MBL-associated Serine Proteases Research Articles

An integrative pan-cancer analysis of MASP1 and the potential clinical implications for the tumor immune microenvironment

Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 (MASP1) plays a crucial role in the complement lectin pathway and the mediation of immune responses. However, comprehensive research on MASP1 across various cancer types has not been performed to date. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of MASP1 in pan-cancer.The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), UCSC Xena and Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases were used to evaluate the expression profiles, genomic features, prognostic relevance, and immune microenvironment associations of MASP1 across 33 cancer types. We observed significant dysregulation of MASP1 expression in multiple cancers, with strong associations between MASP1 expression levels and diagnostic value as well as patient prognosis. Mechanistic insights revealed significant correlations between MASP1 levels and various immunological and genomic factors, including tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), immune-related genes, mismatch repair (MMR), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI), highlighting a critical regulatory function of MASP1 within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that MASP1 expression was markedly decreased in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Moreover, the overexpression of MASP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines significantly inhibited their proliferation, invasion and migration. In conclusion, MASP1 exhibits differential expression in the pan-cancer analyses and might play an important role in TIME. MASP1 is a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential target for immunological research, particularly in LIHC.

Immune and regulative characterization of complement-related gene cfhl5 in response to Vibrio harveyi challenge in Cynoglossus semilaevis

Complement factor H-related protein (CFHR) plays an important role in regulating complement activation and defensive responses. The function of CFHR2 (complement factor H related 2), a member of the CFHR family, in fish remains unclear. Here, we report the genetic relationship, expression characteristics and regulatory mechanism of cfhl5 (complement factor H like 5) gene, which encodes CFHR2 in Chinese tongue sole. We observed that the cfhl5 gene was widely expressed in several tissues, such as brain, heart and immune organs, and was most abundantly expressed in liver. After injection with Vibrio harveyi, the expression of cfhl5 was up-regulated significantly in liver, spleen and kidney at 12 or 24 hours post infection (hpi), suggesting an involvement of this gene in the acute immune response. Knockdown of cfhl5 in liver cells significantly up-regulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tnf-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and il1β (interleukin-1beta), the immunomodulatory factor il10 (interleukin-10) and the lectin complement pathway gene masp1 (MBL-associated serine protease 1), and down-regulated the expression of complement components c3 (complement 3) and cfi (complement factor I). In our previous work, we found that cfhl5 gene was significantly higher methylated and lower expressed in the resistant family compared with the susceptible family. Therefore, we used dual-luciferase reporter system to determine the effect of DNA methylation on this gene and found that DNA methylation could inhibit the promoter activity to reduce its expression. These results demonstrated that the expression of cfhl5 is regulated by DNA methylation, and this gene might play an important role in the immune response by regulating the expression of cytokines and complement components genes in Chinese tongue sole.

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Is Not Responsible for Over-Activation of Complement Lectin Pathway.

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral structural protein that is abundant in the circulation of infected individuals. Previous published studies reported controversial data about the role of the N protein in the activation of the complement system. It was suggested that the N protein directly interacts with mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) and stimulates lectin pathway overactivation/activity. In order to check these data and to reveal the mechanism of activation, we examined the effect of the N protein on lectin pathway activation. We found that the N protein does not bind to MASP-2 and MASP-1 and it does not stimulate lectin pathway activity in normal human serum. Furthermore, the N protein does not facilitate the activation of zymogen MASP-2, which is MASP-1 dependent. Moreover, the N protein does not boost the enzymatic activity of MASP-2 either on synthetic or on protein substrates. In some of our experiments, we observed that MASP-2 digests the N protein. However, it is questionable, whether this activity is biologically relevant. Although surface-bound N protein did not activate the lectin pathway, it did trigger the alternative pathway in 10% human serum. Additionally, we detected some classical pathway activation by the N protein. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that this activation was induced by the bound nucleic acid, rather than by the N protein itself.

