contents at 23.1%, 8.38%, and 7.23%, respectively. High protein levels, reaching 27.1% in Alnif and 26.5% in El Kbab, surpass the 'Avery' control (21.7% and 24.2%) in these environments. Groats from Bouchane exhibited elevated fat and fiber contents (10.2% and 9.94%) compared to the control (8.83% and 7.36%). While β-glucan levels remain consistent at 2.53%, a negative correlation between protein content, fat, and starch was observed. A. magna lines exhibited higher levels of iron (7.50 × 10-3 g/100 g DM) and zinc (3.40 × 10-3 g/100 g DM) compared to other cereals. Environmental conditions significantly influence grain quality, with El Kbab yielding higher protein and ash contents, as well as Bouchane having increased fat, fiber, and starch. Stability analysis indicates that fat content was more influenced by the environment, while 25% of protein variability is influenced by genetics. Lines AT3, AT5, AT6, AT13, and AT15 consistently exceeds both the mean for protein and fiber across all sites, emphasizing their potential nutritional value. This study highlights the potential of A. magna ssp. domestica to address nutritional insecurity, particularly for protein, iron, and zinc in domestic settings.

Assessment of vitamin A levels in breast milk and serum of lactating mothers in Southeast Nigeria

Background: Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient critical to human health, infants rely on their mother’s breast milk for sufficient supply. This makes the maternal diet a crucial source of VA for infant growth and development. Aims: This study aimed to assess maternal VA status by assessing serum and breast milk retinol concentrations as well as dietary intake in nursing mothers. Subjects and Methods: A clinic-based cross-sectional study, conducted in Awka, south-east Nigeria, was used to assess 127 lactating women at one to 24 months post-partum. Blood and breast milk samples were obtained from each participant in a fasted state while dietary intake was assessed via an interviewer-administered semi-structured food frequency questionnaire. Retinol concentration was analyzed by spectrophotometry. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data while Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine associations between breast milk and serum retinol concentrations and study variables. Results: The mean retinol concentration in the serum of the women was a borderline value of 0.75 ± 0.64 µmol/L while the mean retinol concentration in breast milk was 0.99 ± 0.71 µmol/L. Further, the mean milk fat content was 56.18 ± 32.32 g/L while the mean milk retinol to fat ratio was 0.027 ± 0.044 µmol/g. Maternal diet consisted of a preference for provitamin A foods with low bioavailability. The mean retinol concentration in breast milk increased with time post-partum. There was no statistically significant relationship found between the frequency of consumption of most foods and the concentration of retinol in breast milk. Conclusion: The evidence of VA deficiency highlights the need for screening and nutrition education of breastfeeding mothers during ante- and post-natal visits. Keywords: Human milk, serum, vitamin A, maternal diet.

Macronutrient content of pasteurised donor human milk: Variability between batches from single-donor pools at an Australian milk bank.

This study aimed to characterise the between-batch variability of pasteurised donor human milk (PDHM) produced from single-donor pools at Australian Red Cross Lifeblood's milk bank and identify key donor characteristics that predict macronutrient content. Macronutrient content from 200 batches of PDHM was measured using a mid-infrared human milk analyser (Miris, Uppsala, Sweden). Linear mixed models were used to study the impact of stage of lactation and gestational age on macronutrient content. Coefficients of determination (R2 ) were calculated to estimate the impact of the individual donor on overall variability. Macronutrient content of PDHM varied considerably, with between-batch variations of 2.8 and 6.4-fold for protein and fat content, respectively. Mean crude protein content was 1.16 g/100 mL, ranging from 0.7 to 1.96 g/100 mL. Mean fat content was 3.85 g/100 mL, ranging from 1.46 to 9.39 g/100 mL. Stage of lactation was identified as a predictor for protein content and gestational age at birth for fat content. Individual donor effect explained 55 and 35% of the variance for fat and protein content, respectively. This study highlights the variation in macronutrient content in PDHM at an Australian milk bank. Variability could be reduced through the implementation of targeted multiple-donor pooling using the key donor characteristics identified in this study along with the measurement of macronutrient content of individual donors at the time of first donation. However, the clinical benefit of a reduction in between-batch variation, achieved through multiple-donor pooling, would need to be assessed to justify additional efforts associated with PDHM processing changes.

