Maximum Power Voltage Research Articles

Optimum Solar Cell Power Conversion Efficiency-Based Patterned Planar Solar Surface Morphology with Various Solar Cell Absorber Structures

This paper simulated the optimum solar cell power conversion efficiency-based planar solar surface morphology with various solar cell absorber structures. The spectral light intensity, reflected, absorbed, and transmission coefficients versus wavelength band spectrum varied from 300[Formula: see text]nm to 1300[Formula: see text]nm through the visible to near-infrared regions. The optimum solar cell performance parameters or key parameters are studied with different solar cell structure designs based on different surface contact and back contact layers. Cumulative generation current, cumulative electron–hole pair generation rate and electron–hole pair generation rate are clarified versus substrate depth for various solar cell structure designs. The absorbed current in substrate is optimized for various solar cell structure designs. Maximum power voltage and current are also optimized for the proposed solar cell structure design. The effective solar cell power efficiency is also demonstrated based on the optimized maximum power current and maximum power voltage.

Innovative Solar Panel Design for Electric Vehicle

We aim to develop a solar-powered system that enables e-bikes to charge while on the move, a concept we call "charging on drive." Currently, e-bike batteries are charged using fixed chargers located in specific positions. This limitation requires users to find charging outlets when the battery warning light turns on, leading to potential inconveniences if no nearby outlets are available. Our solution harnesses environmentally friendly and secure solar energy to address this issue, contributing to a healthier and sustainable future. To realize this objective, we employ a compact and adaptable photovoltaic (PV) panel, readily accessible in the market. Through the introduction of the inventive idea of "drive-and-charge," our goal is to encourage the extensive uptake of electric vehicles. To support the development of this system, we are creating mathematical models in MATLAB to analyze the fluctuation of solar panel power generation based on factors such as insolation, temperature, and Vmp (maximum power voltage).

Converting energy from overhead transmission line vibrations using a low-frequency and low-amplitude harvester in a smart grid

Introduction: Overhead transmission line vibration is detrimental to the normal operation of the power grid. It is necessary to remotely monitor overhead transmission lines with sensors in normal operation, and sensors require a constant source of energy. Harvesting energy from transmission line vibrations is an excellent solution to power these sensors.Methods: A low-frequency and low-amplitude vibration energy harvester is proposed, analyzed, produced and experimented in this study. A main constituent of the energy harvester is an outer support, an inner support, four one-way bearings, a bevel gear system and a DC generator. The harvester converts the linear reciprocating motion of the line into reciprocating swing at first and then converts it into fixed-direction rotation. Theoretical analyses are conducted to determine the harvester performance factors. Finally, the harvester is fabricated and tested.Results: The test results are in good accordance with the simulation results. At the vibrating speed as 0.48 m/s, the maximum output power and output voltage are 4.2 W and 24.7 V, respectively. The weather sensor and video recorder installed on the transmission line are powered by the harvester.Discussion: The energy harvester also effectively suppresses the vibration of transmission lines and has great potential in the constructions of smart grids. The harvester provides a feasible solution for harvesting line vibration energy and suppressing line breeze vibration simultaneously.

ANFIS Model to Calculate Open Circuit Voltage and Maximum Power Voltage to Effectively Emulate the Electrical Characteristics of Four Photovoltaic Technologies

ANFIS Model to Calculate Open Circuit Voltage and Maximum Power Voltage to Effectively Emulate the Electrical Characteristics of Four Photovoltaic Technologies

Biodegradation of human faecal sludge for photosynthetic bioelectricity generation and seawater desalination in a microbial desalination cell

ABSTRACT Inaccessibility and expensiveness of vital infrastructures are the main problems in some urban and rural areas to supply fresh water, sustainable energy, and wastewater treatment. An effective solution is the integration of several systems in an environmentally friendly technology of the photosynthetic microbial desalination cell (PMDC). The aim of this study is to assess the process characterisation of an algae-based PMDC, which was loaded with a high-strength mixture of human feces and urine (HFS). The PMDC was also able to efficiently remove COD and total nitrogen of HFS by 50% and 94%, respectively. The maximum power density, voltage, and desalination efficiency of 362.5 mW/m², 175.2 mV, and 60% were accomplished. Adequate parameter adjustment led to a remarkable maximum of 2.25 g/L.d in the ion removal rate. In addition, an energy balance was governed showing that zero or positive net energy in PMDC is feasible by replacing the main energy consumers. Based on the results, this type of MDC had a high efficiency for simultaneous saline water desalination and HFS treatment, which makes it attractive for further studies of upscaling and its application in remote areas.

