Meal Replacement Beverages Research Articles

Aerobic exercise elevates perceived appetite but does not modify energy intake over a 3-day postexercise period: A pilot study.

While a low degree of energy compensation is typically reported over the 24 h following a session of exercise, the prolonged impact of a bout of exercise on energy intake remains unclear. To overcome the challenge associated with accurately measuring energy intake in a free-living environment, this study employed the use of a meal replacement beverage to assess the 3 day impact of an exercise session on energy intake. In a randomized, crossover study, 14 participants (8 male, 6 female) completed two trials: (1) EX: 75 min exercise on a motorized treadmill (75% VO2peak); and (2) SED: 75 min sedentary control session. Each condition was followed by 3 days of exclusive adlibitum consumption of a meal replacement beverage. Appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. Exercise transiently suppressed the orexigenic hormone acyl-ghrelin (p < 0.05) and elevated the appetite-supressing hepatokine GDF-15 (p < 0.05). Despite these acute changes, overall perceived appetite was elevated over the 3 day assessment period with exercise (p < 0.05). No increase in energy intake or change in postexercise physical activity patterns were observed. One acute session of moderate to vigorous exercise is unlikely to affect short-term, three-day energy balance in healthy individuals.

Process optimization for the development of traditionally roasted chickpea flour for meal replacement beverages

Chickpeas are gaining importance as a sustainable, plant-based protein source. The present study was conducted to optimize the conditions for roasting chickpea seeds that can be used in the development of products having characteristics similar to those made by the traditional approach. The temperature range was selected as 140–220 °C and the time was 1–5 min. The effect of roasting parameters on puffing index, bulk density, water absorption capacity, browning index, color difference, TPC, antioxidant activity, and overall acceptability was analyzed. Based on the criteria set, optimum roasting conditions were selected using numerical optimization. The optimum solution was found at 181.64 °C and a time of 3.17 min, with a desirability of 0.871. Roasting significantly affected chickpea flour's physical, proximate, functional, microstructural, thermal, and pasting properties. TPC and antioxidant activity increased, whereas TFC decreased after roasting. The morphology of starch granules was highly modified, and their thermal properties also varied considerably.

Elucidation of chickpea hydration, effect of soaking temperature, and extent of germination on characteristics of malted flour.

Germination is a biochemical process that has been widely used to improve the nutritional quality, functional properties, and bioavailability of the protein. Soaking is the preliminary step for germination. Effect of soaking temperature on germination parameters was studied to select the suitable soaking temperature for germination. The effect of germination time on nutritional, functional, and microstructural properties of chickpea flour was evaluated. The soaking temperature was selected as 30°C depending on the germination percentage, vigor value, and mean germination time. Physico-chemical composition, antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and total flavonoid were investigated over 4 days of germination. It was found that protein content increased on dry matter basis, whereas carbohydrate and fat content decreased during germination. Ascorbic acid content was found to increase to about 3.52 times. Antioxidant activity increased from 24.14% to 58.50% after 4 days of germination. Water absorption capacity was found to decrease, whereas oil absorption capacity increased. XRD pattern depicted a decrease in crystallinity due to the degradation of amylopectin and increased amylose content. SEM was used to study the microstructural changes with increase in germination time. DSC studies were also carried out to study the effect of germination on thermal properties of chickpea flour. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research work gives an outline of the available literature on the mechanism of hydration and germination process with the associated chemical and biochemical changes in the bioactive components along with the special emphasis on the health benefits. The present work is an effort toward the development of chickpea-based meal-replacement beverages.

Consumption of a Specially-Formulated Mixture of Essential Amino Acids Promotes Gain in Whole-Body Protein to a Greater Extent than a Complete Meal Replacement in Older Women with Heart Failure.

