Minimum Sample Research Articles

Spatial analysis of oil palm growth and soil properties in a plantation in Nigeria

Relationships between spatially correlated soil properties and crop performance at field scale are vital when planning specific site management for sustainable crop production. This study investigated the correlations and relationships between some soil properties and oil palm trunk diameter at breast height at the Oil Palm Plantation, Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, southwest Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 0 - 10 cm surface layer at eighty-one georeferenced points within the plantation to determine soil properties and oil palm trunk diameter at breast height. The soil properties and trunk diameter at breast height varied widely with particle density, soil pH, bulk density and field capacity showing least variability (CV < 12%), oil palm trunk diameter at breast height, soil organic matter, air capacity, soil texture, soil water content, permanent wilting point, total porosity, and available water showed moderate variability (12.0% < CV < 60.0%), while saturated hydraulic conductivity was highly variable (CV > 60%). Classical linear multiple regression showed that the sand, soil pH and bulk density could only explain 16% of the variability in DBH whereas the principal component regression analysis had explained about 72% of the variability in DBH. The minimum suitable sampling interval for spatially independent variables was 10 m (1 lag), while it was the sampling point (0 lag) for spatially dependent variables. The results could be used as baseline data for delineating soil and nutrient management zones (MZs) for the oil palm plantation and other crops in the study area.

The Floor Is (Y)Ours: Auxiliary Staff Voices Their Persona

ABSTRACTThe current study investigated the perspectives of auxiliary staff regarding their profession. This study used a holistic multiple‐case study design and a qualitative research method. The sample consisted of 45 auxiliary staff who worked in various K12 public schools in the central districts of a city in Turkey and voluntarily participated in the study. The study's participants, which was designed using a case study design, consisted of 45 auxiliary staff working in 11 K12 public schools in the central districts of a province in Turkey who voluntarily participated in the study. A maximum variation sampling strategy, a purposeful sampling technique, was employed for sample selection. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with each participant to gather data for this study. An inductive content analysis method was used to analyze the collected data, and the findings were interpreted accordingly. The results revealed that auxiliary staff perform multiple roles, such as sanitation, kitchen duties, environmental monitoring, administrative tasks, and technical work. Moreover, the auxiliary staff perceived that their various roles contributed to the overall well‐being of the school community in schools.

Unveiling the “Whys” of Japanese Third-age Learners’ English Language Proficiency

Japanese third-age English language learners, though growing, are still an under-researched demographic. Grounded on the quantitative results of Japanese third-age learners' English language proficiency (ELP), which is B1 on average, this descriptive-qualitative study explored why the participants got certain levels of ELP. Using the maximum variation sampling, the researchers chose five third-aged Japanese participants from the five cities of Aichi, Japan. The findings reveal two significant themes: motivational factors (with three sub-themes: personal interest, social engagement, and personal enrichment) and factors affecting ELP (with four sub-themes: dynamics of sex and ELP, dynamics of age and ELP, dynamics of education and ELP, dynamics of time and ELP), encourage the examination of learning a language as a means to greater autonomy, cultural sensitivity, and an understanding of the global community. It provides valuable insights for teachers or curriculum designers to improve EFL programs for third-age learners, enhancing accessibility, interest, and effective language acquisition.

The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of PLA 3D Printed Parts

In this paper, the effect of two process parameters on the mechanical properties of tensile specimens made by FDM was studied. A commercially available PLA filament (produced by Prusa) was used as raw material, from which several sets of specimens were produced, the varied parameters being the raster angle (RA) relative to the longitudinal axis of the specimen and the overflow (OF). Thus, three printing angles were chosen, 0°, 22.5° and 45°, each set of specimens being made with an OF of 95%, 100% and 105% respectively. The printed layer was chosen with a standard thickness of 0.2 mm. For the analysis of the mechanical properties, the specimen sets were subjected to tensile testing on an Instron 3382 machine and the results obtained were interpreted comparatively. Additionally, the fracture surfaces of the specimens were analysed by stereomicroscope. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA analysis of experimental data indicated that both parameters and their interaction significantly influence the specimen weight but, in the case of mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength, yield elongation and tensile elongation) were insignificantly influenced by both process parameters. In this context regardless of raster angle, an overflow of 95% provides the same mechanical properties as an overflow of 105%, but at a minimum weight sample.