Detrimental interactions of hypoxia and complement MASP-1 in endothelial cells as a model for atherosclerosis-related diseases

Both hypoxia and the complement lectin pathway (CLP) are involved in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We have previously shown that mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), the most abundant enzyme of CLP, induces an inflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells (ECs) by cleaving protease activated receptors (PARs). In the absence of data, we aimed to investigate whether hypoxia and MASP-1 interact at the level of ECs, to better understand their role in atherosclerosis-related diseases. Hypoxia attenuated the wound healing ability of ECs, increased ICAM-1 and decreased ICAM-2 expression and upregulated PAR2 gene expression. Hypoxia and MASP-1 increased GROα and IL-8 production, and endothelial permeability without potentiating each other’s effects, whereas they cooperatively disrupted vascular network integrity, activated the Ca2+, CREB and NFκB signaling pathways, and upregulated the expression of E-selectin, a crucial adhesion molecule in neutrophil homing. VCAM-1 expression was not influenced either by hypoxia, or by MASP-1. In summary, hypoxia potentiates the effect of MASP-1 on ECs, at least partially by increasing PAR expression, resulting in interaction at several levels, which may altogether exacerbate stroke and AMI progression. Our findings suggest that MASP-1 is a potential drug target in the acute phase of atherosclerosis-related diseases.

Therapeutic targeting of factor D and MASP3 in complement-mediated diseases: Lessons learned from mouse studies.

The alternative pathway (AP) plays a major role in many complement-mediated human diseases. Factor D (FD), a rate-limiting enzyme in AP complement activation, is an attractive therapeutic target. Unlike other complement proteins, FD is synthesized primarily in adipose tissue, and its levels in human blood are relatively low. However, because of FD's high turnover rate, therapeutic targeting with monoclonal antibodies and chemical inhibitors has been challenging. The recent discovery that FD activity is regulated by mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 3 (MASP3), through conversion of a zymogen to mature FD, has sparked interest in MASP3 inhibition as a new way to block FD function and AP complement activity. Here, we review studies of mouse models of FD and MASP3 inhibition. We additionally discuss the lessons learned from these studies and their implications for therapeutic targeting of human FD and MASP3.

Inhibition of mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP)-2 reduces the cognitive deficits in a mouse model of severe traumatic brain injury

The lectin pathway (LP) of complement mediates inflammatory processes linked to tissue damage and loss of function following traumatic brain injury (TBI). LP activation triggers a cascade of proteolytic events initiated by LP specific enzymes called MASPs (for Mannan-binding lectin Associated Serine Proteases). Elevated serum and brain levels of MASP-2, the effector enzyme of the LP, were previously reported to be associated with the severity of tissue injury and poor outcomes in patients with TBI. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of LP inhibition in TBI, we first conducted a pilot study testing the effect of an inhibitory MASP-2 antibody (α-MASP-2), administered systemically at 4 and 24 h post-TBI in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Treatment with α-MASP-2 reduced sensorimotor and cognitive deficits for up to 5 weeks post-TBI. As previous studies by others postulated a critical role of MASP-1 in LP activation, we conducted an additional study that also assessed treatment with an inhibitory MASP-1 antibody (α-MASP-1). A total of 78 mice were treated intraperitoneally with either α-MASP-2, or α-MASP-1, or an isotype control antibody 4 h and 24 h after TBI or sham injury. An amelioration of the cognitive deficits assessed by Barnes Maze, prespecified as the primary study endpoint, was exclusively observed in the α-MASP-2-treated group. The behavioral data were paralleled by a reduction of the lesion size when evaluated histologically and by reduced systemic LP activity. Our data suggest that inhibition of the LP effector enzyme MASP-2 is a promising treatment strategy to limit neurological deficits and tissue loss following TBI. Our work has translational value because a MASP-2 antibody has already completed multiple late-stage clinical trials in other indications and we used a clinically relevant treatment protocol testing the therapeutic mechanism of MASP-2 inhibition in TBI.

Exploring complement biomarkers in suspected axial spondyloarthritis

ObjectivesTo investigate lectin pathway proteins (LPPs) as biomarkers for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in a cross-sectional cohort with a suspicion of axSpA, comprising newly diagnosed axSpA and chronic low back pain...

Complement MASP-1 Modifies Endothelial Wound Healing.