Impact of a feed additive (acidifier and toxin-binder) in milk production in dairy cattle

Dairy cow feeding plays an important role in milk production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a feed additive (association of acidifier and mycotoxin binder) on milk production in dairy cattle. For this purpose, 22 cows belonging to three breeds (Montbeliard, Holstein, and Flekveih) were used. The cows were divided into two groups; a control group with seven cows and an experimental group with 15 animals. The results showed that the additive had a positive effect on milk production (23.14±5.87 litres for the experimental group vs 18.00±6.90 litres for the control). The additive also had a good effect on the percentage of sub-clinical mastitis: the Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) carried out at monthly intervals showed a clear improvement in the udder health of females in the experiment with 13 positive samples in the first test for nine cows (with four affected teats) and 10 positive samples for the second test in three cows (with three affected teats). Moreover, statistical tests revealed a significant difference in the mean fat content (35 g/L vs 23.86 g/L, respectively) while the average Faeces Consistency Score and Dornic acidity was lower in the experimental group compared to the control (2.23 vs 3.21 and 13.83 vs 16.14, respectively). These results show the importance of incorporating the feed additive into the diet of dairy cows and the need to implement an extension programme and zootechnical supervision of all actors in the sector to ensure the quality of milk production and the performance of dairy cows.

Authentication of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and total energy in commercialized high protein sports foods with their labeling data

The popularity of high-protein sports food items among athletes and the bodybuilding community has risen dramatically. This study aimed to authenticate the reported per serving food label content of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and total energy in commercially available high-protein sports foods available in Egyptian markets. A cross-sectional study was performed on a total of forty-five samples of nine products that included protein bars, cookies, vegan bars, puffs, whey protein, protein drinks, peanut butter, pancake mix, and Greek yogurt. Protein and fat analysis were done according to Kheldahl and Folich methods, respectively, while carbohydrate was calculated by difference. Total energy was calculated according to their content. A significant (p < 0.001) difference was found between the laboratory-assessed content and the reported food label values in protein, carbohydrate, and energy. Protein sport food products had significantly lower protein content (11.6 ± 4.67) obtained from laboratory measurement than the label reported value (17.17 ± 7.22). The fat content in vegan protein was 149.3% higher than the label values (1.67 vs. 0.67 g/serving). The mean fat content per serving of 30 out of 45 samples was significantly higher than the food label values in the bar (37.8%), puffs (32.7%), vegan protein (149.3%), and protein drinks (28.6%). These differences may result in compromised performance and undesired fat gain, as opposed to a desired increase in muscle mass, which could compromise the desired impact of the consumed sports foods.

Nutritional and sensory attributes of biscuits enriched with buckwheat

Buckwheat is a promising food ingredient for the manufacture of different bakery foods because of its abundance of nutrients with health advantages, its gluten-free nature, and different polyphenol ingredients. In this study, buckwheat enriched biscuits (BEB) were formulated by blending wheat flour with buckwheat flour (BF) at the ratios of 100:0 (Control Biscuit), 90:10 (BEB-10), 80:20 (BEB-20), 70:30 (BEB-30), and 60:40 (BEB-40), and their nutrient, sensory, and microbiological analyses were investigated. The increment of buckwheat flour in formulated biscuits led to an increase in the mean protein, fat, fiber, and ash content, except carbohydrate. The iron, potassium, and zinc contents of the biscuits were also increased with the addition of buckwheat flour (BF). In terms of sensory evaluation, the overall acceptable scores for control biscuit (CB) and BEB-10, BEB-20, BEB-30, and BEB-40 were 7.56, 7.02, 6.98, 6.86, and 5.94, respectively. Therefore, BEB developed with up to 30% BF showed improved nutritional quality with acceptable sensory attributes. This study also concluded that BEB is microbiologically acceptable for up to six months. • Enrichment of wheat flour biscuits with buckwheat flour. • Various quantities of buckwheat flour were experimented with. • Determined the nutritional, sensory evaluation, and microbiological properties of biscuits. • Biscuits produced from the blends were generally accepted.

