McGill Pain Scale Research Articles

Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Assessment of the Clinical Efficacy of the Combination of Acupressure and "Three Methods of Neck Movement (TCM)" Therapy in the Treatment of Cervical Spondylosis: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Neck-type cervical spondylopathy (NTCS), a common degenerative disorder affecting the spine, poses challenges for patients and society. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of traditional tuina techniques in treating NTCS, although some limitations still exist. Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combining regular massage techniques with three methods of neck movement (TCM) therapy for managing NTCS, utilizing musculoskeletal ultrasound measurements. In this study, 70 eligible patients with non-traumatic cervical spondylosis will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the experimental group, which will receive Tuina combined with a three-method neck movement treatment, or the control group, which will receive standard Tui Na manipulation. All participants will receive treatment for four weeks. Assessments will be conducted using musculoskeletal ultrasound, the McGill Pain Scale, and the Neck Disability Index (NDI) at three-time points: before treatment, at the end of treatment, and after 12 and 16weeks of treatment. This paper investigates the utility of musculoskeletal ultrasound as a tool for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of an integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) strategy in alleviating pain and enhancing functional outcomes for patients with NTCS.The objective is to present a clinically viable and long-term treatment option. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2300072648. Registered on June 20, 2023.

The Effect of Joint Hypermobility Syndrome on DOMS and Recovery Time.

Previous research has reported that people with Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) generally experience a high rate of muscular injury and pain. However, there is limited research comparing the recovery times and length of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in individuals with JHS to non-hypermobile individuals in response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate JHS and its effects on DOMS and its recovery time. Quasi-experimental, observational comparison. Two groups including a hypermobile group (score >4 on Beighton Scale) and a non-hypermobile group all took part in five-second long standing eccentric bicep curls based using their one- repetition maximum (1-RM) of their dominant arm to failure in order to induce DOMS. Visual analog pain scale (VAS), McGill pain scale, resting arm angle, girth, and the pressure pain threshold, all domains of DOMS, were measured over a five-day period. Results were analyzed using ANOVA with time as the repeated factor. Both groups experienced DOMS following the eccentric exercise. However, VAS reporting was significantly greater in the hypermobile group compared to the non-hypermobile group and there was a significant difference over time. However, other variables did not reveal any other significant findings between groups. Individuals with JHS may experience greater DOMS and require more time to recover between treatment sessions. Therapists need to be aware that patients with hypermobility may experience higher pain levels related to exercise, and they need to adjust treatment parameters appropriately. 2b.

Impact of Botoulinum Toxin-A on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-2; A Case Report

CRPS is a very debilitating disorder. Pain (sensory) motor & autonomic changes are the main stream manifestation of this disorder. In this case study we employed Botoulinum Toxin-A along with routine pharmacotherapy to observe its Impact on patient’s pain intensity along with quality of life. On McGill pain scale and SF-36 QoL result showed improvement after 2nd week till 12th week. Change in each variable was significant over 12 weeks interval.

Pain mediates the improvement of social functions of repeated intravenous ketamine in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression

ObjectivePrevious research has shown that ketamine can improve social functions. In addition, evidence also suggests that ketamine can alleviate pain. Herein, we propose that ketamine-induced improvements in pain and depression are partially mediated by a reduction in pain. We aimed to determine whether improvements in pain-mediated changes in psychological function were associated with ketamine treatment. MethodThis trial included unipolar or bipolar patients (n = 103) who received 6 intravenous infusions (0.5 mg/kg) of ketamine over 2 weeks. The severity of current depressive symptoms and social function were evaluated by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale (MADRS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Global Assessment Function (GAF), respectively, at baseline and on day 13 and day 26. At the same time points, the three dimensions of pain, including the sensory index, affective index and present pain intensity (PPI), were measured by the Simple McGill Pain Scale (SF-MPQ). ResultsThe mixed model results showed that ketamine plays an important role in improving the psychosocial functioning of patients. There was a significant decrease from baseline to the day 13 and day 26, indicating that the pain index of the patient improved significantly. Mediation analysis showed that for SDS score (coef = −5.171, 95 % CI[−6.317, −4.025]) and GAF score (coef = 1.021, 95 % CI[0.848, 1.194]), the overall effect of ketamine was observable. The overall indirect and direct effects of ketamine on social functioning were significant (SDS: direct: coef = −1949 to −2114; total indirect: from 0.594 to 0.664; GAF: from 0.399 to 0.427; total indirect: coef = 0.593 to 0.664). The MADRS total score and emotional index were important mediators of the association between ketamine treatment and improvements in subjective and objective social functioning. ConclusionDepressive symptom severity and the affective index of pain partially mediated improvements in social function after six repeated ketamine treatments among patients with bipolar or unipolar depressive disorder.

