Maximum Percentage Of Grafting Research Articles

Emulsion graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto bamboo fiber composites for efficient removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions

The emulsion graft polymerization process was used to synthesize a novel polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted silanized bamboo fiber composites. The grafting percentage was assessed by varying surfactant, initiator and monomer concentrations. The surface morphologies and thermal behavior of the biocomposites were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA techniques. In batch adsorption studies, the effect of adsorption parameters like pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dose and solution temperature were examined on the adsorption efficiency of lead ions. The adsorption capacity of biosorbent composites was enhanced through conversion of epoxy group of Poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) into sulfonic acid groups via sulfonation process. The sulfonic acid groups were incorporated into VMBF-g-PGMA by stirring the grafted sample in H2SO4 (98 %) for 2 h at 90 °C to obtain sulfonated grafted polymer (VMBF-g-PGMA-S). By increasing the concentration of monomers up to 5 %, the maximum grafting percentage (289 %) was achieved. The grafting % increases rapidly from 0.5 to 0.20 g initiator and at 0.20 g of initiator, the highest grafting yield was 512 %. The maximum Pb+2 adsorption capacity of adsorbent was 200 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters for pb+2 adsorption revealed an exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption process, and the entropy change showed that there are no substantial structural changes occurred in biosorbent material. The experimental results confirmed that sulfonated biosorbent composites are effective, economical, and promising adsorbent which could be used for removal of lead and other ions from aqueous solution.

Synthesis and Study of Free Radical Graft Polymerization of Glycidyl Methacrylate on Gamma-Irradiated Graphene Oxide

This study reports on the synthesis of a novel poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted graphene oxide (GO) by using a free radical-induced emulsion graft polymerization method. PGMA was grafted onto a gamma irradiated and vinyl functionalized GO substrate, and the parameters of graft polymerization (i.e., the concentration of monomer, initiator, and surfactant) were optimized to achieve the maximum grafting percentage. Remarkably, a PGMA grafting percentage of up to 2626% was obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. The developed materials were characterized by different characterization techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of characteristic peaks of PGMA in FTIR spectra and changes in morphology of GO sheets after the grafting process confirmed the successful PGMA grafting onto GO. The thermal stability of the grafted samples was also significantly enhanced and increased with an increase in grafting percentage. This work discloses the tailoring of the properties of nanohybrid material obtained by free radical-induced emulsion graft polymerization. The prepared PGMA grafted GO nanohybrids can be further modified to develop adsorbents for metal uptake.

Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization of Methacrylonitrile onto Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene) Film by Discontinuous Method

An attempt has been made to graft copolymerize the vinyl monomer methacrylonitrile onto poly tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene, known as Tefzel film, by the double-irradiation method in aqueous medium. Optimum conditions for attaining the maximum percentage of grafting were evaluated. The maximum percentage of grafting for methacrylonitrile was obtained 128.7 % at an optimum dose of 24.9 kGy using 2.98 mol L-1 of methacrylonitrile. Investigations on the effects of different chain-length aliphatic alcohols, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, cyclohexanol and amyl alcohol on the grafting percentages of methacrylonitrile have been performed. Characterization of Tefzel and grafted Tefzel films have been performed by infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis. Methacrylonitrile grafted Tefzel films showed better thermal stability.

Microwave-assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylamide Grafted Copolymer of Okra Gum with the Application of 32 Central Composite Designs (CCD)

Introduction: Modified polymeric materials are nowadays most commonly used for making modified release pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: In this present research study, a grafted copolymer is synthesized by using acrylamide and okra gum with the help of the redox initiator method. The method was optimized using a 3-factor, 2-level central composite design (CCD). Optimization of the synthetic process was done by the application of QbD, amount of acrylamide (1-10g), amount of initiator (50-150 mg), and microwave irradiation exposure time (1-5 min) were taken critical process variables and response factors were selected as percentage grafting (% grafting) and percentage yield (% yield). Results and Conclusion: The optimized formulation (F13) having a maximum percentage of grafting 82.2 and a percentage yield of 12.54 of the formulation’s acrylamide (5.5g), amount of initiator (100 mg), and microwave irradiation exposure time (3 min). Characterization of synthesized grafted copolymer product was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Preparation and Characterization of a Renewable Starch-g-(MA-DETA) Copolymer and Its Adjustment for Dye Removal Applications.