Interactive Geographic Visualization and Unsupervised Learning for Optimal Assignment of Preachers to Appropriate Congregations

Riau Province has a population of 6,642,874 and a diverse geography, which poses significant challenges in optimizing Islamic preaching activities. Traditional assignment methods often lead to inefficiencies due to misalignment between the preacher’s expertise and congregational needs, as well as logistical issues. This study integrates K-Means clustering and DBSCAN algorithms with interactive geographic visualization to optimize the assignment of preachers to mosques. We collected 435 data points, including 185 mosques and 250 preachers. K-Means was evaluated using the Elbow Method and Silhouette Score, identifying 10 clusters as optimal with a Silhouette Score of 0.435654. However, K-Means does not handle outliers effectively, as indicated by zero outliers in all configurations. DBSCAN was tested with various epsilon (eps) and minimum sample values. The optimal configuration with eps of 1.5 and 5 minimum samples resulted in 10 clusters with a Silhouette Score of 0.381108 and 60 outliers. DBSCAN effectively manages outliers and varying densities. Although K-Means is advantageous for its simplicity and higher Silhouette Scores, it is unable to handle outliers effectively. DBSCAN provides robust clustering for noisy data. Therefore, it can be concluded that hybridizing unsupervised learning algorithms with geographic visualization can potentially improve the effectiveness of preaching activities in Riau Province and enhance preacher assignment.

What do women experiencing domestic violence expect from healthcare professionals? A qualitative study in Sri Lanka

ObjectivesFor healthcare professionals (HCPs) to provide optimal support for women experiencing domestic violence (DV), it is important to understand what type of support women expect from HCPs. The objective of...

THE EFFECT OF THE SCHOOL NUTRITION PROGRAM (NGTS) ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CIMAHI CITY

As a form of support for the nutritional concerns of school-age children, SEAMEO RECFON initiated a flagship program for the development plan for the next five years called Nutrition Goes to School (NGTS). The study aims to see how the impact of the NGTS program on the nutritional status of elementary school students. This study used a cross sectional design. By using two sample groups, namely the school group that ran NGTS for two years and the Non-NGTS school group. Both sample groups have the same characteristics, namely private schools, and both are located in Cimahi city. Based on the results of sample determination, after conducting several sampling stages with quota sampling. Then obtained a minimum sample size of 100 students from each group with a total sample size in this study of 200 elementary school students. Furthermore, the data were tested with an independent t-test, the results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean value of nutritional status (IMT / U) in the school group with the NGTS program and the NGTS Non-Program with a p-value = 0,004 (p <0,005). These results are in line with the student nutritional status data found in this study, where undernutrition and overnutrition were much higher in Non-NGTS schools compared to NGTS schools. This shows that there is an effect of the NGTS program on the nutritional status of primary school students.

Homogeneous large field-of-view and compact iSCAT-TIRF setup for dynamic single molecule measurements

Interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT) enables prolonged and high frame rate single particle tracking (SPT) for studying molecular dynamics. Typical iSCAT setups employ conventional widefield or scanning illumination schemes. However, these implementations limit the field-of-view (FoV), the uniformity of the illumination and thus comparable accuracy over the whole FoV, and/or the maximum sampling rate, while in parts increasing hardware requirements and setup size. We demonstrate the realization of a large (60 µm x 60 µm) uniformly illuminated FoV through a passive refractive optical element in the iSCAT illumination path. This scanning-free iSCAT microscope setup is further combined with an objective based total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) channel for a complementary fluorescence readout, a focus-lock system, and a tailored control platform via the open-source ImSwitch software, and it has a compact footprint. As a proof-of-principle, we highlight the performance of the setup through the acquisition of iSCAT images with a uniform contrast and a constant ≤10 nm localization precision throughout the whole FoV. The performance is further demonstrated through dynamic iSCAT SPT and imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (imaging FCS) of lipid diffusion in a model membrane system, highlighting the ability to track a large number of molecules with the same accuracy over a large FoV. Our iSCAT setup thus depicts an accurate and improved way of recording fast molecular dynamics in life sciences.