Investigating the effect of Swedish massage with chamomile oil on labor pain and anxiety of primiparous women: A clinical trial.

Labor pain and fear of childbirth increase anxiety and stress in pregnant women. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of Swedish massage with chamomile oil on pain and anxiety in a clinical trial. The present study is a clinical trial on 159 women who were referred to 22 Bahman Hospital in Masjid Sulaiman City in 2021. The samples were randomly divided into three groups (Swedish massage with and without chamomile oil and control group). Pain intensity was assessed using the McGill Pain Scale and anxiety was assessed using the Vandenberg Anxiety Questionnaire. The data were analyzed with SPSS-20 software at a significance level of 0.05. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi-square, Fisher's exact, analysis of variance, and paired t) were used for data analysis. There were no significant statistical differences between the three groups in terms of obstetric and demographic information (P > 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the studied groups before the intervention in terms of labor pain intensity (P = 0.9) and anxiety (P-value = 0.426). After the intervention, the intensity of labor pain and mother's anxiety was significantly lower in the two intervention groups compared to the control group, and it was lower in the Swedish massage group with chamomile oil than the other two groups (P < 0.001). In the present study, Swedish massage with and without chamomile oil led to a decrease in pain intensity and anxiety. As a result, this method can be used as an effective method to reduce the intensity of pain and anxiety of pregnant mothers.

Sleep quality in people with chronic pain undergoing hemodialysis

Objective: to evaluate sleep quality in people with chronic pain undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study carried out in two hemodialysis clinics. The sample was formed by 76 people with chronic kidney disease and chronic pain who were undergoing hemodialysis. We used a sociodemopgrahic and clinical form, the visual analogue scale for pain, the McGill questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and correlation tests. Results: most participants had very poor sleep quality. There was a correlation between sleep quality and the visual analogue scale for pain (p=0.027). There was a negative correlation between McGill pain scale descriptors and sleep quality (p=0.033). Conclusion: the sleep quality levels of most participants suffered alterations and were classified as poor or very poor. Contributions to practice: this study provides data on correlations associated with the sleep quality of patients with chronic pain undergoing hemodialysis. It also gives support for nursing teams to develop interventions to improve the sleep quality of these patients.

Pain, Sleep Disturbance and Smoking Among Patients with Covid-19 Presenting to the Emergency Department.

This descriptive research was conducted between November 2020 and December 2021. The study population comprised 400 patients with COVID-19 who were presented to emergency departments at Ataturk University Research Hospital and Erzurum City Hospital and who agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected by the researcher via face-to-face interviews. Personal Information Form, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Insomnia Severity Index, and McGill Pain Scale Short Form were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were presented as number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Parametric and nonparametric methods (t-test, Kruskal-Wallis Variance, Mann-Whitney U test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to compare variables between the groups. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant authority prior to data collection and oral consent was obtained from all patients. It was determined that 52.5% of the patients were smokers; 24% of the smokers reported a decrease in smoking after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Nicotine addiction was found to be higher in men, tradesmen, and patients aged 55-64 years. McGill pain scale emotional sub-dimension scores were higher in women, whereas the sensory sub-dimension scores were higher in married patients. McGill pain scale total scores were higher in women, unemployed patients, and those with chronic diseases. Insomnia severity index was higher in women, smokers, and patients in the age group of 65-75 years. According to the results of the present study, pain, smoking, and sleep disorders in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were affected by socio-demographic characteristics.

Athletes and Nonathletes Show No Difference in Symptoms or Function Prior to Knee Surgery, but Those With Chronic Symptoms Show Increased Pain Catastrophizing and Kinesiophobia