Heart failure in older individuals is normally associated with a high body mass index and relatively low lean body mass due to, in part, a resistance to the normal anabolic effect of dietary protein. In this study we have investigated the hypothesis that consumption of a specially-formulated composition of essential amino acids (HiEAAs) can overcome anabolic resistance in individuals with heart failure and stimulate the net gain of body protein to a greater extent than a commercially popular protein-based meal replacement beverage with greater caloric but lower essential amino acid (EAA) content (LoEAA). A randomized cross-over design was used. Protein kinetics were determined using primed continuous infusions of L-(2H5)phenylalanine and L-(2H2)tyrosine in the basal state and for four hours following consumption of either beverage. Both beverages induced positive net protein balance (i.e., anabolic response). However, the anabolic response was more than two times greater with the HiEAA than the LoEAA (p < 0.001), largely through a greater suppression of protein breakdown (p < 0.001). Net protein accretion (g) was also greater in the HiEAA when data were normalized for either amino acid or caloric content (p < 0.001). We conclude that a properly formulated EAA mixture can elicit a greater anabolic response in individuals with heart failure than a protein-based meal replacement. Since heart failure is often associated with obesity, the minimal caloric value of the HiEAA formulation is advantageous.

Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans

Diet is a key determinant of human gut microbiome variation. However, the fine-scale relationships between daily food choices and human gut microbiome composition remain unexplored. Here, we used multivariate methods to integrate 24-h food records and fecal shotgun metagenomes from 34 healthy human subjects collected daily over 17days. Microbiome composition depended on multiple days of dietary history and was more strongly associated with food choices than with conventional nutrient profiles, and daily microbial responses to diet were highly personalized. Data from two subjects consuming only meal replacement beverages suggest that a monotonous diet does not induce microbiome stability in humans, and instead, overall dietary diversity associates with microbiome stability. Our work provides key methodological insights for future diet-microbiome studies and suggests that food-based interventions seeking to modulate the gut microbiota may need tobe tailored to the individual microbiome. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03610477.

Safety of whey basic protein isolate for extended uses in foods for special medical purposes and food supplements for infants pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

In 2018, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) concluded that whey basic protein isolate obtained by ion exchange chromatography from skimmed cow's milk is safe for human consumption under the proposed conditions of use as infant and follow on formula, meal replacement beverages, foods for special medical purposes and food supplements. Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA NDA Panel was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on whey basic protein isolate for extended uses in foods for special medical purposes and food supplements for infants as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The applicant seeks to extend the conditions of use to infant (powder 30 mg/100 g and reconstituted 3.9 mg/100 mL) and follow on formulae (powdered 30 mg/100 g and reconstituted 4.2 mg/100 mL) as foods for special medical purposes as well as in food supplements for infants (25 mg/day). The Panel considers that the proposed extended uses would not increase the potential intake of the NF compared to that assessed in its 2018 opinion. The Panel concludes that whey basic protein isolate is safe at the extended uses and use levels.

Essential amino acid-enriched meal replacement promotes superior net protein balance in older, overweight adults

Older individuals are susceptible to the loss of muscle and accumulation of fat. To address this problem, we have compared protein kinetics following consumption of an essential amino acid (EAA)-enriched meal replacement (EMR) to consumption of a high-protein meal replacement beverage (Bariatric Advantage, BA) using stable isotope methodology. Eight older (67±2), obese (35±2kg/m2) female and male participants completed two studies using a randomized, crossover design in which they ingested each meal replacement. The isotopic tracers L-[2H5]phenylalanine & L-[2H2]tyrosine were delivered via primed, continuous intravenous infusion throughout a basal period and following consumption of EMR or BA. We determined changes in whole body protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown (PB), and net protein balance (NB) from fasted states via analysis of plasma samples by LC-ESI-MS. PS was higher (P=0.03) and PB was less (P=0.005) with EMR in comparison to BA. As a result, NB was much greater (P=0.00003) following the ingestion of EMR as compared to BA. In comparison with BA, which has a higher amount of intact protein that any other meal replacement, EMR promoted a greater increment in NB. These data support the potential efficacy of EMR as a meal replacement for the preservation of lean tissue mass during weight loss in older, overweight individuals.