An active clamped L‐L type ZVS current‐fed front‐end DC–DC converter based solid state transformer in grid connected mode PV applications

AbstractThis paper utilised a solid‐state transformer (SST) with an active clamped L‐L type current fed front‐end converter for maximum power extraction (MPE) and voltage boost operation. The proposed system employed perturb and observe (P&O) based MPE and upheld the ZVS operation of all primary side switches and ZCS operation of all secondary side rectifier diodes for various insolation conditions. The proposed system developed a new fundamental extractor titled multi‐level cascaded dual double fundamental signal extractor (MCDDFSE) and is utilized in the control algorithm for synchronization with the utility grid. The main objective of the proposed system was to deliver a compact size, reduced weight and cheaper magnetic components‐based front‐end converter of SST on the photovoltaic (PV) array side and a fast, secure and trustworthy mitigation technique for the grid current harmonics on the utility grid side. The proposed system was trialled on the platform of OPAL‐RT (RT‐LABv2021.3.2.307) for various grid abnormalities and its behaviour was found well within the IEEE 519 standards.

Common misinterpretations of thermal signatures on polycrystalline PV modules under different operational conditions

Thermal Infrared (TIR) images may be misinterpreted due to the dynamic nature of the operational current–voltage (I-V) and thermal characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules. This study investigates and analyses the I-V and thermal characteristics of polycrystalline PV modules to understand the behaviour of abnormal thermal signatures (hot cells) under varying operational points on a module’s I-V curve. A change in operational conditions influences the operational voltage points such that the mismatched cells behave differently under changing load conditions, varying irradiance and partial shading. Mismatched cells can operate in reverse bias and cause abnormal thermal signatures when the module’s operational voltage is less than the maximum power voltage(VMP), 24 V. The mismatch becomes more significant when the operational voltage is 0.2 V, close to short circuit conditions. Cell partial shading of < 10% results in dynamics of the abnormal thermal signatures and can mislead decisions during TIR imaging inspections when bad cells do not show abnormal thermal signatures on TIR images. Carrying out TIR imaging on clean PV modules operating at < VMP will enhance mismatch and the bad cells can show as hot cells, unlike when operating at > VMP. Under low irradiance of < 600Wm−2, mismatched cells can easily emerge on TIR images, however, at irradiance levels > 600Wm−2, only cells having large isolated parts will cause significant mismatch and appear hot on TIR images. This study advances the understanding of the dynamics of operational I-V points and thermal signatures and can improve the operation and TIR imaging inspections of PV modules.

Stability Analysis for DC-Link Voltage Controller Design in Single-Stage Single-Phase Grid-Connected PV Inverters

The dc-link voltage control is vitally important to ensure the operation of photovoltaic (PV) system at the maximum power voltage, where its performance affects the power quality injected into the grid. In this work, we propose a method, based on the Lyapunov function, for investigating the control system stability, during the design of a nonlinear dc-link voltage controller for single-stage single-phase grid-connected PV inverters. Furthermore, we demonstrate analytically that the non-linearity of the PV string's power-voltage (P-V) curve leads to system instability. Consequently, this article proposes an adaptive dc-link voltage controller, built from the P-V curve, as an application in order to establish a stability criterion. Simulations and experimental validations have been carried out on a grid-connected single-stage single-phase PV inverter test platform. The results confirm the feasibility of the analytical study developed in this article, as well as the proposed dc-link voltage controller with and without the stability analysis.

The oxidation efficiency and the microbial community analysis of a novel bio-electro-Fenton system with Fe@Co/GF composite cathode

A dual-chamber motional bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) system with Fe@Co/GF as the cathode was constructed to simultaneously degrade levofloxacin and tetracycline wastewater in both cathode and anode chambers. With an external resistance of 10 Ω, an initial cathode pH of 3, a Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5 mol/L, an initial Fe2+ concentration of 0.01 mmol/L, an aeration rate of 3*4.5 L/min, an initial levofloxacin concentration of 20 mg/L in the cathode chamber, and an initial tetracycline concentration of 20 mg/L in the anode chamber, the total levofloxacin removal rate was 91.09 % and the total mineralisation rate was 90.47 % within 24 h when Fe@Co/GF was used as the BEF system's cathode. And the total removal rates of tetracycline, COD and TOC in the anode chamber were 64.54 %, 85.45 % and 75.12 % respectively within 72 h. The BEF system's maximum power density, current density, and voltage were 12.64 W/m3, 636.94 mA/m3, and 920 mV, respectively. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to examine the microbial flora that was valuable in the BEF system. This study's BEF system was capable of long-term stability and has enormous potential for treating antibiotic effluent.