Parental Views and Experiences on the Instruction of Safety Skills to Children with ASD

Introduction: The problems in social interaction and communication, limited interest, and repetitive behavior observed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increase the vulnerability of these children to security risks. Research demonstrated that children with ASD are more vulnerable to security risks when compared to children with typical development. The present study aimed to determine the views and experiences of parents of children with ASD on safety skills and instruction of these skills. Method: The study was designed with the descriptive model. Participants were assigned with the criterion sampling, maximum variation sampling, and convenience sampling methods. The study data were collected from 43 parents in semi-structured interviews and analyzed with the descriptive approach. Findings: More than half of the participants described safety skills as learning the skills that would protect the child, and they previously experienced situations that threatened the safety of their children, and they had taken precautions to ensure the safety of their children by reducing the exposure of their children to dangerous situations or increasing surveillance. A significant number of the participants stated that safety skills could be instructed, while nearly half stated that the children were not instructed safety skills at school. Most participants stated that they had experience in the instruction of safety skills, they usually instructed these verbally or by warning their children, albeit the instruction was challenging. Discussion: It was observed that parents' knowledge, teaching experience, and views on the definition and scope of safety skills were limited. The study findings were generally consistent with the findings reported in the literature. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that parents did not prioritize the instruction of safety skills and did not assist their children in safe responses and self-protection. The awareness, knowledge, and teaching skills of parents of children with ASD should be improved in terms of safety skills.

Preferensi Belanja Konsumen Pasar Tradisional dan Pasar Modern di Kota Banjarmasin (Studi Kasus Pasar Kuripan dan Minimarket)

The research aims to identify the characteristics of respondents and consumer households and their shopping preferences at Kuripan Market and minimarkets (Indomaret and Alfamart). The research uses quantitative descriptive analysis. The number of households within a 500 meter radius of the Kuripan Market location reached 348 households. The minimum sample is 78 households. Data collection techniques through closed interviews in questionnaires. The research results show that around 70% of respondents prefer to shop at Kuripan Market, while 30% choose minimarkets. The main reason for choosing Kuripan Market is the availability of fresh fish, vegetables and fruit, as well as bargaining. On the other hand, 39% of respondents chose to shop at Indomaret, while 48% chose Alfamart. The main reasons for shopping at minimarkets are closer distance, more affordable prices, a more complete selection of goods, as well as cleanliness and comfort.

Between the lines: linking carbon management to carbon accounting actions in the pursuit of corporate decarbonization

PurposeTo achieve net-zero by mid-century consistent with the Paris Agreement, companies must urgently formulate and implement decarbonization actions. While previous research has categorized numerous carbon management and carbon accounting actions, these domains have often been studied in isolation. We classify carbon management actions into four categories (inaction, ineffective, supportive and effective) and connect them to carbon accounting actions in a subsequent step, revealing four archetypical patterns of corporate decarbonization responses. The primary aim of this empirical study is to comprehensively assess how companies implement carbon management and carbon accounting actions in parallel and build an understanding of the various factors affecting each other, and how these domains affect carbon performance altogether.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a maximum diverse sampling approach to assess carbon management actions in 22 international companies and link them to carbon accounting actions. Data sources included interviews with sustainability managers, field notes from a joint meeting and sustainability reports. The heterogeneous sample aimed for maximum diversity, covering various sectors and headquarters locations, yet all companies have communicated a commitment to reducing carbon emissions. A qualitative content analysis was used to find connections between carbon management actions and carbon accounting actions, resulting in four archetypical patterns.FindingsThe study identifies a range of carbon management actions, from inaction to effective action, and corresponding carbon accounting actions for monitoring, disclosure, and internal information use. Effective carbon management actions correlate with comprehensive carbon accounting actions, while ineffective management shows limited use of these actions. Based on these findings, we examine links between carbon management and carbon accounting and identify four archetypical patterns of corporate decarbonization responses.Originality/valueThis study examines the interconnectedness of carbon management and carbon accounting, identifying archetypical patterns that explain their effectiveness in reducing corporate carbon emissions. It provides a framework for analyzing companies’ carbon management and highlights the essential role of carbon accounting in monitoring, disclosing and internal data use. Said framework and conclusions can guide future research and management.