Safety of Whey basic protein isolates as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on whey basic protein isolate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is obtained by ion exchange chromatography of skimmed cow's milk. The applicant intends to market the NF in infant and follow‐on formulae and meal replacement beverages, dietary foods for special medical purposes and as food supplements. The highest estimated intake of the NF based on the proposed uses and use levels would be 24.8 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day in infants and 27.8 in toddlers. The information provided on composition, specifications, production process and stability of the NF do not raise safety concerns. Taking into account the composition of the NF and the intended use levels, the Panel considers that the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel considers that there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of a subchronic 13‐week rat study was 2000 mg/kg bw per day. Considering the source, the production process and nature of the NF, the Panel considers the margin of exposure (MOE) of 154 to be sufficient for the adult population (on a high‐estimated intake of 13 mg/kg bw). For infants and toddlers, the MOE would be at least 81 and 72, respectively. Taking into account the composition of the NF, its source, the history of consumption of the main components of the NF, the production process and that the NOAEL in a subchronic rat study was the highest dose tested the Panel considers that also the MOE for infants and toddlers are sufficient. The Panel concludes that the novel food ingredient, whey basic protein isolate, is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.

Acute effects of breaking up prolonged sitting on fatigue and cognition: a pilot study

ObjectivesTo compare the acute effects of uninterrupted sitting with sitting interrupted by brief bouts of light-intensity walking on self-reported fatigue, cognition, neuroendocrine biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk markers in overweight/obese adults.DesignRandomised...

Comparison Of Dietary Energy Density Between Active Women With And Without Exercise-Associated Menstrual Dysfunction (ExMD)

A primary contributor to ExMD in active women is low energy availability, due to insufficient energy intake to match exercise energy expenditure. Many active women are also health conscious; thus, they may self-select foods lower in energy density (ED) and inadvertently contribute to inadequate energy intake. PURPOSE: To determine if active women with ExMD consume a diet lower in ED compared to eumenorrheic [EU] active controls. METHODS: Active women with and without ExMD were recruited (ExMD: n=9, age=24±6y; EU: n=18, age=27±6y). ED was calculated from 6-7d weighed food records: Method 1 included all beverages (e.g. juice, milk, soda, coffee, tea, alcohol, sport drinks) except for water; Method 2 included only food and liquid meal-replacement beverages, all other beverages excluded. Use of sport foods (SF), excluding sport beverages, was also examined: low-SF users (≤5% kcals/d) and high-SF users (≥5% kcal/d). Group ED comparisons were done using one-sided unpaired t-tests; one-way ANOVA for other variables. RESULTS: Groups did not differ for dietary ED. Overall, the mean ED was 10% lower in the ExMD group for both methods (Method 1: ExMD=1.13±0.17 kcal/g, EU=1.28±0.28 kcal/g; Method 2: ExMD= 1.57±0.25 kcal/g, EU=1.75±0.26 kcal/g) (adjusted p=0.098). A 10% decreased in ED translated to a 9% decrease in energy intake. Using Method 1, 100% of ExMD vs. 67% of EU consumed a low-ED diet. Using Method 2, 44% of ExMD vs. 11% of EU consumed a low-ED diet. Energy (ExMD=2237±378 kcal/d; EU=2456±470 kcal/d) and macronutrient intakes (g/kg and % of energy) did not differ between groups. ED was similar between low-SF (1.72±0.28 kcal/g) and high-SF (1.60±0.19 kcal/g) users. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the ED method, ED did not differ between groups. While not significant, ED was 10% lower in ExMD group, which resulted in a 9% decrease in energy intake. This energy difference could contribute to lower energy availability and contribute to ExMD. The relationship between ED and energy intake observed here is consistent with the research literature. ED did not differ between low-SF and high-SF users. Further research needs to examine the interaction of dietary ED and exercise on appetite and energy intake in active women, especially those in lean-build sports. Supported by GSSI Grand (OSU-J12850) and OSU AES Fund.