Optimal solar cell sorting method for high module production reliability

In photovoltaic module manufacturing processes, it is essential to achieve high production reliability of modules based on the given cells with scattered characteristics. This study aims to investigate the optimal cell sorting method to minimize the deviation of module power via simulation analysis. We consider the given solar cells to have different electrical characteristics with Gaussian distributions and ideal interconnections. We examine the resultant power distributions of modules for various cell sorting methods based on multiple cell parameters such as maximum power current, maximum power voltage, and maximum power of the cells. Our simulation shows that the average power maximum of the modules in different sorting methods has a marginal difference, and the mismatch loss by different cell characteristics is not a key factor to reduce the module reliability, but the standard deviation of the maximum powers of modules can be largely reduced by one order of magnitude if the cells are sorted out based on the reference of the average power maximum of the participated cells. Our study will provide useful guidance for cost-efficient and reliable photovoltaic modules in the manufacturing process.

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system algorithm-based robust terminal sliding mode control MPPT for a photovoltaic system

The non-linear power-current characteristics of a photovoltaic generator (GPV) present a challenge in maximizing power production. To address this issue, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods, such as the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), are commonly used due to their quick response and minimal oscillation. As well, sliding mode control (SMC) is a popular method for controlling linear and nonlinear systems because of its high robustness. In this study, the principal purpose is to develop a new approach based on the combination of ANFIS and Terminal Robust Sliding Mode Control (ANFIS-TRSMC) to resist the PV system against uncertain conditions and track the optimal power point. The simulation results show that the ANFIS-TRSMC controller has an accurate, fast, and robust response in comparison with other algorithms such as perturb and observe and the maximum power voltage–based TRSMC controller.

Triboelectric nanogenerator of 3D printed textile structure for energy harvesting application

Energy-harvesting technology, which converts discarded energy from nature into electric energy, has recently attracted attention as a solution to environmental problems, such as the exhaustion of fossil fuels, climate change, and environmental pollution. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) convert mechanical shaking into electrical signals through triboelectric charging and electrostatic induction in an internal circuit, collecting wasted mechanical kinetic energy from the body, such as walking and breathing. In this study, models of a textile structure and 3D printing were used to verify the applicability of TENG of 3D Printing textile structures by outputting textile structures using 3D Printing, textile structure was modeled and 3D printed to check the TENG applicability of the 3D Printing style structure by outputting the textile structure using 3D Printing, and freestanding mode TENG was manufactured using the fabric structure output as a tribo-layer to evaluate the maximum power voltage under various conditions. The results of this study evaluated the maximum output voltage under various conditions. The thickness and load were also increased. The factors that influence the selection of materials can be identified.

A New Hybrid MPPT Based on Incremental Conductance-Integral Backstepping Controller Applied to a PV System under Fast-Changing Operating Conditions

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is becoming more and more important in the optimization of photovoltaic systems. Several MPPT algorithms and nonlinear controllers have been developed for improving the energy yield of PV systems. On the one hand, most of the conventional algorithms such as the incremental conductance (INC) demonstrate a good affinity for the maximum power point (MPP) but often fail to ensure acceptable stability and robustness of the PV system against fast-changing operating conditions. On the other hand, the MPPT nonlinear controllers can palliate the robust limitations of the algorithms. However, most of these controllers rely on expensive solar irradiance measurement systems or complex and relatively less accurate methods to seek the maximum power voltage. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid MPPT based on the incremental conductance algorithm and the integral backstepping controller. The hybrid scheme exploits the benefits of the INC algorithm in seeking the maximum power voltage and feeds a nonlinear integral backstepping controller whose stability was ensured by the Lyapunov theory. Therefore, in terms of characteristics, the overall system is a blend of the MPP-seeking potential of the INC and the nonlinear and robust potentials of the integral backstepping controller (IBSC). It was noted that the hybrid system successfully palliates the conventional limitations of the isolated INC and relieves the PV system from the expensive burden of solar irradiance measurement. The proposed hybrid system increased the operational efficiency of the PV system to 99.94% and was found better than the INC MPPT algorithm and 8 other recently published MPPT methods. An extended validation under experimental environmental conditions showed that the hybrid system is approximately four times faster than the INC in tracking the maximum power with better energy yield than the latter.