Maleic anhydride-diethylenetriamine grafted on starch (st-g-(MA-DETA)) was synthesized through graft copolymerization, and the different parameters (copolymerization temperature, reaction time, concentration of initiator and monomer concentration) affecting starch graft percentage were studied to achieve the maximum grafting percentage. The maximum grafting percentage was found to be 29.17%. The starch and grafted starch copolymer were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, NMR, and TGA analytical techniques to describe copolymerization. The crystallinity of starch and grafted starch was studied by XRD, confirming that grafted starch has a semicrystalline nature and indicating that the grafting reaction took place typically in the amorphous region of starch. NMR and IR spectroscopic techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of the st-g-(MA-DETA) copolymer. A TGA study revealed that grafting affects the thermal stability of starch. An SEM analysis showed the microparticles are distributed unevenly. Modified starch with the highest grafting ratio was then applied to celestine dye removal from water using different parameters. The experimental results indicated that St-g-(MA-DETA) has excellent dye removal properties in comparison to native starch.

Synthesis and study of polyaniline grafted graphene oxide nanohybrids

The research and development on electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have become a radical zone for the electronic industry to cope with the electromagnetic pollution. Taking into consideration, we hereby report on a novel conducting nanohybrid prepared by graft polymerization using gamma-irradiated graphene oxide (GO) as a substrate. In-situ polymerization of aniline was achieved in the presence of GO. The grafting percentage was controlled by varying the reaction parameters (i.e., the concentration of monomer, initiator, and surfactant). A maximum grafting percentage of 670% of polyaniline (PANI) was then achieved at optimal reaction conditions. More so, the polyaniline grafted graphene oxide (GO-g-PANI) nanohybrid has been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetry (TGA) technique. The optimal nanohybrid showed excellent electrical conductivity (63 S/cm) which was 232% higher than GO substrate. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of the nanohybrid in the X-band frequencies was upto 36.2 dB which was 187.3% higher than the GO substrate. These results were ascribed to the more grafting percentage of PANI on GO in the grafted nanohybrid. The developed conducting nanohybrids are light weight and have great potential as EMI shielding additive.

Graft Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile onto Sodium Salt of Partially Carboxymethylated Tamarind Kernel Powder Using Ceric Ammonium Nitrate as a Photo‐Initiator in an Aqueous Medium Under Ultraviolet‐Radiation

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated tamarind kernel powder (Na‐PCMTKP, ) has been carried out using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a photo‐initiator. The optimal UV‐radiation‐induced grafting conditions have been established with Na‐PCMTKP = 0.5 g (dry basis), [HNO3] = 0.2 mol L−1, [AN] = 0.295 mol L−1, [CAN] = 6.0 × 10−3 mol L−1, time = 6 h, temperature = 30 °C, volume of water = 144.58 mL, and total volume = 150 mL. The maximum percentage of grafting (%G) and percentage grafting efficiency (%GE) achieved under these established optimum reaction conditions are 361.16% and 89.33%, respectively. The various reaction conditions have been varied with a view to study their influence on the grafting yields (%G and %GE). A plausible mechanism to explain initiation, propagation, and termination of UV‐radiation‐initiated graft copolymerization has also been suggested. The influence of the efficiency of the photo‐initiator on the grafting yields has been investigated. Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy techniques have been successfully used to provide the evidence of grafting of polyacrylonitrile onto Na‐PCMTKP. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of the graft copolymer, Na‐PCMTKP‐g‐PAN, has also been investigated with the help of the DSC curves obtained at different heating rates. The Ozawa and the Kissinger methods have been utilized for the evaluation of the kinetic parameters for the thermal decomposition of the graft copolymer sample. The synthesized graft copolymer after saponification may be used as a superabsorbent hydrogel for potential applications.

