MDG Targets Research Articles

Penanggulangan Kasus Gizi Kurang Dengan Intervensi Demo Masak Di Desa Rugemuk Kec. Pantai Labu

<em><span lang="IN">Medan City is a part of North Sumatra Province. The prevalence of undernutrition and malnutrition in Medan City in 2013 was 19.3%, consisting of 4.2% of malnutrition and 15.1% of undernourished. This prevalence rate is close to the national figure, which is 19.6%. Meanwhile, based on the 2015 MDG's target, the prevalence of malnutrition and under-five children is 15.5%, this prevalence rate is included in the high category. The methods used in this community service are counseling, demonstrations and measurement of nutritional status. The result of the service is that counseling is carried out 3 times. It was carried out once at the Puskesmas Rugemuk Pantai Labu District. In the cooking demonstration, the material provided is the use of abundant ingredients from Rugemuk Village, such as sea fish, shrimp, squid into various foods that have high nutritional value and are of sale value. The processed food is in the form of fish nuggets. From the results of the intervention and observations made, there are several children in Rugemuk Village whose nutritional status is lacking. The conclusion in this service is that the intervention activities carried out to solve the problem are counseling to the community as well as data collection and measurement of height and weight in children. All activities went well and smoothly, counseling to the community as well as data collection and measurement of height and weight for children.</span></em>

MATERNAL COMPLIANCE IN POSTPARTUM VISITS IN PULAU BULUH VILLAGE BULANG DISTRICT, BATAM CITY

Background : According to the World Health Organization (WHO), maternal mortality is still quite high, every day around the world around 800 women die from complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. In 2013, 289,000 women died during and after pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. Between 1990 and 2013, the global maternal mortality rate (i.e. the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) decreased by only 2.6% per year. This figure is still far from the target of reducing the annual MMR (5.5%) needed to achieve the 5th MDG target (Andiani, and Retno, 2014). Method : The research objective was to determine the compliance of mothers in conducting postpartum visits. Result : Results of the Research on Maternal Compliance in Postpartum Visits Postpartum Visits in Pulau Buluh Village, Bulang District, Batam City It was found that maternal post-partum visits in Pulau Buluh Village consisted of 35 respondents, namely 19 respondents (54%) postnatal visits were obedient, and 16 respondents (46 %) postpartum visits are non-compliant Conclusion : It is known that 19 (54%) of the respondent's frequency distribution of Compliance Postpartum visits are complete and 16 (46%) respondents who are incomplete during postpartum visits

Knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers regarding common childhood illness

Background: Since 1990 the global under-5 mortality rate has dropped from 91 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 43 in 2015. But the rate of this reduction in under-5 mortality was insufficient to reach the MDG target of a two-thirds reduction of 1990 mortality levels by the year 2015. Leading causes of death in children under-5 years are preterm birth complications, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhoea and malaria.Methods: Present study is a cross sectional observational study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, in JJM Medical College, Davanagere. Source of data was primary caregivers (mothers, fathers, grandparents, other relatives or guardians) of children between the age group of 1 month-5 years. This study is a structured questionnaire based cross-sectional observational study. Data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: Out of the 350 primary caregivers, 146(41.71%) were mothers, 97(27.71%) were fathers, 57(16.28%) were grandparents. Taboos and cultural beliefs to ward of illness were commonly practiced among this study group. 26% believed in skin branding their children during febrile episodes or convulsions. 8% believed that ear piercings would prevent diarrhoeal illnesses and infant deaths while 6% felt that amulets prevent respiratory illness and mortality. Overall knowledge among primary caregivers regarding common childhood illnesses was found to be good.Conclusions: Knowledge and attitude among primary caregivers regarding common childhood illnesses is favourable but the practices and perceptions are not satisfactory. Improving literacy rates will have a significant impact on reduction of childhood mortality. Socioeconomic development of the urban community can improve care seeking behaviour during the childhood illness.

Ghana's post-MDGs sanitation situation: an overview

Abstract This paper presents an overview of Ghana's sanitation situation post-Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It specifically examines why the MDG target on sanitation was missed, Ghana's preparedness towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) sanitation target, potential barriers and opportunities for the sanitation sector. An eight step policy analysis framework guided the review. The findings indicate that the low sanitation has largely been driven by rather complex economics, institutional and sociocultural factors including inadequate financial commitment, poor implementation of policies, bad attitude and perception towards sanitation and extensive use of shared and public toilets. Nevertheless, it was found that recent reforms and programmes in the sanitation sector such as the creation of new Sanitation and Water Resource Ministry, National Sanitation Authority (NSA), introduction of sanitation surcharges included in property tax, and programmes such as the Greater Accra Municipal Assembly sanitation and water project put Ghana in a better position to rapidly increase its coverage. However, efforts would have to be accelerated by forging partnerships with the private sector to provide efficient and low-cost technologies, financial schemes, human and technical resources for improved service delivery.