Effect of NaOH concentration as activator on calcined eggshell and its application for yeast microbial fuel cell

Eggshells may be utilized as an advanced material. Yeast microbial fuel cells may benefit with calcined eggshell at carbon felt anodes. Stability issues and poor power density prohibit its wider usage. We determined the eggshell-to-NaOH ratio for calcined eggshell anode material. Calcined eggshell with a 1:4 eggshell-NaOH ratio had a high maximum power density (31 mW.m−2) and voltage stability of 45 mV after 30 days incubation. The addition of NaOH activator may also increase crystal size and crystallinity to 145 nm and 43.92 %, respectively, which may accelerate electron transport as evidenced by a decrease in the energy band gap from 5.6 to 5.2 eV, as determined by DFT analysis. The addition of NaOH activator during incubation increased the surface area to 181.2 m2.g−1, improving the anode's potential to host yeast biofilms. Calcined eggshell with a 1:4 eggshell-NaOH ratio is a good anode for yeast microbial fuel cells.

Support Vector Regression Machine Learning based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar Photovoltaic systems

Photovoltaic panels use the sun’s radiation on their surface to convert solar energy into electricity. This process is dependent on the temperature of the surface and the intensity of the sun's radiation. To escalate the energy transformation, the solar system must be functioned at its maximum power point (MPP). Every maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique has a distinct mechanism for tracking maximum power point (MPP). The support vector machine (SVM) regression algorithm is used in this work to develop a novel method for tracking the MPP of a PV panel. The solar panel technical parameters were used to prepare the data for training and testing the SVM model. The SVM algorithm predicts the PV panel's maximum power and relevant voltage for specific irradiation and temperature. The duty cycle of the boost converter corresponding to the maximum power was evaluated using the predicted values. The result of the simulation shows that the proposed control strategy forces the solar panel to work near the predicted MPP. The SVM regression control strategy gives the MPP tracking efficiency of more than 94% for the solar PV system despite variable climatic conditions during its stable state operation. In addition, a comparative analysis of the proposed method was carried out with the existing approaches to confirm the effective tracking of the proposed technique.

Experimental study on performances of flat-plate pulsating heat pipes coupled with thermoelectric generators for power generation

Waste heat recovery for thermoelectric power generation is an important way to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. In this paper, the performances of flat-plate pulsating heat pipe (PHP) coupled with thermoelectric generators (TEGs) under constant heating temperature and constant heating power conditions were comparatively studied. It investigated the effects of type, number and layer number, connection mode, and installation mode of TEGs on the performances of the coupling system. Results indicate that there are different optimal types of TEGs in the coupling system under different conditions. The effects of connection mode, installation mode and cooling water flow rate on the maximum output power of the coupling system appear to be negligible. Under constant heating power conditions, the increase in the number of TEGs reduces the maximum output power and conversion efficiency. Three-layer TEGs can optimize the performances of the coupling system, and the maximum output power and open-circuit voltage can reach 4.115 W and 22.3 V at the heating power of 160 W. However, under constant heating temperature conditions, the effects of number and layer number on output power are completely opposite to those at constant heating power conditions. The maximum conversion efficiency of the coupling system is 4.40% at the heating temperature of 100 ℃. For thermal performances of the coupling system, the effective thermal conductivity can be up to 873 W/(m·K) and the thermal resistance is only about 0.1 ℃/W. The coupling system has broad application prospects in the fields of driving LED lamps and producing hydrogen by water electrolysis.

Green Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Edible Proteins for Electrophoretic Deposition

AbstractThe next generation of wearable electronics for internet of things (IoT) systems, and green energy harvesting require electrically conductive materials with high flexibility, conductivity, and being environmentally friendly. In this study, three biopolymers, cow's milk, soy milk, and egg white liquid, are investigated and compared as spin‐coated positive layers in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Superior results are obtained using egg white liquid as a novel liquid conductor with comparable conductivity and high transparency. After investigating various disposable polymers as substrates, sandpaper is used to improve the output performance of the proposed egg white liquid based TENG (EW‐TENG). The maximum output power density, voltage, and current of the EW‐TENG are 328.84 mW cm−2, 1720 V, and 16.05 mA, respectively. The fabricated EW‐TENG, with an area of 4 × 4 cm2, can directly illuminate 55 high‐power blue LEDs and can adequately perform an electrophoretic deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on copper layers without microcracks. The potential distribution of the EW‐TENG obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics software is consistent with the experimental results. Herein, an eco‐environmentally friendly, flexible, and lightweight electronic device for energy harvesting and electrophoretic deposition applications is proposed.