Endothelial wound-healing processes are fundamental for the maintenance and restoration of the circulatory system and are greatly affected by the factors present in the blood. We have previously shown that the complement protein mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) induces the proinflammatory activation of endothelial cells and is able to cooperate with other proinflammatory activators. Our aim was to investigate the combined effect of mechanical wounding and MASP-1 on endothelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that MASP-1 alters the expression of wound-healing-related and angiogenesis-related genes. Both wounding and MASP-1 induced Ca2+ mobilization when applied individually. However, MASP-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited when the treatment was preceded by wounding. Mechanical wounding promoted CREB phosphorylation, and the presence of MASP-1 enhanced this effect. Wounding induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells, and MASP-1 pretreatment further increased VCAM-1 levels. MASP-1 played a role in the subsequent stages of angiogenesis, facilitating the breakdown of the endothelial capillary network on Matrigel®. Our findings extend our general understanding of endothelial wound healing and highlight the importance of complement MASP-1 activation in wound-healing processes.

Proteomics identifies complement protein signatures in patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis.

Diagnostic challenges continue to impede development of effective therapies for successful management of alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), creating an unmet need to identify noninvasive biomarkers for AH. In murine models, complement contributes to ethanol-induced liver injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that complement proteins could be rational diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in AH. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of data derived from human hepatic and serum proteome to identify and characterize complement protein signatures in severe AH (sAH). The quantity of multiple complement proteins was perturbed in liver and serum proteome of patients with sAH. Multiple complement proteins differentiated patients with sAH from those with alcohol cirrhosis (AC) or alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls (HCs). Serum collectin 11 and C1q binding protein were strongly associated with sAH and exhibited good discriminatory performance among patients with sAH, AC, or AUD and HCs. Furthermore, complement component receptor 1-like protein was negatively associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, lower serum MBL associated serine protease 1 and coagulation factor II independently predicted 90-day mortality. In summary, meta-analysis of proteomic profiles from liver and circulation revealed complement protein signatures of sAH, highlighting a complex perturbation of complement and identifying potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for patients with sAH.

Molecular Interactions Required for Activation of Complement Component C2 Include Exosites Located on the Serine Protease Domain of C1s and Mannose-Binding Lectin Associated Protease-2.

The activation of the CP/LP C3 proconvertase complex is a key event in complement activation and involves cleavage of C4 and C2 by the C1s protease (classical pathway) or the mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-2 (lectin pathway). Efficient cleavage of C4 by C1s and MASP-2 involves exosites on the complement control protein and serine protease (SP) domains of the proteases. The complement control protein domain exosite is not involved in cleavage of C2 by the proteases, but the role of an anion-binding exosite (ABE) on the SP domains of the proteases has (to our knowledge) never been investigated. In this study, we have shown that the ABE on the SP of both C1s and MASP-2 is crucial for efficient cleavage of C2, with mutant forms of the proteases greatly impaired in their rate of cleavage of C2. We have additionally shown that the site of binding for the ABE of the proteases is very likely to be located on the von Willebrand factor domain of C2, with the precise area differing between the enzymes: whereas C1s requires two anionic clusters on the von Willebrand factor domain to enact efficient cleavage of C2, MASP-2 apparently only requires one. These data provide (to our knowledge) new information about the molecular determinants for efficient activation of C2 by C1s and MASP-2. The enhanced view of the molecular events underlying the early stages of complement activation provides further possible intervention points for control of this activation that is involved in a number of inflammatory diseases.

Systematic analysis of MASP-1 serves as a novel immune-related biomarker in sepsis and trauma followed by preliminary experimental validation.