Advanced montane bird monitoring using self-supervised learning and transformer on passive acoustic data

Passive acoustic monitoring combined with deep learning-based bird sound classifiers is an effective tool, particularly in remote areas. While self-supervised learning has recently excelled in natural language processing and image recognition, its application to bird sound recognition remains limited. This study proposes an innovative self-supervised learning approach, which leverages vast amounts of passive acoustic recordings for pre-training, followed by fine-tuning of target species. Compared to the three state-of-the-art models based on transfer learning from ImageNet, the proposed method demonstrated improvements across all species, with even more significant gains for tail-end species. These results confirm that domain-specific pre-training in self-supervised learning enhances downstream recognition tasks and provides greater robustness, benefiting tail-end species in imbalanced ecological datasets. Our experiments further demonstrate that integrating open-source datasets and data augmentation techniques is the most effective strategy for mitigating data imbalances and cross-domain issues. In addition, introducing a ‘catch-all’ category into training datasets has been shown to improve model robustness in open set recognition scenarios. We also identified the minimum viable sample size requirements for our proposed model and explored the impact of overlapping bird vocalizations during dawn choruses on model performance. Targeting 31 bird species in the montane regions of subtropical Taiwan, the model achieved a class-wise mean average precision of 0.782 and an overall precision of 85.6 % at the F0.5 threshold in dawn chorus soundscape recordings. This study confirms the effectiveness and advantages of self-supervised learning in bird sound recognition, supporting long-term monitoring of bird distribution and vocal activity in remote montane areas.

Work experience of special workers returning to work after the public health emergency: taking ICU nurses who have been infected with COVID-19 as example†

Abstract Objective The occurrence of some public health events inevitably endangers medical personnel, and medical personnel, as a special group, have to resume work on time to treat patients. This coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection is a good example, and what intensive care unit (ICU) nurses experience as the primary caregivers of critically ill patients after COVID-19 infection is our focus. To explore the work experience of ICU nurses after recovery from COVID-19, and to provide a theoretical basis for the intervention to improve the physical and mental health level and work experience of special workers in public health emergencies. Methods We conducted an explorative descriptive study using an inductive thematic analysis. Using the maximum differential sampling method, a semi-structured interview was conducted among 13 ICU nurses suffered from COVID-19 in a tertiary grade A hospital in Qingdao, Shandong Province. This study carried on the theme analysis according to the inductive content analysis method and used MAXQDA 2020 Analytics Pro (VERBI Software GmbH, Berlin, Germany) to manage and summarize the interview data. Results After being infected by the virus, SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen of COVID-19, the work experience of ICU nurses was extracted from the following 5 themes: (1) Stress and challenge caused by the change of work focus; (2) downsizing, overtime, taking up work with illness, and physical discomfort; (3) dedication and family debt; (4) unknown fear and helplessness; and (5) professional responsibility and sense of benefit. Conclusions Under the pressure of COVID-19, ICU nurses face multiple pressures and challenges, and their emotions are complex. We suggest that nursing managers should take corresponding measures to alleviate nurses’ physical and psychological pressure and improve their work experience.

Why do healthcare workers refuse tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT)? a qualitative study from Puducherry, South India

BackgroundThe sustainable development goal (SDG) 3.3.2 prompted India to devise the National Strategic Plan 2017–2025, targeting tuberculosis (TB) eradication by 2030. The prevention pillar of this plan emphasises on Tuberculosis...

An Examination of Mathematics Teacher Candidates’ Definitions and Images of the Fraction Concept

This study aims to examine the definitions and images of the concept of fractions held by mathematics teacher candidates. However, the aim has been to reveal the similarities or differences in the definitions and images of fractions held by teacher candidates throughout the different stages of the program. A basic qualitative research design has been used in the study. The study group consists of 155 mathematics teacher candidates studying in the mathematics teaching program of a state university in the Central Anatolia Region for the 2023-2024 academic year, selected using the maximum diversity sampling method. A form consisting of open-ended questions has been used as a data collection tool. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of teacher candidates' definitions and images related to the concept of fractions. According to the findings of the study, the explanations provided by teacher candidates regarding the definition of fractions have been categorized under four themes: meanings of fractions, types of fractions, association with rational numbers, and elements of fractions. When examining the drawings of teacher candidates regarding the concept of fractions, it has been observed that images of part-whole, sharing, ratio, set, operator, association, and number line have emerged. Teacher candidates have mostly made definitions using the meanings of fractions, with the part-whole meaning being the most frequently used among them. Additionally, it has been addressed how the definitions and images of the concept of fractions change according to the grade levels of the teacher candidates.