An Enhanced P&amp;O MPPT Algorithm for PV Systems with Fast Dynamic and Steady-State Response under Real Irradiance and Temperature Conditions

This paper presents an enhanced perturb and observe (P&amp;O) method for reconciling the trade-off problem between the dynamic response and steady-state oscillations in maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The constraint of having to sacrifice either the dynamic response or the steady-state oscillations has been solved. The method uses the relationship between the open-circuit voltage and maximum power voltage from the fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) MPPT method to establish a valid, reduced, and confined search space within which an enhanced P&amp;O via dynamic adaptive step size terminates the search for the maximum power point. The feasibility of the proposed method has been validated by comparing its performance with the conventional P&amp;O algorithm. It was noted that the proposed method increased the operational efficiency of the PV module to 99.89%, reduced the tracking time to 1.8 ms, and preserved the good steady-state response with a power attenuation of less than 0.10 W or relative 0.16% under MATLAB environment. An experimental setup was used to collect real irradiance and temperature data which was used in real-time simulations. The enhanced P&amp;O method was able to resist abrupt changes in irradiance and temperature as it effectively and efficiently followed the maximum power point (MPP). Finally, to appreciate the supremacy of the proposed method, it was compared to nineteen different MPPT methods from literature. The comparison showed that the enhanced P&amp;O MPPT method is highly efficient and effective for MPPT in photovoltaic (PV) generation systems.

Interlaboratory comparison of voltage sweep methods used for the electrical characterization of encapsulated high‐efficiency c‐Si solar cells

AbstractThis work presents the comparison of measurement results for four types of encapsulated high‐efficiency c‐Si solar cells measured by 10 laboratories based in Asia, Europe and North America utilizing a wide range of voltage sweeping methods, which include well‐established procedures that represent good industry practice, as well as recently introduced ones that have not been verified yet. The aim of the round‐robin interlaboratory comparison was to examine the measurement comparability of different laboratories with respect to their measurement methods of high‐efficiency solar cells. A proficiency test was employed to examine the consistency of results and their corresponding uncertainties. The short‐circuit current (ISC) under STC measured by four accredited laboratories was firstly compared. In order to investigate the consistency related to the high device capacitance, the value of the ISC was fixed for all 10 participants. The results of all participant laboratories—compared via En number analysis—generally remained well within [−1; 1], thus indicating consistency between the measured values and the reference values within stated measurement uncertainties. The differences remained within ±1.15% in PMAX and within ±0.35% in VOC for all participants and methods applied. Correlations were observed among the PMAX, VOC, and FF differences from their weighted mean. An analysis of the effects of transient current (dQ/dt) at maximum power point caused by hysteresis effect on the measurement error of PMAX showed a significant linear correlation between error of maximum power and junction voltage sweep rate for heterojunction (HJT) solar cells. This work forms the basis to validate all applied methods and their stated measurement uncertainties.

Analisis Efisiensi Inverter pada Grid-Connected 50 KWp Unpam Viktor

The efficiency of grid-tied inverters in converting electrical energy sourced from solar power plants. The purpose of this study is to find out how efficient the Grid-tied inverter is based on the results of field tests, and it is useful as a reference to determine the performance of an inverter connected to the utility grid. Quantitative research methods with direct measurement techniques use the Seaward PV meter measuring instrument and the IsolarCloud monitoring application and control panel to determine the output power absorbed by the load with the research location in the inverter room on the 7th floor of the Pamulang Viktor University campus. The results show that the highest efficiency is achieved with a value of 98.4% where it can be said that the inverter can convert almost all of the energy produced by solar cells, with an average short circuit current (Isc) 16% greater than the maximum current (Imp) and open circuit voltage (Voc) is 21% greater than the maximum power voltage. The results of the analysis also show that the increase in current has no significant effect on the efficiency of the inverter.