The Formulation and Evaluation of High-Fat Pellet on Lipid Profiles and Body Mass Index of Male Wistar Rats

This study aimed to explore the manufacture of high-fat pellets for obesity induction diets in male Wistar rats and determined its effect on lipid profiles and body mass index. It was an experimental laboratory method with a post-test randomized control group. Formulation of high-fat pellets (HFD) and physico-chemical characteristics of pellets were conducted in September 2019. This study used about 28 male Wistar white rats, two months old, and 150-200 g body weight. Rats were acclimatized for seven days, then divided into four groups: 7 rats were given a standard feed of Confeed PARS CP594 (P0), and three groups (P1, P2, P3) were given high-fat feed (HFD FII) 30 g/head/day. The result showed that the mean fat content of Formula II pellets (HFD FII) was higher (25.44% ± 0.16) than Formula I pellet (HFD FI) (22.55% ± 0.16) and standard feed (3%). The mean of body weight and BMI of obesity induction rat groups (P1, P2, P3) were significantly higher than the standard rat group (P0) (p &lt;0.05). The results of the post-hoc LSD test between groups P1, P2, and P3 showed no difference in mean body weight and BMI (p&gt; 0.05). Feed consumption in the rat fed with HFD FII pellets was higher than the standard group (P0). It means that rats preferred the HFD FII pellets. The lipid profile of the obesity induction group showed higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, while the HDL levels were significantly lower than the standard feed group (P0). LSD post-hoc test results between P1, P2, and P3 showed no difference in the mean lipid profile (p&gt; 0.05). Giving HFD FII pellets, a source of fat from butter, full cream milk powder, and eggs of purebred chickens for eight weeks could make male Wistar rats obese and dyslipidemia

Milk composition, traditional processing, marketing, and consumption among smallholder dairy farmers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, dairy products remain the most important animal source of foods including in the current study area. However, poor milk quality is frequently told constraint, and this affects smallholder dairy development. This study aimed to assess raw cow milk composition, processing, consumption, and marketing among smallholder dairy producers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Primary data were collected by surveying 52 randomly selected dairy cattle keeping households using a structured questionnaire and analysis of raw milk chemical composition. The results revealed that the average milk production was 5.98 ± 1.01 liters/household/day, of which the majority (62.9%) was marketed. About 22.7% of households reported processing milk into butter, cottage cheese, ghee, and fermented milk at household level mainly for domestic use. A combination of fresh whole milk, fermented milk, butter, cottage cheese, and ghee (51.7%) were the main dairy products consumed by respondents. About 72.2% and 6.1% of households consumed boiled and raw milk, respectively, while 100% respondents reported consuming raw fermented whole milk. Milk was channeled to consumers and retailers through informal marketing system (100%). The awareness of respondents about zoonotic diseases was found to be very low. The mean fat, lactose, and protein content of raw cow milk were significantly (p < .05) affected by breed. It is recommended that consumption of raw milk and fermented milk could pose a public health risk to consumers, implying the need for urgent farmers’ awareness creation to boil milk before consumption for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.