Postprandial Metabolic Effects of Accelerometer Measured Spontaneous Low-Level Activity.

Interrupting sedentary time induces improvements in glucose metabolism; however, it is unclear how much activity is required to reduce the negative effects of prolonged sitting. Sixty-six participants sat continuously for 9 hours except for required bathroom breaks. Participants were fed meal replacement beverages at 60, 240 and 420 min. Blood samples were obtained hourly for 9 hours, with additional samples collected 30 and 45 min after each feeding. Responses were calculated as incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride. Participants wore a triaxial accelerometer and a heart rate monitor. Energy expenditure was estimated using indirect calorimetry. After controlling for age, sex and BMI, every 100 count increase in accelerometer derived total movement was associated with a 0.06 mmol·L-1·9 hours decrease in glucose iAUC (95% CI 0.004-0.1; P = .035), but not associated with changes in insulin or triglyceride iAUC. Every 1 bpm increase in mean heart rate was associated with a 0.76 mmol·L-1·9 hours increase in triglyceride iAUC (95% CI 0.13-1.38). Accelerometer measured movement during periods of prolonged sitting can result in minor improvements in postprandial glucose metabolism, but not lipid metabolism.

Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial

Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Regularly interrupting sedentary behavior with activity breaks may lower this risk. We compared the effects of prolonged sitting, continuous physical activity combined with prolonged sitting, and regular activity breaks on postprandial metabolism. Seventy adults participated in a randomized crossover study. The prolonged sitting intervention involved sitting for 9 h, the physical activity intervention involved walking for 30 min and then sitting, and the regular-activity-break intervention involved walking for 1 min 40 s every 30 min. Participants consumed a meal-replacement beverage at 60, 240, and 420 min. The plasma incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for insulin differed between interventions (overall P < 0.001). Regular activity breaks lowered values by 866.7 IU · L(-1) · 9 h(-1) (95% CI: 506.0, 1227.5 IU · L(-1) · 9 h(-1); P < 0.001) when compared with prolonged sitting and by 542.0 IU · L(-1) · 9 h(-1) (95% CI: 179.9, 904.2 IU · L(-1) · 9 h(-1); P = 0.003) when compared with physical activity. Plasma glucose iAUC also differed between interventions (overall P < 0.001). Regular activity breaks lowered values by 18.9 mmol · L(-1) · 9 h(-1) (95% CI: 10.0, 28.0 mmol · L(-1) · 9 h(-1); P < 0.001) when compared with prolonged sitting and by 17.4 mmol · L(-1) · 9 h(-1) (95% CI: 8.4, 26.3 mmol · L(-1) · 9 h(-1); P < 0.001) when compared with physical activity. Plasma triglyceride iAUC differed between interventions (overall P = 0.023). Physical activity lowered values by 6.3 mmol · L(-1) · 9 h(-1) (95% CI: 1.8, 10.7 mmol · L(-1) · 9 h(-1); P = 0.006) when compared with regular activity breaks. Regular activity breaks were more effective than continuous physical activity at decreasing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy, normal-weight adults. This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials registry as ACTRN12610000953033.

Meal Replacement Beverage Twice a Day in Overweight and Obese Adults (MDRC2012-001)