Dysregulated immune response in trauma and sepsis leads to the abnormal activation of the complement and coagulation systems. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) activates the lectin pathway of the complement system and mediates proinflammatory and procoagulant reactions. However, the potential effects of MASP-1 in trauma and sepsis have not yet been explored. We obtained five sepsis, two trauma, and one sepsis and trauma RNA-sequencing dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the expression pattern, biological functions, and diagnostic value of MASP-1 in trauma and sepsis. Additionally, we investigated the association between MASP-1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of trauma and sepsis. Furthermore, we collected clinical specimens to preliminarily validate the expression level and diagnostic efficacy of MASP-1 as well as the correlation of MASP-1 with clinical features of trauma and sepsis. Subsequently, we conducted a correlation analysis among MASP-1, immune cell infiltration, and immune and molecular pathways. Finally, we mechanistically analyzed the relationship among MASP-1, specific immune cells, and pivotal molecular pathways. MASP-1 expression was significantly upregulated in the trauma/sepsis samples compared to the control samples in the GEO datasets. MASP-1 exhibited excellent diagnostic values (AUC > 0.7) in multiple datasets and at multiple time points and could efficiently distinguish trauma/sepsis samples from the control samples. Moreover, MASP-1 expression was significantly positively correlated with the severity of the disease (APACHE-II, CRP, and neutrophil levels). These results were further validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that MASP-1 primarily promotes trauma and sepsis via the immune-related signaling pathway. MASP-1 was significantly correlated with the infiltration of specific immune cells (such as B cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and infiltrating lymphocytes) and immune and molecular pathways (such as checkpoint, HLA, IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, necrosis, T-cell co-inhibition, and T-cell co-stimulation). Finally, analysis of the transcription and single-cell data revealed that MASP-1 was specifically expressed in T cells, and further correlation analysis revealed a close correlation between MASP-1 expression, proportion of CD8 T cells, and IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling scores. Our results suggest that MASP-1 can serve as an immune-related biomarker for the diagnosis and disease severity of trauma and sepsis. It may activate the IL6 JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway and promote CD8 T-cell depletion to trigger traumatic sepsis.

The Lectin Pathway of the Complement System-Activation, Regulation, Disease Connections and Interplay with Other (Proteolytic) Systems.

The complement system is the other major proteolytic cascade in the blood of vertebrates besides the coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Among the three main activation routes of complement, the lectin pathway (LP) has been discovered the latest, and it is still the subject of intense research. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), other collectins, and ficolins are collectively termed as the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) of the LP, and they are responsible for targeting LP activation to molecular patterns, e.g., on bacteria. MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are the effectors, while MBL-associated proteins (MAps) have regulatory functions. Two serine protease components, MASP-1 and MASP-2, trigger the LP activation, while the third component, MASP-3, is involved in the function of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement. Besides their functions within the complement system, certain LP components have secondary ("moonlighting") functions, e.g., in embryonic development. They also contribute to blood coagulation, and some might have tumor suppressing roles. Uncontrolled complement activation can contribute to the progression of many diseases (e.g., stroke, kidney diseases, thrombotic complications, and COVID-19). In most cases, the lectin pathway has also been implicated. In this review, we summarize the history of the lectin pathway, introduce their components, describe its activation and regulation, its roles within the complement cascade, its connections to blood coagulation, and its direct cellular effects. Special emphasis is placed on disease connections and the non-canonical functions of LP components.

AuNPs/CNC Nanocomposite with A "Dual Dispersion" Effect for LDI-TOF MS Analysis of Intact Proteins in NSCLC Serum Exosomes.

Detecting exosomal markers using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS) is a novel approach for examining liquid biopsies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples. However, LDI-TOF MS is limited by low sensitivity and poor reproducibility when analyzing intact proteins directly. In this report, gold nanoparticles/cellulose nanocrystals (AuNPs/CNC) is introduced as the matrix for direct analysis of intact proteins in NSCLC serum exosomes. AuNPs/CNC with "dual dispersion" effects dispersed and stabilized AuNPs and improved ion inhibition effects caused by protein aggregation. These features increased the signal-to-noise ratio of [M+H]+ peaks by two orders of magnitude and lowered the detection limit of intact proteins to 0.01mgmL-1. The coefficient of variation with or without AuNPs/CNC is measured as 10.2% and 32.5%, respectively. The excellent reproducibility yielded a linear relationship (y=15.41x - 7.983, R2=0.989) over the protein concentration range of 0.01 to 20mgmL-1. Finally, AuNPs/CNC-assisted LDI-TOF MS provides clinically relevant fingerprint information of exosomal proteins in NSCLC serum, and characteristic proteins S100 calcium-binding protein A10, Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Tyrosine-protein kinase Fgr and Mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease 2 represented excellent predictive biomarkers of NSCLC risk.