Theoretical and Clinical Learning Experiences and Expectations of Midwifery Students Using the Artificial Intelligence Tool ChatGPT: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACTChatGPT is one of the most popular artificial intelligence tools today. The number of users is increasing rapidly every day. ChatGPT, which is used in many fields for different purposes, has the potential to revolutionise the field of education and health. The study aims of the study is to investigate the learning experiences and expectations of midwifery students who use ChatGPT in their theoretical and clinical education. This study was conducted through an interpretive paradigm based on Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology, a qualitative research method. In the study, the maximum diversity sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used. One‐to‐one in‐depth interviews were conducted with a total of 17 midwifery students. The study data were collected through a three‐part interview form. The data obtained were analysed with the MAXQDA program. As a result of the data analysis, three main themes and seven sub‐themes were identified. The main themes are The Role of ChatGPT in Midwifery Education, The Effect of ChatGPT on Student Development and Concerns about the Use of ChatGPT. Midwifery students use ChatGPT for various purposes in theoretical and clinical courses. Although students are satisfied that artificial intelligence tools save time and make learning practical, students have some concerns about ChatGPT.

The Importance of New Media Literacy in The Post-Truth Era

In the Post-Truth era, where people's personal values and thoughts are accepted as reality and there is no need to try to reach the truth by rational reasoning, people aim to produce, spread and have their own reality accepted by using the power of new media tools in line with their beliefs, emotions and sensitivities. Every news content produced in the media is created for an ideological or commercial purpose. In this regard, new media actors aiming to determine people's ideas and opinions use many methods such as disinformation and fake news. Therefore, in the post-truth era, it becomes even more important for users in the new media ecosystem to have new media literacy skills. This research is significant in emphasizing that individuals can only become aware of the cognitive biases preventing them from accessing the truth by developing new media literacy skills. In this study, 528 university students with different demographic characteristics were included in the study by adopting the maximum diversity sampling approach. The new media literacy levels of the participants were examined using the Relational Screening Model, which is a quantitative research design. The aim of the study is to determine which demographic characteristics significantly differ in terms of new media literacy skills. While interpreting the data, an attempt was made to prepare suggestions for the solution of the problem by making inferences about the future of the post-truth era, the social threats it may cause, and the efficiency of efforts to reduce these threats.

The utility and feasibility of incorporating death cafes in undergraduate education: A qualitative exploration of medical and nursing students' perspectives

BackgroundThe current medical and nursing curricula place little emphasis on palliative and end-of-life care. Consequently, students are less comfortable in communicating about topics related to death and dying when providing palliative and end-of-life care. Death cafés utilizes a facilitator-led small group to encourage conversations about death and dying to take place alongside food and beverages in a safe environment. In light of the presence of death taboos, there is a need to understand how medical and nursing students perceive the incorporation of a death café within the undergraduate program. ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the perceptions of medical and nursing students regarding the utility and feasibility of incorporating death cafés into their undergraduate education. DesignA qualitative study was conducted. MethodsThis study was conducted in one medical school in a university in Singapore. Participants above the ages of 18 years, pursuing a full time undergraduate medical or nursing program were invited. A purposive sampling approach using the maximum variation sampling technique to enhance representativeness was used to select the participants based on their sociodemographic and academic variables. A total of 32 medical and nursing students were included in the study. Online individual interviews were conducted. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. ResultsThree main categories were developed from the content analysis: (1) Perceptions of death cafés, (2) Features of a death café, and (3) Contents of a death café conversation. Participants viewed the death café as a platform for conversations surrounding death and dying. Several features such as the presence of a facilitator and discussions to be held in small groups were surfaced. The proposed topics to be discussed ranged from communication skills, coping with death encounters, and understanding more about the concepts of palliative care. ConclusionMedical and nursing students view death cafes as a feasible and potential approach in learning pallative and end-of-life care. The use of a faciliator-guided small group discussion on topics such as coping with death, communication techniques and concepts of palliative care are proposed. Further work is needed to examine how the death café method can potentially impact students' confidence and skills in managing palliative and end-of-life care.