This open label, single arm, prospective, interventional, weight loss trial evaluated a meal replacement beverage (Right Size® Smoothie) used to replace breakfast and lunch each day for 12 weeks (7 clinic visits) as part of a calorie-restricted diet in overweight and obese adults. A total of 155 individuals were screened, 55 enrolled and 28 completed this 12 week study. Subjects were obese (mean weight: 206 pounds and BMI: 32.7 kg/m2) and the mean age was 40 years including 42 (76.4%) female and 13 (23.6%) male volunteers. The modified Intent to Treat and Completer groups lost an average of 10.6 and 13.8 pounds and reduced their average BMI by 1.7 and 2.2 kg/m2 respectively during this 12 week trial. The Per Protocol group lost 15.2 pounds and 2.4 kg/m2 and the Optimal Weight Loss group lost 18.5 pounds and 2.9 kg/m2. Using the Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude scale (SLIM) questionnaire, subjects reported feeling relatively hungry before they consumed the beverage, then feeling relatively full 15 minutes following the beverage with the sensation of some fullness lasting more than 2 hours and then feeling relatively hungry again at 3 hours after consuming the beverage. Study subjects reported significant improvements in physical functioning, general health, vitality and mental health as well as increased cognitive restraint of eating, reduced disinhibition and reduced hunger during the trial. The study beverages were well tolerated and no Serious Adverse Events (SAE) reported. This study suggests the study beverage aids in weight loss by helping to curb hunger during a reduced calorie diet program.

Impact of Active Living Versus Physical Activity On Postprandial Lipidemia And Glycemia

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of continuous physical activity and active living (breaking sedentary behaviour) on postprandial lipidemia and glycemia. METHODS: Seventy-one (28 males: age 27±5 yr, BMI 23.9±3.6 kg/m2, VO2max 50.8±3.6 ml/kg/min and 43 females: age 25±5 yr, BMI 23.3±4.2 kg/m2, VO2max 37.7±6.6 ml/kg/min) healthy participants completed the following three, 9 h trials in a randomised order: 1) Physical Activity (PA) trial: participants walked on the treadmill at a speed and incline to illicit 60 % VO2max for 30 min prior to consuming the first meal replacement beverage (MRB) then remained seated for the remainder of the trial; 2) Active Living (AL) trial: participants walked on the treadmill at the same speed and incline as PA, for 1 min and 40 s every 30 min throughout the trial; and 3) Sedentary (SE) trial: participants remained seated for the duration. In each trial participants were fed three MRBs, each providing 0.46 g fat, 0.54 g protein and 1.12 g carbohydrate per kg at 60, 240 and 420 min. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, and hourly for 9 h, with additional samples taken at 30 and 45 min after each feeding. RESULTS: The 9 h triglyceride AUC was 8.4% lower in PA, compared to AL (p=0.01). There were no differences between PA and SE, or AL and SE. The 9 h glucose AUC was 4.8% and 3.9% lower in AL when compared to both PA and SE (p=0.02 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Active living (or breaking sedentary behavior) is more effective than continuous physical activity at reducing postprandial glycemia over a 9 h period, however, continuous physical activity may be more effective than active living at reducing postprandial lipidemia.Table

Use of dietary supplements among active-duty US Army soldiers

US Army soldiers engage in strenuous activities and must maintain fitness and body weight to retain their jobs. Anecdotal reports suggest that the use of dietary supplements (DSs) by soldiers may reflect their unique occupational requirements and the complexity of their job and family responsibilities. We assessed the use of DSs by soldiers. We conducted a survey of 990 randomly selected soldiers at 11 army bases globally. Data were weighted by age, sex, rank, and Special Forces status to represent the active-duty army. Overall, 53% of soldiers reported the use of DSs ≥1 time/wk; 23% of soldiers used sports beverages, 6% of soldiers used sports bars or gels, and 3% of soldiers reported the use of meal-replacement beverages. Most commonly used DSs were multivitamins or multiminerals (37.5%), protein and amino acids (18.7%), individual vitamins and minerals (17.9%), combination products (9.1%), and herbal supplements (8.3%). Many soldiers reported the use of performance-enhancement and weight-reduction products, and 22% of soldiers consumed ≥3 different DSs/wk. Logistic regression modeling indicated that older age, educational attainment, higher body mass index, and strength training were associated with DS use (P < 0.05). Reported reasons for DS use were to improve health (64%), provide more energy (31%), increase muscle strength (25%), and enhance performance (17%). Among DS users, mean monthly expenditures on DSs were $38, whereas 23% of soldiers spent >$50/mo. Soldiers, like civilians, use large amounts of DSs, often in combination. Soldiers use more DSs purported to enhance performance than civilians use when matched for key demographic factors. These differences may reflect the unique occupational demands and stressors of military service.