PurposeTo determine whether preoperative psychological status before outpatient knee surgery is influenced by athletic status, symptom chronicity, or prior surgical history. MethodsInternational Knee Documentation Committee subjective scores (IKDC-S), Tegner Activity Scale scores, and Marx Activity Rating Scale scores were collected. Psychological and pain surveys included the McGill pain scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia 11, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Perceived Stress Scale, New General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Life Orientation Test–Revised for optimism. Linear regression was used to determine the effects of athlete status, symptom chronicity (>6 months or ≤6 months), and history of prior surgery on preoperative knee function, pain, and psychological status after matching for age, sex, and surgical procedure. ResultsIn total, 497 knee surgery patients (247 athletes, 250 nonathletes) completed a preoperative electronic survey. All patients were age 14 years and older and had knee pathology requiring surgical treatment. Athletes were younger than nonathletes on average (mean [SD], 27.7 [11.4] vs 41.6 [13.5] years; P < .001). The most frequently reported level of play among athletes was intramural or recreational (n = 110, 44.5%). Athletes had higher preoperative IKDC-S scores (mean [SE], 2.5 [1.0] points higher; P = .015) and lower McGill pain scores compared to nonathletes (mean [SE] 2.0 [0.85] points lower; P = .017). After matching for age, sex, athlete status, prior surgery, and procedure type, having chronic symptoms resulted in higher preoperative IKDC-S (P < .001), pain catastrophizing (P < .001), and kinesiophobia scores (P = .044). ConclusionsAthletes demonstrate no difference in symptom/pain and function scores preoperatively when compared to nonathletes of similar age, sex, and knee pathology, as well as no difference in multiple psychological distress outcomes measures. Patients with chronic symptoms have more pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia, while those who have had prior knee surgeries have slightly higher preoperative McGill pain score. Level of EvidenceLevel III, cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort study data.

Evaluation of Chronic Pain Management in the Elderly Living in a Nursing Home Assessment of Age and Chronic Pain

Objective: There is a decrease in sensitivity to painful stimuli in the elderly. This study was conducted to determine the pain management status of the elderly living in nursing homes.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Nursing Home Elderly Care and Rehabilitation Center Directorate. Elderly Information Form, Mini-Mental Scale, and McGill Pain Scale were used. . Data were considered statistically significant at the p &amp;lt; 0.05 level. Parametric methods were used for normally distributed data.Results: 82.9% of the elderly had a chronic disease and were using drugs continuously, and the number of drugs used by 42.9% was between 1-3. According to McGill's Pain severity assessment, 34.3% of them experienced mild pain. Between the gender of the elderly and the McGill Melzeck pain severity averages they experienced, the average pain score of the female gender was found to be significantly higher than the pain average of the male gender (t(68)=-1.99, p=0.05). When the behaviors of the elderly against pain were examined, 62.9% reported that they preferred to talk, 72.9% to rest, 52.9% to plan rest periods, and 55.7% to get support from their religious beliefConclusion: In this study, the severity of pain and behaviors of the elderly against pain were evaluated.

Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Vulvodynia Pain Scores

ABSTRACT Introduction Vulvodynia is a chronic vulvar pain disorder that has a significant impact on physical and mental health. As with other chronic pain disorders, vulvodynia appears to have a link with childhood exposure to physical and sexual abuse and poor family support. Objective To assess the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and vulvodynia pain scores using the standardized McGill Pain Scale. Methods This study is a retrospective review of intake questionnaire data for patients presenting to a multispecialty vulvar diseases clinic. Demographic information, ACEs-related questions and McGill pain scale portions of the intake questionnaire were included. Exclusion criteria included age less than 18, cancer diagnosis, or presenting postoperatively in initial consultation. A control group was randomly selected using 2:1 age-matching from patients within our database without a coexisting diagnosis of vulvodynia. The primary outcome, McGill pain score, was calculated as the sum across all 20 pain elements. Group differences across demographic characteristics, ACE responses, and McGill scores were assessed using simple linear regressions for continuous measures, and logistic regressions for binary measures. Results A total of 1,245 patients, 415 vulvodynia and 830 age-matched controls were analyzed. Patients with vulvodynia differed significantly across self-reported race/ethnicity, marital status, and income level. Overall, patients with a diagnosis of vulvodynia had higher median McGill pain scores compared to controls (22.0 vs 20.0, p&amp;lt;0.001). Among patients with vulvodynia, patients who reported ACEs exposure had higher McGill pain scores compared to patients without disclosed ACEs exposure (26.0 vs 22.0, p&amp;lt;0.001). Similarly, among patients in the control group, patients who reported ACE exposure had higher McGill pain scores compared to those without (24.0 vs 17.0, p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusions Our findings indicate a relationship between exposure to ACEs and increased pain in patients with vulvodynia and controls. These findings suggest exposure to ACEs alone may contribute to increased perception of pain and result in higher McGill Pain Scores. Disclosure No