P88. FAT GRAFT PROCESSING USING THEREVOLVE ENVI™ SYSTEM VERSUS DECANTATION: IN VITRO PROPERTIES AND TISSUE QUALITY

PURPOSE: Evaluate the in vitro properties and tissue quality of fat grafts using the REVOLVE ENVI™ 600 system (Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company) compared with decantation and evaluate the properties of ENVI waste. METHODS: Lipoaspirate (N=6 patients) was aliquoted and processed using ENVI or decantation. The volume composition of each layer (fat content, free oil, aqueous, cellular debris), hematocrit content, particle size, fat cell viability (calcein AM assay), and activity (lipolysis assay) were analyzed. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) was analyzed for CD45−/CD31−/CD34+ cells and colony-forming units (CFU). RESULTS: ENVI grafts had a higher mean (±SD) fat content than decanted grafts (85.6%±6.1% vs 72.1%±4.0%, respectively; p<0.001); ENVI waste contained primarily aqueous fluid with negligible viable fat. ENVI grafts had significantly lower contaminants (free oil and cellular debris; p<0.001), as well as lower hematocrit content than decanted grafts (0.22±0.41 vs 5.18±6.88 optical density [OD]) or ENVI waste (2.81±2.74 OD). ENVI grafts contained a significantly greater population of large-particle fat globules than decanted grafts or ENVI waste (p<0.001), with the percentage of tissue particles >1000 µm being highest for ENVI (ENVI: 61.6%±9.2%; decantation: 52.5%±13.4%; ENVI waste: 0.49%±1.50%), and the percentage of particles <200 µm being lowest for ENVI (ENVI: 15.7%±2.6%; decantation: 32.2%±8.9%; ENVI waste: 97.9%±4.5%). Relative to decantation, ENVI produced 145.2%±36.0% (p=0.01) more viable adipocytes with 145.7%±46.2% (p=0.04) greater activity, 195.5%±104.2% (p=0.24) more CD45−/CD31−/CD34+ cells, and 363.5%±161.2% (p=0.04) more SVF CFU/cc of graft. CONCLUSION: Fat grafts processed using the ENVI system demonstrated greater viability and better fat quality than those processed by decantation.

Small pelagic fish fitness relates to local environmental conditions and trophic variables

Small pelagic fish (SPF) are key organisms for the functioning of pelagic marine ecosystems. In recent decades, these species have undergone significant changes in biomass, growth and body condition in the Mediterranean Sea. Seasonal and spatial information about changes in biological and ecological traits of SPF and their relationship with environmental variables is still missing. Here, we have investigated along a latitudinal gradient in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea the seasonal patterns of fish fitness (in terms of body condition, fat content and reproduction activity) of two important Mediterranean SPF, European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and European sardine (Sardina pilchardus). We used non-parametric multivariate analyses and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to investigate which environmental and trophic variables could explain observed variations during 2018–2019. Mean fat content values, relative condition index (Kn) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were calculated monthly. We also measured individual’s stable isotope composition in muscle. Chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature and salinity were used as environmental descriptors. The results revealed spatial and temporal variations for both species in terms of body condition, fat content and reproduction indices, as well as of stable isotopic values. GAMs showed that the variability in fitness for both species was mostly explained by environmental variables, in addition to the spatial and seasonal factors. Trophic variables contributed to explain the variability of the indices, mostly in the case of anchovy. This study provides insights into the spatial and seasonal interplay of the fitness of two important commercial species along a latitudinal gradient, and contributes to understand the fluctuations of SPF population and recent declining trends to inform proactive fisheries management at local and regional scale.

Larger Volume and Higher Fat Content of the Pancreatic Head Are Predictive Factors for Postendoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis is the most critical complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In this study, we investigated the association between the volume/fat content of the pancreatic head and the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). We retrospectively enrolled 157 patients who underwent ERCP. The volume and fat content of the pancreas were calculated by multislice computed tomographic imaging by using a volume analyzer. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for PEP. The mean volumes of the whole pancreas and pancreatic head were significantly larger, and the fat content of the pancreatic head was significantly higher in the PEP group (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the mean volume and fat content of the pancreatic body and tail in the PEP group. Multivariate analysis revealed that the pancreatic guidewire placement (odds ratio [OR], 12.4; P < 0.01), pancreatic head volume (OR, 5.3; P < 0.01), and the pancreatic head fat content (OR, 4.8; P < 0.01) were independent risk factors for PEP. The pancreatic head volume and fat content were independent predicting factors of PEP. Quantitative assessment of the pancreas may contribute to the prediction of PEP onset.