MASP-2 deficiency does not prevent the progression of diabetic kidney disease in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) initiates the lectin pathway of complement and has been linked to albuminuria and mortality in diabetes. We hypothesize that MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) deficiency will protect against diabetes-induced kidney damage. Male C57BL/6J MASP-2 knockout (Masp2-/-) mice and wildtype (WT) mice were divided into a diabetic group and a non-diabetic group. Renal hypertrophy, albumin excretion, mesangial area and specific mRNA expressions in the renal cortex were measured after 8 and 12 weeks of diabetes. By two-way ANOVA it was tested if MASP-2 modulated the renal effects of diabetes, that is interaction. After 12 weeks of diabetes Masp2-/- diabetic mice had a smaller mesangium at 21.1% of the glomerular area (95% CI 19.7, 22.6) compared with WT diabetic mice, 25.2% (23.2, 27.2), p(interaction) = 0.001. After 8 weeks of diabetes, plasma cystatin C was 261.5 ng/mL (229.6, 297.8) in the WT diabetic group compared to 459.9 ng/mL (385.7, 548.3) in non-diabetic WT mice, p < 0.001. By contrast, no difference in plasma cystatin C levels was found between the Masp2-/- diabetic mice, 288.2 ng/mL (260.6, 318.6) and Masp2-/- non-diabetic mice, 293.5 ng/mL (221.0, 389.7), p = 0.86 and p(interaction) = 0.001. We demonstrated a protective effect of MASP-2 deficiency on mesangial hypertrophy after 12 weeks of diabetes and an effect on plasma cystatin C level. MASP-2 deficiency did, however, fail to protect against diabetic-induced alterations of kidney weight, albuminuria and renal mRNA expression of fibrotic- and oxidative stress markers.

Alternative Pathway Masp-3 Inhibitor OMS906 Effectively and Potently Inhibits Complement-Mediated Hemolysis in Preclinical Models Mechanistically Similar to Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Introduction: Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-3 (MASP-3) activates pro-complement Factor D (CFD) to form mature CFD, a rate-limiting enzyme in the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system. CFD controls cleavage of complement Factor B (CFB) to form AP C3 convertase, which drives an amplification loop of protease complexes that activates both C3b-mediated opsonization and the terminal pathway. OMS906 is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to and inhibits MASP-3, thereby blocking maturation of CFD and downstream AP activity. Data from mice and monkeys demonstrated that OMS906 is highly selective and effectively inhibits AP activity. MASP-3 inhibition could provide therapeutic benefit in a variety of AP-mediated diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In PNH, a rare and life-threatening disorder, red blood cells (RBCs) lacking CD59 and CD55 regulatory surface proteins are targeted for rapid clearance via intravascular hemolysis and extravascular hemolysis, due to AP dysregulation. Clinical efficacy of OMS906 in a study of patients with PNH has been reported. To provide mechanistic support, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies using preclinical models of complement-mediated hemolysis that have mechanistic overlap with PNH. Methods: In vitro potency of OMS906 was assessed using RBCs deficient in CD55 and CD59 to mimic the physiological effect of PNH. Healthy human donor RBCs were treated with inhibitory CD55 and CD59 antibodies, then incubated under AP assay conditions with human serum (diluted to 50%) containing OMS906, anti-C5 IgG4 mAb, or an isotype mAb control. The potency of OMS906, expressed as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50), was assessed based on prevention of hemolysis of the PNH-like RBCs in vitro. Lysis was quantified by measuring hemoglobin released into sample supernatants using spectrophotometric absorbance. The in vivo effect of OMS906 on survival of murine RBCs prone to rapid clearance was assessed using RBCs from Crry -/- mice, which lack a rodent-specific complement regulatory protein that blocks AP activation. C57BL/6J male mice were intravenously injected with fluorescent labelled Crry -/- RBCs and received OMS906 or isotype mAb control via subcutaneous injection, or anti-CFB mAb via intraperitoneal injection. Blood samples were taken daily until Day 14 and the remaining number of Crry -/- RBCs measured by flow cytometry. Results: In vitro, OMS906 inhibited terminal cell lysis in human PNH-like RBCs more potently than a C5 inhibitor. Comparison of representative drug concentration-response showed that the average functional potency was 58-fold greater with OMS906 (IC 50: 0.8 μg/mL; 3 experiments; 12 total RBC donors) than with anti-C5 mAb (IC 50: 46.2 μg/mL; 2 experiments; 4 total RBC donors). In addition, the maximal extent to which lysis was inhibited was consistently greater with OMS906 than with anti-C5 mAb. In vivo, the rate of decline in number of Crry -/- RBCs was significantly slowed in mice treated with OMS906, in contrast to the rapid loss observed in isotype mAb control-treated mice ( Figure). OMS906 recipients showed a rate of Crry -/- RBC survival similar to the anti-CFB mAb group. Conclusion: OMS906 inhibited RBC lysis more potently than a C5 inhibitor, providing evidence that MASP-3 inhibition blocks downstream terminal activity and thus intravascular hemolysis. In addition, OMS906 improved survival of Crry -/- RBCs comparably to a CFB inhibitor, indicating that MASP-3 inhibition prevents the AP-mediated destruction of RBCs predictive of extravascular hemolysis. OMS906 is currently in clinical development for the treatment of PNH.