Stunting Trends in Children in Cambodia, 2000–2014 (P11-046-19)

ObjectivesThe height-for-age index, a useful marker of health, is not sensitive to recent nutritional insufficiencies but instead reflects cumulative growth deficiencies and linear growth retardation. Low height-for-age, known as stunting, reflects malnutrition over an extended period and can be affected by long-term or chronic morbidity. The weight-for-height index reveals malnourished children at a point in the time and the weight-for-age index reflects underweight children. This study examined trends and sociodemographic inequities in the nutritional status of children under 5 over a 14-year period (2000-2014) in Cambodia. MethodsThis analysis used data from four Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys (CDHS) surveys in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014 to investigate child nutritional status over time. We conducted tests of association to identify significant changes between each survey, as well as between the first survey and the most recent survey. We performed additional tests of associations to assess the significance of relationships between these indicators and sociodemographic and health covariates within each survey and across surveys. These variables included place of residence (urban or rural), region, wealth quintile, and mother’s education. We also included maternal age at birth, birth order, birth interval, ANC, facility delivery, and assistance at birth. ResultsThe percentage of children who are stunted in Cambodia significantly decreased over the period of the four surveys, from 50% in 2000 to 32% in 2014. We found persisting significant differences in the percentages of stunted children in nearly all background characteristics including rural-urban residence, region, wealth, mother’s education, age, and smoking status, location of and assistance at delivery, and child’s current age. ConclusionsCambodia did not meet the MDG target for stunting by 2015, but the 17% significant decrease achieved in stunting from 2000 to 2014 is promising. This analysis shows gains in every background characteristic over the 14-year period. These gains reflect the impact of the several national programs that have focused on improving nutrition over the past decade; nevertheless, regional and wealth disparities persist and should be addressed. Funding SourcesUSAID.

Maternal Health Service Delivery in Ghana: A Case Study of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital

Maternal mortality has become one of the major problems that has plagued the world, particularly in developing countries including Ghana. The overarching objective of this paper is to explore the maternal health service delivery in Ghana. Specifically, the study assessed the performance of service delivery of maternal health care with regards to the MDG 5; examined patients satisfaction with maternal health service delivery; and analyzed the effectiveness and efficiency of maternal health service delivery in Korle-Bu. The Korle-Bu teaching hospital was chosen because it is the major national hospital in Ghana. Secondary data was collected from records of health facilities and primary data from the administration of a questionnaire with key variables that were studied including antenatal and postnatal care. A total sample size of 60 respondents was used in this study and the respondents comprised of women who visited the Korle-Bu teaching hospital for antenatal and post-natal services. The exploration of maternal service was done from two major perspectives, that is, women attitude towards attending antenatal care and post-natal care and the services provided by health care professionals towards achieving effective and efficient results. This approach was adopted because curbing maternal mortality is linked to attending proper and regular antenatal care. The study revealed that antenatal care related negatively with maternal mortality whiles post-natal care related positively to maternal mortality. Findings also indicated that education of the public about the maternal health policy will help reduce the misconceptions and misunderstandings presented by the introduction of the policy. The paper argues from the findings that most women remained unaware about certain features of the maternal health policy. Thus, they encounter several problems due to this situation and it however delays childbirth. Findings also indicated that there is a positive relationship between the services provided by the health service personnel’s and the level of satisfaction that the women receive about the services provided to them. The findings of this paper also indicated that, in as much as Ghana has introduced several measures to help the country reduce the maternal mortality rate, there exist several shortfalls in its maternal health service delivery system. These shortfalls as indicated above hinder the efficient and effective delivery of better services offered to pregnant women. Thus, the study recommended the implementation of proper measures and mechanism in the policy that will help curtail the high rate of maternal mortality in the country and help the country achieve the MDG target set by the United Nations. Keywords: Maternal Health, Maternal Health system, Maternal Mortality DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/9-4-11 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Predictors of sleeping under cost-free mosquito bed nets among children under-five years in Mbarara, Uganda: a household survey.