Synthesis of a hydrogel by grafting of acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate onto chitosan for effective adsorption of Fuchsin basic dye

This work was designed to produce effective adsorbent from acrylamide (AAm), sodium methacrylate (SMA), and chitosan (CTS) through free radical grafting polymerization for removing the Fuchsin dye from its solution. The gel fraction and the grafting parameters were studied, and the results showed maximum grafting percentage (1014.3%) and gel fraction (83.5%) when the molar ratio of SMA to AAm was 1: 1 (the best ratio). In addition, incorporation of SMA into the gel structure enhanced the swelling of the gel by 6.63–10.25-fold as compared with the AAm-graft-CTS gel. FT-IR, TGA, DTG, DTA, and SEM were utilized to investigate the gels. Capacity for the adsorption of Fuchsin basic dye via batch process was tested and the impact of SMA, contact time, agitation rate, gel dose, dye concentration, temperature, and pH were studied. The maximum removal % (97.2%) was achieved at the best ratio. Best fitting was found by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm. Evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters was done, and it was found that the adsorption process was exothermic in nature and spontaneous and unfavorable at high temperature. The negative value of ∆S (−0.148 KJ K−1 mol−1) indicated the decrease in randomness at the solid-liquid interface.

Design, development and validation of guar gum based pH sensitive drug delivery carrier via graft copolymerization reaction using microwave irradiations

A natural polysaccharide exudate guar gum was modified via graft copolymerization reaction aided by microwave irradiation. The graft copolymerization was carried out by using 2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) as monomer and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a free radical initiator under microwave irradiation. Different grades of graft copolymers of (GG-g-P(HEMA)) were designed by varying the initiator and monomer concentrations and the best grade was developed with maximum percentage of grafting. The validation of synthesis was done by different characterization techniques such as 13C NMR, FTIR, SEM, CHNSO and TGA. These grades were applied as pH sensitive drug delivery carrier with pH variations in simulation with environment of gastrointestinal tract. The swelling study of GG-g-P(HEMA) based tablets was recorded as a function of varied pH and temperature to suit its application in GI tract. The equilibrium swelling percentage was found to be low at pH 1.2 whereas it was high at alkaline pH 7.4 condition. This swelling behavior makes this material quite suitable to be used as drug delivery carrier. The release mechanism of drug 5 - amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) was studied by different mathematical kinetics models. 5-ASA is a therapeutic drug to cure mild to moderate inflammatory bowel disease.

Cardanol Functionalized Carboxylated Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber for Better Processability, Technical Properties and Biocompatibility

The present investigation deals with the latex stage functionalization of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) by chemically grafting cardanol onto its backbone main chain to impart multifunctional characteristics to it. The grafting of cardanol onto XNBR in the latex stage has been accomplished successfully using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a free radical initiator. Cardanol grafted XNBR (C-g-XNBR) exhibited an increase in molecular weight (7.5%) with an increase in PDI (polydispersity index). The optimum grafting parameters were found to be of 1 phr BPO with 15 phr cardanol at a reaction temperature of 80 °C and a reaction time of 10 h using “Taguchi methodology”. The maximum percentage grafting (PG) and grafting efficiency (GE) were estimated to be 13.8 and 92.8%, respectively at the optimum combination of the reaction parameters. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis results exhibited a decrease in Tg value for the functionalized elastomer. Thermogravimetric analysis displayed an increase in the thermal stability of C-g-XNBR. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and hemolysis studies proved that functionalized rubber as biocompatible. Moreover, functionalized XNBR exhibited a potential bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. Fire and flame retardancy study revealed an increased LOI (limiting oxygen index) for C-g-XNBR.

Semi-interpenetrating networks of biopolymer chitosan/acrylic acid and thiourea hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and their potential for removal of cadmium

The present manuscript deals with the synthesis of novel chitosan-based semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-CIPNs) and explores their potential for removal of Cd2+ ions from solution. Microwave radiation-induced polymerization was carried out using biopolymer chitosan (CS) and acrylic acid (AA) monomer, in the presence of initiator (K2S2O8) and cross-linker thiourea (CH4N2S). The effect of polymerization variables such as the amount of solvent, concentrations of initiator, monomer and cross-linker and the reaction time were optimized as a function of percentage grafting (Pg). Under optimized conditions, the liquid uptake potential of the synthesized semi-CIPN was studied in terms of percentage swelling (Ps). The semi-CIPN showed the maximum percentage grafting (3845%) and percentage swelling (311%) under the optimized conditions. The physico-chemical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA/DTG/DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) provided the evidence for formation of semi-CIPN from chitosan. Semi-CIPN was found to be an efficient device for facile sequestering of Cd2+ ions on the basis of batch experimental studies as 98.1% efficiency was observed for removal of Cd2+ from 100 mg/L solution. Reusability of polymeric material was evaluated for its sorption performance in consecutive adsorption and desorption cycle and it was observed that the regeneration efficiency decreases slowly up to eighth adsorption/desorption cycles, thereafter, it decreases significantly in the 9th and 10th cycles and 40% efficiency has been observed after 12th cycle. Regeneration of the synthesized semi-CIPN explores the reusability and economic feasibility of biopolymer material.