Mitigating Dysphonia, Pain, and Vocal Handicap after Violent Video Game Voice Overs: A Pilot Investigation into Vocal Combat Technique Training

to investigate how the Vocal Combat Technique (VCT) may mitigate vocal symptoms in voice over actors using vocal violence. Five voice over actors (3 male, 2 females, Mean=29.6 years) completed two study sessions of 45 minutes-to-1 hour of vocally violent voice over work held approximately 4 weeks apart. During session one, participants completed voice over work as they typically would, whereas they received 3-hours of VCT training to improve/assist in healthy vocal techniques prior to session two. Pre- and post-session measures for both sessions included self-perceptual ratings of vocal symptoms, auditory-perceptual evaluation, and traditional acoustic measures of frequency and perturbation. Participants showed substantial mitigating effects of VCT training on acoustic perturbation measures (jitter, shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio), and self-ratings of vocal symptoms (Vocal-Handicap Index-10, McGill Pain Scale for vocal discomfort, and Evaluation of the Ability to Sing Easily) with calculated medium to large effect sizes (d=0.61-1.95). There were no changes in auditory perceptual ratings across sessions. Our pilot investigation yielded positive improvements in vocal symptomology in five voice over actors who were trained in VCT. Next steps should include a larger enrollment of voice actors to determine optimal preventative and recovery techniques.

Effectiveness of sex education on unconsummated marriage

The aim of this study was to discuss the effects of training marital skills on unconsummated couples. The current study was conducted using ABA quasi-experimental plan with a single case. For this purpose, one couple with a purposive sampling method was selected and received Sex Education. Patients at the baseline (pretreatment) phase in third, sixth and eighth sessions as well as the 45-day follow-up phase, filled the researcher made questionnaires of the fear of vaginal intercourse, sexual satisfaction scale (ISS), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), International index of erectile function (IIEF) and McGill Pain Scale (Mc-gill-pain). For data analysis, two methods of Clinical significance and the percentage of improvement were used. Results showed that training marital skills were effective. Improvement percent for patients, who were receiving sexual treatment in 4 scales of the sexual function was 47%, sexual satisfaction was 64%, fear of vaginal penetration was 98% and pain was92%. Couples with pelvic pain disorders didn't receive adequate sexual skills training. When they received steps of sexual training, then they obtained the necessary health.

Clinical Observation of MRI Image in Floating Needle Therapy for Cervical Spondylosis of Cervical Type.

In order to solve the problem of cervical spondylosis in the early stage of various cervical spondylosis, effective treatment can prevent the deterioration of the disease. This paper presents the results of a clinical trial examining magnetic resonance imaging in the treatment of cervical spondylosis with flotation therapy and selected 68 patients with cervical spondylosis. According to research commodity, using a rigorous randomized controlled trial, 34 cases were divided into a control group (acupuncture group). The needles were kept for 30 minutes once a day. The treatment group (acupuncture combined with floating acupuncture group) was treated with acupuncture on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days and floating acupuncture on the 2nd, 4th, and 6th days, respectively. Both groups were treated for 6 consecutive days and rested for 1 day. After 2 weeks of treatment, the simplified McGill Pain Scale (MPQ), visual analogue scale (VAS), and neck pain scale (NPQ) were observed and recorded to compare the curative effects. Finally, Excel software is used to manage the data, and SPSS21.0 is used for statistical analysis. Measurements of gender, age, disease, VAS, simple MPQ, and NPQ of the two groups were compared in the two groups, P > 0.05, which was not significant and comparable. After treatment, VAS, simple MPQ, and NPQ of the two groups were compared in and between groups, the total P < 0.05, with the mean data. Topics. Acupuncture combined with float needle and acupuncture therapy can improve the pain and breathing of cervical spondylosis and improve the quality of life of patients, but acupuncture combined with needle float is more pronounced than acupuncture groups.