Phenotypic characterisation of Alambadi cattle—An unexplored indigenous population of south India

Alambadi is one of the draught cattle of south India, distributed unevenly in the hilly tracts of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu and bordering Karnataka, with varying densities. It is a medium-sized animal, with the typical coat colour of iron-grey and distribution of white patches around eyes, above muzzle. The horns were cylindrical, slate-coloured, sloping backwards, spreading sideways and upwards, with a slightly forward slope at the upper half of the horns and ending with a pointed tip. The overall means for body length, chest girth and height at withers of adult bulls, bullocks and cows were 122.96±2.37, 145.50±2.97 and 120.63±1.35; 133.96±2.18,168.15±2.20 and 134.41±2.30; and 127.52±0.47, 152.08±0.48 and 121.39±0.30 cm respectively. The average body weight of adult bulls, bullocks and cows were estimated as 293.96, 376.73 and 312.09 kg respectively. The means for daily partial milk yield, lactation length and estimated lactation milk yield were 2.60±0.01 kg, 171.16 days and 432.30 kg respectively. The overall mean fat, SNF, protein and total solids contents in raw milk were 3.58±0.13, 8.46±0.60, 3.22±0.05 and 12.01±0.13% respectively. The average age at first oestrus, age at first calving and calving interval of Alambadi cows were 3.33±0.07, 4.46±0.08 and 1.47±0.06 years, respectively. The population of Alambadi cattle (5,273) is categorized as ‘not at risk’.

↵​​Effect of Hermetic Storage on Seed Quality Maintenance of Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) var Typicus Prain

Background: Dolichos bean is one of the important vegetable legume crops. During storage, protection of seed from bruchid attack is a major problem worldwide. Once the bruchid attacks, the extent of damage could be up to 100%, leading to both quantitative and qualitative loss by making it unfit for consumption. Existing traditional methods are less effective or impractical and the use of chemical methods can be harmful to the farmers and consumers. So, there is urgent need of hermetic storage method for seed quality maintenance. Keeping in view, the present study was carried out to investigate on hermetic storage practices for seed quality maintenance. Methods: Triple-layer PICS technology, a chemical-free hermetic storage was evaluated for storage of dolichos bean to moisture content, germination and quality. Four different types of storage bags viz., jute bags, polythene bags, triple layer PICS bags and jute bags treated with chlorpyrifos were used for evaluating their efficacy in managing dolichos bean seed attributes. The data on various parameters pertaining to seed characteristics and changes in biochemical composition of dolichos bean seeds stored in different bags was recorded at every two month intervals for 3 times (2,4, and 6 months) by using standard protocols. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967) was used for the data analysis. The data was subjected to statistical analysis as per the methods suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). Result: Results on moisture content showed that, in case of storage in PICS bags, there was no decrease in seed moisture content at 2, 4 and 6 months respectively and germination percent in triple-layer PICS bag at 2, 4 and 6 months storage was highest among all bag types. Test weight (g), protein content (%) and carbohydrate content (%) at 2, 4 and 6 months storage respectively were higher in triple layer PICS bag. The mean fat content recorded was highest in jute bag (1.25%) and lowest in triple layer PICS bag (0.63%). Our study concludes that the triple layer PICS bags hermetic technology is efficient in managing maintaining same level of moisture content percent, germination percent and test weight compared to other bags over 3 different periods of storage. The triple layer PICS bags are also highly useful for retaining carbohydrate percent and protein percent at almost the same levels compared to initial values.

Macronutrient analysis of human milk and factors associated with its composition in mothers of preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks.

We conducted an exploratory longitudinal study to evaluate the macronutrient composition of human milk in mothers delivering very preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks over the first 4 weeks of lactation and the association of human milk composition with maternal and neonatal factors A total of 213 human milk samples collected in the morning between 8 am and 12 pm from 60 eligible mothers were analyzed on 7 (n = 60), 14 (n = 60), 21 (n = 52), and 28 (n = 41) days of lactation by infrared transmission spectroscopy. The true protein content decreased significantly over 4 weeks (mean difference (95% confidence interval)) (MD (95% CI)) week 1 and week 4 = 0.2 g (0.037 to 0.363, P = 0.009)). On the contrary, the mean fat and calorie content showed significant increase over time (MD (95% CI)) = - 1.03 g (- 1.719 to - 0.343, P = 0.001) and - 9.0 kcal/dl (- 15.170 to - 2.830, P = 0.001), respectively). There was no difference in the carbohydrate content of human milk over 4 weeks. Macronutrient composition was independent of maternal parity, mode of delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, umbilical artery Doppler flows, previous breast feeding experience, neonatal centile status, gestation, and infant's weight at birth. Multiple regression analysis of human milk composition with mother's dietary components showed no significant association. CONCLUSION : We conclude that in mothers who deliver very preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks, true protein content decreased, fat and calorie content increased, and carbohydrate content remained stable in human milk during first 4 weeks of lactation. Human milk macronutrient composition was independent of various maternal and neonatal factors including maternal body mass index and dietary intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION : CTRI/2017/02/007895 What is Known: • Preterm human milk has high temporal and inter-individual variation in the macronutrient composition. What is New: • In mothers who deliver very preterm infants < 32 weeks, true protein content decreases, fat and calorie content increases, and carbohydrate content remains stable in human milk during first 4 weeks of lactation. • Human milk macronutrient composition is independent of various maternal and neonatal factors including maternal body mass index and dietary intake.