A Head-to-Head Comparison of the Postprandial Effects of 3 Meal Replacement Beverages Among People With Type 2 Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 meal replacement beverages on glycemic response among people with type 2 diabetes. The study examined Glucerna Weight Loss Shake, Slim-Fast Shake, and Ensure with Fiber Shake, using a prospective, 3-way, cross-over design. Eighteen subjects with type 2 diabetes drank the beverages in random order on different weeks. The volume of each beverage was adjusted to include 50 grams of carbohydrates. Glucose was measured 0 to 180 minutes postprandial. Analyses included 2-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures on both factors, calculation of area under the curve (AUC), and 1-way repeated measures ANOVA of AUC. The postprandial glucose profiles of the shakes differed. Glucerna had the best profile as indicated by the graph of mean postprandial glucose levels and its lower incremental AUC. Despite the superiority of Glucerna, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose values exceeded the ADA's recommended upper limit for 22% of the subjects. Meal replacement beverages are a popular and potentially effective option for people trying to lose or maintain weight; however, it is unknown to what degrees they affect postprandial blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. Because postprandial glycemic excursion is linked to cardiovascular disease, identifying a meal replacement beverage with the lowest glycemic response may mitigate some of the risks in patients with diabetes. Of the meal replacements observed in this study, Glucerna had the smallest effect on postprandial glucose. Glycemic response to meal replacements should be monitored given product and individual variability.

Glycaemic, insulinaemic, and immune responses to commercially available beverages consumed during recovery from rowing training

The consumption of carbohydrate and protein after exercise improves muscle glycogen synthesis and attenuates the decrease in immune function seen with endurance-type exercise. However, the impact of consuming commercially available beverages on glycaemic, insulinaemic, and immune responses during recovery from rowing training has not been investigated. Twenty-one male and female rowers completed four trials in a randomized order. Commercially available beverages were consumed in volumes providing 1.2 g carbohydrate · kg−1 body mass, upon completion of ~90 min of rowing at 60–70% maximum oxygen uptake, interspersed with up to five 5-min intervals at or above race pace. Blood samples were taken before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after consumption of the beverages for analysis of insulin and glucose and at 90 and 360 min for the analysis of cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The high-carbohydrate sports beverage and the meal replacement beverage produced a significantly larger (P<0.05) glucose incremental area under the curve than the sports-specific meal replacement beverage or the flavoured milk beverage. The high-carbohydrate sports beverage and the sports-specific meal replacement beverage produced a significantly lower (P<0.05) insulin incremental area under the curve than the meal replacement beverage or the flavoured milk beverage. The meal replacement beverage produced both a high glycaemic and insulinaemic response, suggesting that it may produce a higher rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis. There was a significant interaction between time and beverage for IL-6 (P=0.001), but not for cortisol (P=0.779). These results indicate that the impact of post-exercise nutrition on immune response may not be exclusively mediated by an attenuation of the cortisol response.

CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF WHEY AND SOY PROTEIN IN MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS

ABSTRACT Meal replacement products including protein bars, shakes and powdered drinks have increased in demand and sales. The objective of this study was to assess the consumer perception of protein content and type and product claims for meal replacement beverages and bars. The impact of exercise frequency on product perception was also investigated. Focus groups were conducted with exercisers and nonexercisers. An adaptive conjoint analysis survey was subsequently developed and conducted (n = 138 consumers, ages 18–35 years). Relative importance of product attributes was determined through a realistic trade‐off scenario. Utility scores were extracted and rescaled by the zero‐centered differences method, and two‐way analysis of variance was conducted to identify the differences between exercise frequency and product attributes. Both groups preferred bars to beverages, and no clear preferences were observed for protein type, which was consistent with focus group results of low knowledge/understanding of specific proteins. All respondents valued the products with low‐fat/fat‐free, calcium, all‐natural, protein, vitamin/mineral, heart health and muscle‐building claims. Exercisers viewed muscle‐building claims as more important than nonexercisers. Nonexercisers viewed heart health, calcium and vitamin/mineral claims as more important than exercisers. Three distinct consumer clusters were identified, and both exercise groups were found in all three clusters, although exercise frequency influenced membership in two of the three clusters (P &lt; 0.05). These findings can be used to develop and market meal replacement products to specific consumer groups while leveraging their specific and unique needs.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConjoint analysis provides a useful model of how consumers think during the purchase process and an understanding of the motivation for purchase through the testing of possible claims or product attributes. By applying this method to the purchase process of meal replacement bars and beverages, those in the field of development of these products can benefit from this information by being able to understand the motivation for purchase by the targeted consumer.

The Effect of Metabolism-Boosting Beverages on 24-hr Energy Expenditure

The effect of thermogenic meal replacement beverages (TMRB) containing 90 mg EGCG and 100 mg of caf- feine on resting energy expenditure (REE) was tested. Thirty adults (19 women, 11 men) were stratified into 3 groups: lean (n=10, BMI 21.5 ± 2.1); overweight/obese (OW) (n=10, BMI 29.8 ± 2.7); or weight maintainers (WM) (n=10, BMI 28.8 ± 4.0). Following an overnight fast, baseline measurements, including REE via indirect calorimetry, were performed. REE was repeated at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after consuming a TMRB. Appetite was assessed via visual analogue scale at baseline, 30 minutes and 120 minutes after the TMRB. Mean 24-hour REE was increased 5.9 ± 2.5% overall (p=0.000), 5.7 ± 3.1% among lean subjects (p=0.0002), 5.3 ± 1.4% among OW subjects (p=0.000), and 6.8 ± 2.7% among WM (p=0.0007). Appetite was significantly reduced 30 minutes after the TMRB (p=0.0002). TMRB appear to be a prom- ising weight control tool.

Evaluation of metabolism‐boosting beverages on resting energy expenditure

Objective: To evaluate the effect of thermogenic meal replacement beverages (TMRB) containing 90mg ECGC and 100mg of caffeine on resting energy expenditure (REE).Subjects: 30 adults (19 women, 11 men) were stratified into 3 groups: lean (n=10, BMI 21.5 ± 2.1); overweight/obese (OW) (n=10, BMI 29.8 ± 2.7); or weight maintainers (WM) (n=10, BMI 28.8 ± 4.0, maintained wt loss of ≥5% body wt for ≥3 mos).Methods: Following an overnight fast, baseline measures of ht, wt, WC, bp, pulse, and REE via indirect calorimetry were performed. REE was repeated at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consuming a TMRB. Appetite was assessed via visual analogue scale at baseline, 30 min and 120 min after consuming the TMRB.Results: Overall, mean REE increased 24.0 ± 10.1% for the 2‐hr period following the consumption of a TMRB. Mean 24‐hr REE was increased 5.9 ± 2.5% overall (p=0.000), 5.7 ± 3.1% among lean subjects (p=0.0002), 5.3 ± 1.4% among OW subjects (p=0.000), and 6.8 ± 2.7% among WM (p=0.0007). There was a trend toward increased fat oxidation (p=0.116). Appetite was significantly reduced 30 min after consuming the TMRB (p=0.0002), but not at 120 min.Conclusion: Our findings suggest 3 potential benefits of TMRB in weight control: increases in resting energy expenditure, increases in fat oxidation, and decreases in appetite. Decreases in energy in and increases in energy out should translate into improved weight loss and weight maintenance.