Sports Rehabilitation Research On Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain In Women’s Freestyle Wrestlers

PURPOSE: Low back pain (LBP) is common among female freestyle wrestlers and it's recovery is difficult. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of rehabilitation on chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) among female freestyle wrestlers. METHODS: In the current study, 16 subjects were selected through physical examination combined with a questionnaire assessment of fear-avoidance beliefs of all athletes in a women’s freestyle wrestling team at Henan Heavy Sports Management Center. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. A rehabilitation training program including functional training, muscle strength training and flexibility training was developed on the basis of participants’ physical signs and was conducted for 6 weeks, three times a week for 2 hours each time. Before and after the rehabilitation, the degree of pain, functional disability index, trunk muscle strength, trunk flexibility, McGill pain scale and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) of LBP scale were measured. RESULTS: McGill pain scale scores were significantly decreased (15.82 ± 5.83 to 9.18 ± 4.00, P = 0.002). The improvement rate of CNLBP on the JOA LBP rating scale was significantly different between pre- and post-scores (15.64 ± 3.38 to 22.36 ± 2.11, P < 0.001). Seat and reach scores were significantly increased (13.65 ± 3.38 to 19.35 ± 2.83, P = 0.004). Hip flexion (40.46 ± 8.56 to 43.58 ± 7.47, t = -2.99, P = 0.022)and extension strength(26.48 ± 4.99 to 28.95 ± 4.64, t = -5.10, P = 0.004) were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: The rehabilitation training programme used in this study significantly improved CNLBP pain degree, dysfunction and hip flexion and extension strength.

Investigating the Depression Status in Patients with Upper Limb Pain

Introduction: Depression is considered as the most common psychological problem in societies. Depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse are more common in patients with pain compared to the general population. In this study, the state of depression in patients with upper limb pain with radiculopathy or without paraclinical signs of radiculopathy has been investigated. Material and Methods: We conducted the depression status in patients with upper limb pain with and without radiculopathy in a descriptive cross-sectional study in Sari in 2017. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), short-form McGill pain questionnaire was used to evaluate the status of major depressive disorder, health status and quality of life, and severity of pain in them, respectively. The data was analyzed by SPSS 22. Results: From 120 patients with the mean age 44.97±9.77 years, 19% had mild depression, 18% moderate depression and 11% severe depression. The mean score of SF36 was 29.94±6.86. The mean scores of McGill pain scale was 13.31±6.02. The mean depression score had a significant difference between the two groups studied (P=0.04). The McGill pain score had also a significant difference between the two study groups (P=0.012). The mean score of SF36 had no significant difference in both groups (P=0.41).Conclusion: The depression score and the prevalence of moderate and severe depression were also higher in patients with chronic upper limb pain with cervical radiculopathy than in patients without cervical radiculopathy.

The Effect of a Rehabilitation Program for Treating Chronic Muscle Pain Disease (Fibromyalgia) in Women

The study sample included 9 women infected with the disease, their ages ranged between 40-55 years, and the following measures were used to examine the study variables: The McGill Pain Scale (MPQ), Fibromyalgia Overall Impact Scale (FIQ), anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), muscle strength test for grip strength using dynamometer, CURLE-UP TEST for core muscles and SQUAT TEST for lower extremity muscles. The proposed program was applied to the study sample for a period of three months, with 3 sessions per week of physical therapy and two sessions per month of cognitive behavioral group therapy. Pre and post measurements were taken for the study sample. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences on each variable of pain, mental health and muscle strength in favor of the post measurement, and the absence of statistically significant differences on the quality of life, and the researcher concluded that the proposed program would be useful in relieving pain and improving the psychological state, and increase muscle strength in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome, these patients are recommended to adhere to the physical activities and exercises used in the program to alleviate their disease symptoms. Keywords: Rehabilitation Program, Treating, Chronic Muscle Pain Disease (Fibromyalgia) DOI : 10.7176/JTHS/55-07 Publication date :March 31st 2021

DIFFERENT MUSCULOSKELETAL PAINS AND SOCIOCULTURAL FEATURES: THE CASE OF PRIVATE NOBEL PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION MEDICAL CENTER

Aim: It was conducted to evaluate the effect of some sociodemographic and cultural characteristics on pain perception and pain intensity in different musculoskeletal pains and to determine some characteristics related to pain. Method: By recording the demographic information and sociocultural characteristics of all participants; Scandinavian Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and McGill Pain Scale Short Form were used to assess pain perception and pain intensity. Results: 544 patients, 372 women and 172 men, with subacute and chronic musculoskeletal pain were included in this study. The average age of the participants was 40.74±14.53 years. When the effect of sociocultural factors on pain intensity and pain perception (sensory and perceptual dimensions) is examined; it was determined that as the education level increased, the severity of pain (p = 0.002) and pain perception decreased (p = 0.0001), and the pain intensity of the participants living in the village was higher (p = 0.014). While the severity of pain and pain perception were higher in female individuals, it was determined that they also increased with age. When the relationship between pain intensity and pain perception of the participants is examined; positive high relationship (r = 0.630, p = 0.0001) was found between the intensity of pain and sensory pain perception, and a moderate relationship (r = 0.597, p = 0.0001) was found between perceptual dimension. A high positive correlation was found between sensory and perceptual pain dimensions (r = 0.658, p = 0.0001) Conclusion: Chronic pain experience and pain perception levels are affected by social and cultural characteristics. Sociocultural characteristics of individuals should also be taken into consideration in pain relief. Studies examining the effects of different sociocultural characteristics such as language, religious belief, family structure, pet feeding or interaction with animals on musculoskeletal pain are also needed.