OMS906, a Novel Alternative Pathway MASP-3 Inhibitor, Normalizes Hemoglobin Levels and Increases Clone Size in Treatment-Naïve PNH Patients

Background: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia in combination with various degrees of marrow failure. PNH is driven by dysregulation of the complement system where the absence of CD55 and CD59 cell surface proteins leads to red blood cell (RBC) lysis. Untreated PNH can lead to debilitating anemia, thrombosis, fatigue, and increased mortality. Terminal complement inhibition attenuates intravascular hemolysis (IVH) but inevitably leads to extravascular hemolysis (EVH). Proximal and alternative pathway (AP) inhibition block both IVH and EVH, as demonstrated with C3, Factor B, and Factor D inhibitors. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-3 (MASP-3) activates pro-Factor D, thus activating the AP upstream of Factor D. OMS906 is a highly selective humanized mAb that binds to and inhibits MASP-3. In a Phase 1 study in healthy subjects, OMS906 was well tolerated and provided substantial MASP-3 inhibition. In the present study, safety and efficacy of OMS906 were evaluated in complement-inhibitor treatment-naïve patients with PNH. Methods: This is an ongoing, single-arm, open-label, Phase 1b proof-of-concept clinical trial (NCT05889299; EudraCT 2022-002450-22) evaluating safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of OMS906 in adults with PNH. Eligibility criteria include: confirmed PNH diagnosis by flow cytometry (RBC clone size &amp;gt;10%); complement-inhibitor treatment-naïve or inadequate response to C5 inhibitors; and baseline hemoglobin (Hgb) &amp;lt;10.5 g/dL. Patients received 5 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) OMS906 every 4 weeks, the lowest exposure cohort in this study. Primary endpoints are safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints include changes from baseline in Hgb and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, RBC clone size, and absolute reticulocyte count; achievement of Hgb ≥12 g/dL or an increase of ≥2 g/dL; and transfusion independence. Planned enrollment was approximately 10 patients. Results: This pre-specified interim analysis included data available as of July 20, 2023. All patients (N=11) included in this analysis were complement-inhibitor treatment-naïve (55% female; mean age 41 years [range 27-72]). The majority of patients (64%) received RBC transfusions in the 12 months prior to OMS906 treatment. Co-existing conditions included iron deficiency (n=6), chronic renal failure (n=3), aplastic anemia (n=2), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n=2). At baseline (N=11), mean Hgb was 7.0 g/dL (median 6.4 g/dL, range 3.9-10.4 g/dL) and LDH was 1835 U/L (median 1831 U/L, range 905-3480). To date, all patients have received ≥2 doses of OMS906 with 4 patients having received ≥6 doses. OMS906 was well tolerated. The most common adverse events (AEs) in ≥20% of patients were increased thrombocytopenia (36%), neutropenia (27%), and itching (27%). No patients experienced clinical breakthrough hemolysis. There were no major adverse vascular events, treatment-related serious AEs, discontinuations, or deaths. Following initiation of OMS906, mean Hgb increased from baseline by 3.1 g/dL ( P&amp;lt;0.001) at 4 weeks (N=11), and by 9.5 g/dL ( P=0.016) at the latest timepoint of 24 weeks (n=3) [Figure 1]. Among patients receiving ≥2 doses, all but 3 experienced gender-specific normalization of Hgb levels. The remaining patients had MDS (n=2) or marrow failure (n=1). No patients required transfusions following OMS906 treatment. Mean LDH levels decreased from baseline by 1483 U/L (&amp;gt;80%; P&amp;lt;0.001) at 4 weeks (N=11) and by 1939 U/L ( P=0.004) at 24 weeks (n=3). Three patients had increases in LDH, suggesting initiation of hemolysis at the end of a dosing period. Mean absolute reticulocyte counts decreased from baseline by 87,000-122,000 ×10 9/L at all timepoints. Mean PNH RBC clone size increased by up to 38.6% (n=6; P=0.016) versus baseline. Conclusion: In this interim analysis, MASP-3 inhibitor OMS906 was well tolerated with no safety signals of concern. Once-monthly SC OMS906 resulted in clinically meaningful, beneficial effects on Hgb, LDH, and RBC clone size in treatment-naïve PNH patients. OMS906 dose escalation guided by occurrence of subclinical hemolysis is being evaluated with the goal of achieving quarterly dosing.