In 2010, Uganda Malaria Control Programme distributed cost-free mosquito bed nets to households with children under-five years and pregnant women in selected sub-counties. We assessed the factors associated with sleeping under costfree mosquito nets among children under-five years in Nyakayojo sub-county, Mbarara District, Uganda. 381 households with at least a child under-five years and benefited from cost-free bed nets in Nyakayojo were randomly selected. Caregivers of children were interviewed using a questionnaire. 74% children slept under bed nets a night before the study. Children from households with ≥2 nets [aOR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.09-2.81, p=0.02], female caregiver [aOR=2.11; 95% CI: 1.16-3.79, p=0.01] and children from households that did not face problems (skin irritation, torn nets, suffocation, night sweating, nasal congestion and candle fire) when sleeping under bed nets [aOR=1.81; 95% CI: 1.10-2.98, p=0.02] were more likely to use nets. Main reason for not sleeping under a net was damage to the net (47.1%). The proportion of children sleeping under nets was comparable to MDG target. Improvements in use of mosquito nets by children can be achieved through increasing number of nets in a household.

Modelling Under-Five Mortality through Multilevel Structured Additive Regression with Varying Coefficients for Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Despite improvements in global child health during the last three decades, under-five mortality rates remain significantly high in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Both regions did not achieve the MDG target of reducing under-five mortality rates by two thirds by 2015. The underlying causes of under-five mortality differ significantly between countries and between regions, which highlights the need to expand our understanding of the determinants of child health in developing countries. By comparing the two geographic regions of the world with the highest under-five mortality rates, we aim to identify differences between the determinants of under-five mortality in these regions. We analyse a large sample of DHS data sets consisting of 35 sub-Saharan African countries and 13 Asian countries from 1992 to 2016. Using a discrete-time survival model that takes advantage of a recently developed multilevel framework in a Bayesian setting, allowing for important non-linear effects and cluster specific heterogeneity. We find strong non-linear effects for the baseline hazard, the household size, the year of birth, and the mother’s BMI. We find considerable differences in determinants between Asian and sub-Saharan African countries. This highlights the necessity to expand our current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms, and helps to formulate policy advices.

Changes in the spatial distribution of the under-five mortality rate: Small-area analysis of 122 DHS surveys in 262 subregions of 35 countries in Africa.

The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is a critical and widely available population health indicator. Both the MDGs and SDGs define targets for improvement in the U5MR, and the SDGs require spatial disaggregation of indicators. We estimate trends in the U5MR for Admin-1 subnational areas using 122 DHS surveys in 35 countries in Africa and assess progress toward the MDG target reductions for each subnational region and each country as a whole. In each country, direct weighted estimates of the U5MR from each survey are calculated and combined into a single estimate for each Admin-1 region across five-year periods. Our method fully accounts for the sample design of each survey. The region-time-specific estimates are smoothed using a Bayesian, space-time model that produces more precise estimates (when compared to the direct estimates) at a one-year scale that are consistent with each other in both space and time. The resulting estimated distributions of the U5MR are summarized and used to assess subnational progress toward the MDG 4 target of two-thirds reduction in the U5MR during 1990–2015. Our space-time modeling approach is tractable and can be readily applied to a large collection of sample survey data. Subnational, regional spatial heterogeneity in the levels and trends in the U5MR vary considerably across Africa. There is no generalizable pattern between spatial heterogeneity and levels or trends in the U5MR. Subnational, small-area estimates of the U5MR: (i) identify subnational regions where interventions are still necessary and those where improvement is well under way; and (ii) countries where there is very little spatial variation and others where there are important differences between subregions in both levels and trends. More work is necessary to improve both the data sources and methods necessary to adequately measure subnational progress toward the SDG child survival targets.

The Impact of Special Care Newborn Unit on Routine Neonatal Care Practices and Survival of Neonates in 250-Bed General Hospital, Sirajganj

To address the high infant and neonatal mortality rate in Bangladesh, government has adopted policy to ensure care for neonates from community to tertiary level of health care delivery system. Our country has achieved 4 MDG targets well before 2015. However the pace of reduction of neonatal mortality is much lower than that of older children. For that reason government of Bangladesh through Ministry of Health and Family Welfare established Special Care Neonatal Unit (SCNU) at secondary and tertiary level facilities to improve management of sick newborn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of creating SCNU at district hospitals on newborn care practices and to evaluate the contribution of SCNU in improved neonatal survival. It was an observational study conducted from May 2016 to October 2016at 250-bed General Hospital, Sirajganj. Hospital database was accessed to note the number of neonatal admissions, number of referral to higher centers and neonatal mortality. A questionnaire was prepared to interview mothers of children admitted in SCNU and general pediatric ward. A total of 355 mothers were interviewed. There was a significant reduction in neonatal mortality rate after the establishment of SCNU. There was also significant improvement in the knowledge and awareness among mothers regarding various aspects of neonatal care because of the SCNU.TAJ 2017; 30(2): 65-68