Optimizing acrylonitrile grafting onto delignified rice straw via response surface methodology towards its flame retardancy and durability intensification

The current research emphasizes on grafting of acrylonitrile onto pretreated rice straw for making low cost roofing material. The technique was improved by means of optimization for analyzing the impact of some parameters such as polymer dose, time and temperature of grafting. The optimization process applied in this research work was response surface methodology (RSM). The process was optimized through quadratic model of regression using ANOVA study (analysis of variance). 3-dimensional (3D) surface plots of the response and 2-dimensional (2D) contour analyses were adopted for further investigation of the collective synergies amidst the functional variables and to find out the optimal values for the percentage of grafting. The maximum grafting percentage was found at a grafting time of 97.59 min, grafting temperature of 77.52 oC and monomer concentration of 16.82 cubic centimeters (cc). At this condition, the highest percentage of polymer grafting from predictions according to the employed model was 60.07% which showed desirability equal to 1. The validation of these predictions was performed experimentally, with the observed result being 59.97% which is nearly equal to the theoretical values predicted by the model. Therefore, the model was able to deliver an optimized condition appropriate for polymer grafting onto rice straw for intensifying its durability.

Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch-g-polyvinylpyrolidones and their properties for the adsorption of Rhodamine 6G and ammonia

Carboxymethyl starch-g-polyvinylpyrolidones (CMS-g-PVPs) were prepared by grafting of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) with N-vinylpyrolidone (NVP) using different initiators. The grafting percentage of all the modified starches was determined and the modified starch (CMS-g-PVP-5) with maximum grafting percentage was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Crystallinity and thermal properties of CMS-g-PVP-5 were analysed by XRD and TGA, respectively. CMS-g-PVP-5 was then utilized for the adsorption of Rhodamine 6G (dye) from water under different pH, temperature, adsorbate doze and adsorbent concentration. This modified starch showed good adsorption ability towards Rhodamine 6G. CMS-g-PVP-5 was also applied for the adsorption of ammonia gas and proved an exciting adsorbent for ammonia.

Synthesis and characterization of a new type of levan-graft-polystyrene copolymer

Novel macromolecular graft copolymers were synthesized by reaction of the hydroxyl groups of the microbial polysaccharide levan, produced using Bacillus licheniformis, with polystyrene (Lev-g-PS). Synthesis was performed by the free radical reaction using potassium persulfate (PPS) as initiator. The prepared copolymer was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TG/DTA, XRD and 13C NMR. The influence of the different conditions (reaction temperature, air or nitrogen atmosphere, reaction time, type of amines and ascorbic acid (AA) concentration) on the grafting reaction was investigated. Results showed that maximum percentage of grafting (58.1%) was achieved at a reaction temperature 70°C, in a nitrogen atmosphere and using dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) as the amine activator. On the basis of the obtained results, the likely reaction mechanism was proposed. Synthesized copolymers have better thermal stability in comparison with their initial components. Copolymers such as Lev-g-PS could potentially have many applications, such as compatibilizers and material for membranes.

Synthesis and characterisation of poly(acryalamide) grafted carboxymethyl xanthan gum copolymer

In the present work, an unreported graft copolymer of carboxymethyl xanthan gum and acrylamide has been synthesised by free radical polymerisation in a nitrogen atmosphere using ammonium persulphate as an initiator. The optimum reaction conditions adopted for affording maximum percentage of grafting including its grafting efficiency were obtained by varying the concentration of carboxymethyl xanthan gum from 4 to 24gdm−3; ammonium persulphate from 5×10−4 to 30×10−4moldm−3; acrylamide from 0.4 to 1.2moldm−3; reaction temperature from 55 to 75°C and reaction time from 30 to 90min. The synthesised graft copolymer has been characterised by 1H NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurement, thermal analysis, viscosity measurement and scanning electron microscopy. However, grafting of acrylamide onto carboxymethyl xanthan gum backbone enhanced its thermal stability. This graft copolymer might be well exploited globally as a potential carrier for drug delivery system.