Yield And Composition Of Milk And Their Relationship With Preweaning Lamb Growth In The Yankasa Ewes And Their Crosses With The Sires Of Suffolk X Wenselydale Breed

Milk production in Yankasa ewes and their crosses with the sires of Suffolk/Wenselydale breed was measured at weekly intervals following oxytocin administration. The influence of age and breed of dam on yield and composition were investigated and the relationships between milk yield, milk composition and lamb weight gain were determined. Daily milk intake production in Yankasa and crossbred ewes averaged 348.1 and 505.7g respectively. The mean fat and protein content over the entire lactation were 5.86 and 5.07% for Yankasa and 6.19 and 4.96% for crossbreds, respectively. Crossbred ewes produced significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) milk than Yankasa at all stages of lactation. Age of the ewe had significant effect (P&lt;.05) on total milk yield but not on fat or protein content. The correlations between lamb weight and milk yield at various stages of lactation ranged from 0.51 to 0.66 and 0.62 to 0.71, respectively, for Yankasa and crossbred lambs. Sheep milking can make a significant contribution to rural daily production in Nigeria.

Application of non-target analysis to study the thermal transformation of malachite and leucomalachite green in brook trout and shrimp

The fate of malachite green and its main metabolite leucomalachite green during thermal treatment was examined in seafood (brook trout and white shrimp) using non-target analysis. Samples were extracted using QuEChERS and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry. Malachite green levels were reduced in meat during boiling (∼40%), microwaving (64%), and canning (96%). Only microwaving was successful in significantly decreasing leucomalachite green levels in brook trout. The reduction percentages of the two target analytes were not significantly different in shrimp (mean fat content = 0.8 ± 0.3%) and in brook trout (mean fat content = 3.5 ± 1.7%), suggesting that a higher fat content may not affect the reduction of the more lipophilic leucomalachite green in these two matrices. Three transformation products were tentatively identified in the cooked tissues, resulting from the cleavage of the conjugated structure or through demethylation. Further research is needed to determine possible adverse health effects. The findings of this study show how non-target analysis can complement targeted methodologies in identifying and evaluating risks to human health.

Estimation of Fat Content in Fermented Sausages by Means of Computer Vision System (CVS)

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of computer vision system (CVS) application in fat content&nbsp;estimation for different types of fermented sausages. Four different types of local fermented sausages with different fat contents were&nbsp;studied: Njeguška, Kulen, Pirotska and tea sausage. Results obtained for CVS-estimated fat content were compared to the results of traditional&nbsp;chemical analysis. Relative errors&nbsp;of fat content estimation in Njeguška, Kulen, Pirotska&nbsp;and tea sausage were&nbsp;1.47%, 0.46%,&nbsp;20.84%&nbsp;and 11.19%,&nbsp;respectively.&nbsp;Results of t-test showed a significant (p&lt;0.01) differencebetween mean fat contents obtained by&nbsp;CVS&nbsp;and&nbsp;chemical analysis in the case of Pirotska&nbsp;sausage. On the other hand, there&nbsp;was no significant (p&lt;0.01) difference&nbsp;between mean&nbsp;fat&nbsp;contents obtained by the two methods for the rest&nbsp;of the analysed sausages. The results&nbsp;indicate CVS has potential for application&nbsp;in the analysis of fat content of fermented sausages.Keywords: computer vision, fat content, fat estimation, fermented sausages, dry sausages.