PENGARUH MOBILISASI DINI TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA POST OPERASI SECTIO CAESARIA DI RS SYAFIRA PEKANBARU TAHUN 2015

Maternal mortality used as a measure of success towards achieving the MDG's targets, namely the 75% reduction in maternal mortality ratio. In developing countries the frequency of maternal deaths reported to range between 0.3-0.7%, while in developed countries the figure is smaller, which 0.05-0.1% (Widjanarko, 2008). In accordance with the health paradigm without abandoning efforts to restore the health of patients, the need for early mobilization gradually for sectio caesarea postoperative patients while in hospital. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of early mobilization on wound healing post sectio caesarea in RS Syafira Pekanbaru. The benefits of this research are as fulfilling the Minimum Service Standards (MSS) for the hospital that can be used as eviden based practice in the provision of nursing services independently. This study was conducted in inpatient obstetric in RS Syafira Pekanbaru on October-November 2015 with a sample of 20 respondents. The research methodology used is the cross-sectional study design. Analysis of the data used in the analysis of univariate and bivariate (t test dependent), the data were processed using a computerized program. The results obtained from this research that the influence of early mobilization with postoperative wound healing secsio Caesaria with P value (0.007).

International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) and Patients’ Charter: New Advances in Tuberculosis Care

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5651Health Prospect Vol.10 2011, pp.43-45

Poverty reduction during 1990–2013: Did millennium development goals adoption and state capacity matter?

While poverty reduction remains central in the Post-2015 Agenda, its determinants remain debated in the literature, especially the role of structural conditions related to governance. This paper provides an assessment of two key dimensions: the global adoption of MDGs and state capacity. We do so by studying whether they facilitated convergence in income poverty measures, using cross-section and panel methods, with data on 89 developing economies for the period 1990–2013. We find that poverty headcount and gap measures tended to decrease faster in countries with initially higher income poverty. Such convergence accelerated after 2000, suggesting that MDGs adoption was instrumental to poverty reduction. However, this still leaves unexplained substantial variation in poverty reduction performance across countries. Such variation is explained by state capacity: countries with greater ability to administer their territories in 1990 experienced faster income poverty reduction and were more likely to have achieved the MDG target. This result is insensitive to robust regression methods and to a large set of controls (initial level of income, dependence on natural resources, education and health inputs, dependence on foreign aid, ethnic fractionalization, regional effects and a set of governance variables). As good governance and effective institutions are included in the Sustainable Development Goals, this result provides empirical justification for this move, suggesting that more effective states could be crucial to sustain the development progress achieved so far.

Poverty Reduction During 1990-2013: Did Millennium Development Goals Adoption and State Capacity Matter?

While poverty reduction remains central in the Post-2015 Agenda, its determinants remain debated in the literature, especially the role of structural conditions related to governance. This paper provides an assessment of two key dimensions: the global adoption of MDGs and state capacity. We do so by studying whether they facilitated convergence in income poverty measures, using cross-section and panel methods, with data on 89 developing economies for the period 1990-2013. We find that poverty headcount and gap measures tended to decrease faster in countries with initially higher income poverty. Such convergence accelerated after 2000, suggesting that MDGs adoption was instrumental to poverty reduction. However, this still leaves unexplained substantial variation in poverty reduction performance across countries. Such variation is explained by state capacity: countries with greater ability to administer their territories in 1990 experienced faster income poverty reduction and were more likely to have achieved the MDG target. This result is insensitive to robust regression methods and to a large set of controls (initial level of income, dependence on natural resources, education and health inputs, dependence on foreign aid, ethnic fractionalisation, regional effects and a set of governance variables). As good governance and effective institutions are included in the Sustainable Development Goals, this result provides empirical justification for this move, suggesting that more effective states could be crucial to sustain the development progress achieved so far.