Transplant Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Acomprehensive Review and Local Experience

Introduction Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare, life-threatening severe condition characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and microthrombi in the walls of small blood vessels leading to ischemic organ dysfunction. Transplant-associated TMA (TA-TMA) can occur as a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The mechanism of TA-TMA is not fully understood, and conventional treatment options are based on targeting the identified risk factors and hypothesized pathophysiology. This review aimed to compile the information to date about TA-TMA and possible treatment strategies and report successful cases at the National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR). Methods Scientific databases were scoped for reviews on TA-TMA, its pathophysiology, risk factors and therapeutic strategies. Results were compiled to formulate an understanding of TA-TMA. Local cases of TA-TMA at NCCCR were also reported. Results TA-TMA pathophysiology and risk factors are described in Figure 1 and Table 1, respectively. Due to the complexity of the patient cases under investigation, TA-TMA diagnosis is clinical. Proposed diagnostic criteria include anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated LDH, presence of schistocytes, hypertension, proteinuria, and elevated sC5b-9. Therapeutic approaches start the management of modifiable risk factors such as withdrawal or decreasing the dosage of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), control of hypertension and AKI, treatment of active infections and management of graft versus host disease (GvHD). Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) may benefit some patients who are positive for factor H autoantibodies. eculizumab, a humanized antibody against complement protein, can be highly effective in patients with TA-TMA. It is recommended for patients with high-risk features such as elevated sC5b-9 and proteinuria and can also be used for patients with organ damage or disseminated disease. Other available treatment options include rituximab and defibrotide. Other therapeutic agents are under clinical trials such as ravulizumab (C5 inhibitor), nomacopan (C5 and leukotriene B4 inhibitor) and narsoplimab (mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 [MASP-2] inhibitor). Four cases were diagnosed with TA-TMA at NCCCR between September 2017 and February 2023, as described in Figure 2. All cases recovered; however, the challenge remains in the choice of therapy. Thus far, the choice is to individualize therapy according to comorbidities, severity of clinical presentation and availability of the treatment options. Conclusion TA-TMA remains a significant clinical challenge for transplant physicians, and more research is needed to improve our understanding of its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management, particularly in guiding the choice of therapy.

Development and characterization of narsoplimab, a selective MASP-2 inhibitor, for the treatment of lectin-pathway-mediated disorders.