Music-based interventions to improve fibromyalgia syndrome: A meta-analysis

ObjectiveWe evaluated the effects of music therapy on pain, depression and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. MethodsTen online databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of music therapy on fibromyalgia patients, published up to 1st January 2019. The results were filtered and independently extracted. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-square test. According to the outcome of the heterogeneity indices, either a fixed effect or a random effect model was used. ResultsIn total, seven randomized controlled trials were included. The Pain Visual Analog Scale, the McGill Pain Scale, the Beck Depression Scale and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire were used as outcome measures. Our evidence indicated that patient intervention with music therapy had lower scores on the Pain Visual Analog Scale (95% confidence interval [CI] -2.22 to -1.18, Z = 6.44, P < 0.00001, four studies) and Beck Depression Scale (95% CI -0.65 to -0.03, Z = 2.17, P = 0.03, two studies). No significant differences were observed on the McGill Pain Scale between the music intervention and control groups (95% CI -0.83 to -0.09, Z = 1.59, P = 0.11). A general qualitative description of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire results was given due to high heterogeneity (I2 = 96%, P < 0.00001). ConclusionsThe music therapy is superior to non-music therapy in the treatment of pain, depression, and improvement of quality of life in fibromyalgia patients. However, due to the low quantity and quality of the included studies, a larger number and high-quality of RCTs are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of music therapy.

The Effect of Exercise Plan Based on FITT Protocol on Primary Dysmenorrhea in Medical Students: A Clinical Trial Study.

We aimed to investigate the effects of exercise based on a specific protocol on the severity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea in students residing in dormitories of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, western Iran in 2017. Randomized controlled trial study. Overall, 86 students (43 in the interventional group and 43 in the control group) with mild to moderate dysmenorrhea were enrolled. The exercise based on the FITT protocol (Intensity of exercise, time of exercise, and type of exercise) was implemented for the interventional group in 8 weeks. The McGill Pain scale was used to determine the severity of pain in dysmenorrhea. Duration of pain was calculated in terms of the day. Research data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and the significance level was considered 0.05. The mean dysmenorrhea severity in the first menstrual cycle after the intervention in intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (3.06 (1.78) and 4.74 (2.14), respectively) and in the second menstrual cycle (2.01 (1.54) and 4.61 (2.01) respectively) (P<0.001). The mean duration of dysmenorrhea in the first menstrual cycle after the intervention in intervention group was less than the control group (1.29 (0.92) and 2.32 (1.26) respectively) P<0.001) and in the second menstrual cycle (0.94 (0.93) and 2.13 (1.24) respectively) P<0.001). Sports activities based on a certain and organized protocol could improve dysmenorrhea.

Immediate analgesic effect of 2KHz interferential current in chronic low back pain: randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Interferential current is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of low back pain, but there is no literature consensus regarding its parameters. The objective of this study was to analyze the immediate effect of the 2KHz interferential current in chronic low back pain. METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial was previously approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Parana, with the participation of 105 individuals with chronic low back pain (>12 weeks) of both genders. Participants were randomized in 3 groups: placebo group (PG, n=35), electrical stimulus off; interferential current1 (IG1, n=35), carrier frequency 2KHz, AMF of 2Hz, motor intensity level and IG2, n=35, carrier frequency 2KHz, AMF of 100Hz, sensory intensity level. All groups were subjected to a single application for 30 minutes with 4 electrodes in a crossed-shape position in the lumbar region. RESULTS: The visual analog scale, McGill pain scale, Oswestry Low Back disability questionnaire, Roland Morris disability questionnaire and Algometria of pressure were used for evaluation and revaluation. CONCLUSION: It may be noticed that by the visual analog scale and questionnaires, the interferential current provided an immediate analgesic effect in chronic lumbar pain regardless of the mode of stimulation.