The Role of Public Health Nutrition in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific Region

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDCs) in 2015, which included several goals and targets primarily related to nutrition: to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and to reduce child mortality and improve maternal health. In the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH) member countries as a group, infant and child mortality were reduced by more than 65% between 1990 and 2015, achieving the MDG target of two-thirds reduction, although these goals were not achieved by several smaller countries. The SDGs are broader in focus than the MDGs, but include several goals that relate directly to nutrition: 2 (zero hunger-food), 3 (good health and well-being-healthy life), and 12 (responsible consumption and production-sustainability). Other SDGs that are closely related to nutrition are 4 and 5 (quality education and equality in gender-education and health for girls and mothers, which is very important for infant health) and 13 (climate action). Goal 3 is "good health and well-being," which includes targets for child mortality, maternal mortality, and reducing chronic disease. The Global Burden of Disease Project has confirmed that the majority of risk for these targets can be attributed to nutrition-related targets. Dietary Guidelines were developed to address public health nutrition risk in the Asia Pacific region at the 48th APACPH 2016 conference and they are relevant to the achievement of the SDGs. Iron deficiency increases the risk of maternal death from haemorrhage, a cause of 300000 deaths world-wide each year. Improving diets and iron supplementation are important public health interventions in the APACPH region. Chronic disease and obesity rates in the APACPH region are now a major challenge and healthy life course nutrition is a major public health priority in answering this challenge. This article discusses the role of public health nutrition in achieving the SDGs. It also examines the role of APACPH in education and advocacy and in fulfilling the educational needs of public health students in public health nutrition.

Unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes with a focus on HIV co-infected cases: a cross-sectional retrospective record review in a high-burdened province of South Africa

BackgroundSouth Africa did not meet the MDG targets to reduce TB prevalence and mortality by 50% by 2015, and the TB cure rate remains below the WHO target of 85%. TB incidence in the country is largely fuelled by the HIV epidemic, and co-infected patients are more likely to have unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes. This paper analyses the demographic and clinical characteristics of new TB patients with unsuccessful treatment outcomes, as well as factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes for HIV co-infected patients.MethodsA cross-sectional retrospective record review of routinely collected data for new TB cases registered in the Free State provincial electronic TB database between 2009 and 2012. The outcome variable, unsuccessful treatment, was defined as cases ≥15 years that ‘died’, ‘failed’ or ‘defaulted’ as the recorded treatment outcome. The data were subjected to descriptive and logistic regression analyses.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2012 there were 66,940 new TB cases among persons ≥15 years (with a recorded TB treatment outcome), of these 61% were co-infected with HIV. Unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes were recorded for 24.5% of co-infected cases and 15.3% of HIV-negative cases. In 2009, co-infected cases were 2.35 times more at risk for an unsuccessful TB treatment outcome (OR: 2.35; CI: 2.06-2.69); this figure decreased to 1.8 times by 2012 (OR: 1.80; CI: 1.63-1.99). Among the co-infected cases, main risk factors for unsuccessful treatment outcomes were: ≥ 65 years (AOR: 1.71; CI: 1.25-2.35); receiving treatment in healthcare facilities in District D (AOR: 1.15; CI 1.05-1.28); and taking CPT (and not ART) (AOR: 1.28; CI: 1.05-1.57). Females (AOR: 0.93; CI: 0.88-0.99) and cases with a CD4 count >350 (AOR: 0.40; CI: 0.36-0.44) were less likely to have an unsuccessful treatment outcome.ConclusionsThe importance of TB-HIV/AIDS treatment integration is evident as co-infected patients on both ART and CPT, and those who have a higher CD4 count are less likely to have an unsuccessful TB treatment outcome. Furthermore, co-infected patients who require more programmatic attention are older people and males.

Quality of Life Impacts Related to the Time to Access Drinking Water in Malawi

Background Universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 is one target stipulated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As of 2015, 92% of the population in Malawi did not have access to water on premises and needed to fetch it. Thus, the issue of water accessibility warrants further research, particularly since the time/energy expenditure needed can impact the affordability of water and thus the quality of life and health of the population. This is perhaps the inverse problem of wealthy developed nations where greater active travel is required for improved health. Methods Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) 2014 Household survey datasets from Health Surveys program was analysed in STATA MP 14 for the aim of this study (n=3405). Time to fetch water was applied as a proxy of the distance to estimate energy expenditure. Results Two models were created to show the quality of life impacts of the distance to access water. First, by using the indicator initially apply by JMP to monitor the MDG target (i.e. proportion of the population with access to an improved water source irrespective of the time), the proportion of the population with access would be 86%. However, by adding a 30 minutes round-trip distance as a key threshold to the proportion of the population using an improved water source the proportion of the population with access would decrease to 72% (p Conclusions In order to develop appropriate interventions to improve drinking water access and overall quality of life, the distance between the source and the point of use must be quantified to determine where thresholds and limits may exist.