Unveiling the experiences of operation room nurses on ethical issues: a phenomenological study in Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia, 2022

BackgroundOperating room nurses are critical in upholding high ethical standards in fast-paced and high-stakes environment to guarantee the safety and well-being of patients undergoing surgery to resolve life-threatening situations. A deeper understanding of ethical issues in the Operating Room helps tailor interventions and policies to address real-world challenges, enhance patient care, and assist healthcare professionals.ObjectiveThis study explored the lived experiences of Operating Room nurses regarding ethical issues in Operating Room at Adama Hospital Medical College in Adama, Ethiopia, in 2022.MethodA qualitative study using the hermeneutic phenomenological method was conducted at Adama Hospital Medical College from March 15, 2022 to April 15, 2022. Eighteen nurses were selected as participants using maximum variation purposive sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The data was then imported into Atlas Ti 8 software to be coded and categorized. To ensure trustworthiness, the basic principles such as credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability were applied. Data analysis was conducted based on the Van Manen (2016) method and the results were summarized using thematic analysis.ResultsThe study revealed two main themes and ten sub-themes regarding ethical issues faced by operating room nurses. The main themes were issues related with safeguarding patient dignity and issues of Staff Professionalism and Respectful Interaction.ConclusionUpholding ethical principles and standards are critical for improving patient care and fostering positive relationships. Concepts such as Preoperative communication, ethical considerations in emergency surgeries, privacy, cultural and gender sensitivity, staff rapport, personal and professional competence, bearing responsibility, caring for patients with justice, and sterilization standards and aseptic techniques are crucial for participants. Addressing ethical concerns and ensuring compliance will enhance healthcare delivery in perioperative settings.

Factors influencing provider deviation from national HIV and nutritional guidelines for HIV-exposed children in western Kenya: a qualitative study

BackgroundMalnutrition and HIV interact in a vicious cycle for HIV-exposed infants (HEIs), increasing vulnerability and the severity of each condition and contributing to poor health outcomes. We identified multi-level factors influencing provider adherence to Kenyan HIV and nutrition guidelines for HEIs.MethodsWe conducted six focus group discussions and seven in-depth interviews using a semi-structured question guide. Participants were selected through purposive maximum variation sampling of health workers involved in maternal and child health services and outpatient nutrition programs at two facilities in western Kenya. Data collection and analysis were guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Transcripts were coded by two primary coders using both deductive and inductive thematic analysis.ResultsTDF domains that drove guideline adherence included: environmental context and resources, beliefs about capabilities, and social influences. While participants praised attempts to integrate HIV and nutritional services through teamwork and service colocation, challenges in the successful referral of patients between services persisted. Participants described siloed HIV and nutrition-related knowledge across staff, leading to missed or delayed care if certain providers were unavailable. Participants emphasized understaffing as a major contributor to gaps in care. Inconsistent material resource availability also disrupted linkages between HIV and nutrition services for patients. While participants frequently expressed high intention and internal motivation to link children between services, they described minimal structured supervision or positive reinforcement from supervisors and feeling demoralized when resource constraints interfered with care provision. Lastly, participants described patient-level factors that made it challenging for families to seek or remain in care, including poverty and HIV and malnutrition-related stigma. Participants made several recommendations, including training multiple cadres in the fundamentals of both HIV and nutritional care to address siloed services and understaffing.ConclusionsThis study details the factors that facilitate or hinder health workers as they implement national guidelines and link HEIs between HIV and nutritional services, including the impact of physical integration of service sites, human and material resource constraints, and health worker motivation. Future interventions can address these challenges by expanding access to needed resources, task sharing, and testing implementation strategies that increase the efficiency of service delivery to improve linkages in care for vulnerable infants.