Overactivation of the lectin pathway of complement plays a pathogenic role in a broad range of immune-mediated and inflammatory disorders; mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) is the key effector enzyme of the lectin pathway. We developed a fully human monoclonal antibody, narsoplimab, to bind to MASP-2 and specifically inhibit lectin pathway activation. Herein, we describe the preclinical characterization of narsoplimab that supports its evaluation in clinical trials. ELISA binding studies demonstrated that narsoplimab interacted with both zymogen and enzymatically active forms of human MASP-2 with high affinity (KD 0.062 and 0.089 nM, respectively) and a selectivity ratio of >5,000-fold relative to closely related serine proteases C1r, C1s, MASP-1, and MASP-3. Interaction studies using surface plasmon resonance and ELISA demonstrated approximately 100-fold greater binding affinity for intact narsoplimab compared to a monovalent antigen binding fragment, suggesting an important contribution of functional bivalency to high-affinity binding. In functional assays conducted in dilute serum under pathway-specific assay conditions, narsoplimab selectively inhibited lectin pathway-dependent activation of C5b-9 with high potency (IC50 ~ 1 nM) but had no observable effect on classical pathway or alternative pathway activity at concentrations up to 500 nM. In functional assays conducted in 90% serum, narsoplimab inhibited lectin pathway activation in human serum with high potency (IC50 ~ 3.4 nM) whereas its potency in cynomolgus monkey serum was approximately 10-fold lower (IC50 ~ 33 nM). Following single dose intravenous administration to cynomolgus monkeys, narsoplimab exposure increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner. Clear dose-dependent pharmacodynamic responses were observed at doses >1.5 mg/kg, as evidenced by a reduction in lectin pathway activity assessed ex vivo that increased in magnitude and duration with increasing dose. Analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data revealed a well-defined concentration-effect relationship with an ex vivo EC50 value of approximately 6.1 μg/mL, which was comparable to the in vitro functional potency (IC50 33 nM; ~ 5 μg/mL). Based on these results, narsoplimab has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of conditions associated with inappropriate lectin pathway activation, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy.

Serum mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases in early pregnancy for gestational diabetes in Chinese pregnant women.

This study aimed to explore associations of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP) levels in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We also examined interactions of MASPs and deoxycholic acid (DCA)/glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) for the GDM risk and whether the interactive effects if any on the GDM risk were mediated via lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:0. A 1:1 case-control study (n = 414) nested in a prospective cohort of pregnant women was conducted in Tianjin, China. Binary conditional logistic regressions were performed to examine associations of MASPs with the GDM risk. Additive interaction measures were used to examine interactions between MASPs and DCA/GUDCA for the GDM risk. Mediation analyses and Sobel tests were used to examine mediation effects of LPC18:0 between the copresence of MASPs and DCA/GUDCA on the GDM risk. High MASP-2 was independently associated with GDM [odds ratio (OR): 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.44-4.77], while the effect of high MASP-1 on GDM was attributable to high MASP-2 (P for Sobel test: 0.003). Low DCA markedly increased the OR of high MASP-2 alone from 2.53 (1.10-5.85) up to 10.6 (4.22-26.4), with a significant additive interaction. In addition, high LPC18:0 played a significant mediating role in the links from low DCA to GDM and from the copresence of high MASP-2 and low DCA to GDM (P for Sobel test <0.001) but not in the link from high MASP-2 to GDM. High MASP-1 and MASP-2 in early pregnancy were associated with GDM in Chinese pregnant women. MASP-2 amplifies the risk of low DCA for GDM, which is mediated via LPC18:0.

Plasma levels of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases are increased in type 1 diabetes patients with insulin resistance.

Activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system, as demonstrated by elevated levels of mannan-binding lectin proteins (MBL), contributes to vascular pathology in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Vascular complications are greatest in T1D individuals with concomitant insulin resistance (IR), however, whether IR amplifies activiation of the lectin pathway in T1D is unknown. We pooled pretreatment data from two RCTs and performed a cross-sectional analysis on 46 T1D individuals. We employed estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), a validated IR surrogate with cut-points of: <5.1, 5.1-8.7, and > 8.7 mg/kg/min to determine IR status, with lower eGDR values conferring higher degrees of IR. Plasma levels of MBL-associated proteases (MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3) and their regulatory protein MAp44 were compared among eGDR classifications. In a subset of 14 individuals, we assessed change in MASPs and MAp44 following improvement in IR. We found that MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3, and MAp44 levels increased in a stepwise fashion across eGDR thresholds with elevated MASPs and MAp44 levels conferring greater degrees of IR. In a subset of 14 patients, improvement in IR was associated with significant reductions in MASPs, but not MAp44, levels. In conclusion, IR in T1D amplifies levels of MASP-1/2/3 and their regulator MAp44, and improvement of IR normalizes MASP-1/2/3 levels. Given that elevated levels of these proteins contribute to vascular pathology, amplification of the lectin pathway of the complement system may offer mechanistic insight into the relationship between IR and vascular complications in T1D.