Target of Improving Poverty Alleviation Trek: A Case of Bangladesh

Though Bangladesh has achieved considerable progress in reducing head count poverty and poverty gap ratio but hunger poverty reduction and employment generation should be given more attention at the present time. According to MDG report last 2014, Bangladesh has made commendable progress in respect of eradication of poverty and hunger. It has sustained a GDP growth rate of 6 percent or above in recent years that has played a positive role in eradicating poverty. The robust growth has been accompanied by corresponding improvements in several social indicators such as increased life expectancy and lower fertility rate despite having one of the world’s highest population densities. This inclusive growth has resulted in impressive poverty reduction from 56.7 percent in 1991-92 to 31.5 percent in 2010; the rate of reduction being faster in the present decade than the earlier ones (MDG report last, 2014). The latest HIES 2010 data shows that the incidence of poverty has declined on an average 1.74 percentage points in Bangladesh between 2000 and 2010 against the MDG target of 1.20 percentage points. The estimated poverty headcount ratio for 2013 is 26.2 percent. Bangladesh has already met one of the indicators of target 1 by bringing down the poverty gap ratio to 6.5 against 2015 target of 8.0 (HIES Survey, 2010) .The study aims to provide a systematic overview of Bangladesh’s development progress since its independence in 1971 to the present epoch regarding poverty alleviation trek. The main objective of the study is to investigate some important issues like poverty, inequality, unemployment scenery and social instability in the context of Bangladesh. The method of the study has been used to identify and review of Bangladesh government and UN published report analytically. In conclusion, the challenges with regard to the dropping income disparity and the low economic involvement of women also remain as major concerns. In addition, reducing inequality, accelerating poverty lessening, moreover how to change the nature of the growth process should be prioritize for Bangladesh to consider sincerely.

Status of maternal and child health services amongst migrants in Ludhiana slums – how far from the MDG targets?

Background: It is essential to monitor the coverage of health interventions in subgroups of populations, especially the marginalized and those at higher risk, because national averages can hide important inequalities. This study was carried out to find out the utilization and coverage of MCH services among migrants in the slums of Ludhiana, Punjab.Methods: Cross-sectional sample study. 370 women, who had childbirth within two years prior to the survey, were randomly selected from the 3947 newer migrant households in 30 slum settlements in Ludhiana surveyed for provision of health care, and information obtained from them with regard to MCH services availed by them for their last pregnancy and childbirth. Their children 12-23 months old, 195 in number, were studied for child health services.Results: Antenatal care (ANC) was availed by 44.0% of the women, with 24.6% of them going for minimum 4 antenatal visits and 29.1% having an institutional delivery but only 35.9% by trained health personnel. Place of delivery was found to be a significant predictor of antenatal care. Women staying in Ludhiana availed the least ANC. Complete immunization coverage in the 12-23 month olds was 37.4%. Government health worker visited 7.8% of the homes.Conclusions: Despite the relative proximity and concentration of health centers in urban compared to rural areas, migrant slum-dwellers are still not able to access quality MCH care. The problem of non-availability of essential healthcare and uneven distribution of skilled health care providers is the central challenge in meeting our health goals.

STRATEGI PERCEPATAN PENCAPAIAN TARGET MILLENIUM DEVELOPMET GOALS (MDGs) DI KOTA MALANG

The purpose of this study is a map of the readiness of Malang in achieving the MDGs by 2015 and the right strategy based on SWOT analysis to accelerate the achievement of the target MDGs.Dari can be concluded that the MDG targets by 8 item in Malang in 2015 still can not be reached. The number of poor people was 43,400 people, the open unemployment of 5.19% (22.185%). The adult literacy rate of 4.57% or 34 717 persons. Percentage of the population 10 years and over who do not have a diploma of 21.21%, finished primary school / MI amounted to 23.77% and 18.17% of junior high school graduation. In the field of gender equality, the contribution of women in politics is still very low. In the health field there are still 245 the number of infant deaths and 10 cases of maternal mortality. People with HIV and March 2013 reached 2,134 and AIDS as many as 341 people with high risk factors through needle drugs and high risk in men (65%) at the age of 25-49 years. The field of environmental sustainability in some respects much decreased as the quality of drinking water, air quality and temperature.