Effect of CaCO3/HCl pretreatment on the surface modification of chitin gel beads via graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate and 4-vinylpyridine

Although chitin, poly(N-acetylglucosamine), possesses considerable potential as a biomaterial, it has not been as thoroughly studied as its derivative chitosan. In this study, the potential of chitin gel beads has been evaluated for surface modification via vinyl polymer grafting. Grafting behavior of two well-established vinyl monomers, namely 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) were investigated using cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate as the redox initiator with the aim of obtaining chemically functionalized more hydrophilic chitin surfaces. The intractable nature of chitin, which is one of its primary drawbacks as a grafting substrate was overcome by applying a CaCO3 treatment during bead preparation. The maximum grafting percentage of poly(HEMA) onto chitin bead without CaCO3 treatment was found to be 65%, while the value for CaCO3 treated chitin beads was 515%. The maximum grafting yield of poly(4-VP) on to CaCO3 treated chitin powder was 380% at optimum conditions. The grafting system was extensively characterized before and after grafting by FT-IR, SEM, C-13 NMR and XRD analyses. Significant improvement on the swelling capacities of chitin based gel beads in aqueous acidic, basic and neutral media was obtained. An account of the pros and cons of the system has been presented.

Synthesis of acrylic-acid-modified shorea sawdust and application in adsorbing toxic organic materials

Shorea sawdust grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (SD-g-PAA) is synthesized and characterized as an adsorbent of toxic organic compounds. SD-g-PAA copolymers are prepared using Fenton’s reagent (Fe+2–H2O2) as the redox initiator. The graft copolymerization is examined to determine the effects of temperature, concentrations of Fe(aq)+2 and H2O2(aq), and AA/SD ratio. The obtained maximum grafting percentage of the grafted copolymer is 13.0 ± 0.2%. The grafted copolymer is characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state 13C NMR. A representative SD-g-PAA copolymer is neutralized to a sodium salt (SD-g-PANa) and used in the adsorption of malachite green (MG), methyl violet (MV), and paraquat (PQ). The monolayer adsorption capacities of these substances are 233.7, 312.9, and 164.8 mg/g adsorbent, respectively. The high adsorption capacity of SD-g-PANa for toxic matter indicates its potential in the treatment of wastewater that contains MG, MV, or PQ.

Effect of reaction conditions on the thermal stability of polystyrene grafted oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber

Abstract Polystyrene was grafted onto oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber in aqueous medium by using the H2O2/Fe2+ system as an initiator. Optimization of the reaction conditions was carried out by varying the reaction period, temperature, amounts of the monomer, initiator and co-catalyst. The presence of the peaks around 3026 cm-1, 698 cm-1 and 755 cm-1 in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the grafted product and the presence of polystyrene on the surface of grafted OPEFB in the scanning electron micrograph provided strong evidence of the grafting. The maximum percentage of grafting (about 200%) was achieved when the reaction was carried on for 4 h at a temperature of 65°C, using 52.27 mmol monomer, 6.00 mmol initiator and 0.26 mmol co-catalyst. The thermal stability of the grafted OPEFB was found to be better than that of the ungrafted fiber, as seen from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Analysis and Characterization of Microwave Irradiation–Induced Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate onto Delignified Grewia Optiva Fiber

Grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto delignified Grewia optiva fiber using ascorbic acid/H2O2 as an initiator was carried out under microwave irradiation. The effects of varying the microwave power, exposure time, and concentration of initiator and monomer of graft polymerization were studied to obtain maximum grafting percentage (26.54%). The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions for grafting were: exposure time, 10min; microwave power, 110 W; ascorbic acid concentration, 3.74mol/L × 10−2; H2O2 concentration, 0.97mol/L × 10−1; monomer concentration, 1.87mol/L × 10−1. The graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Antibacterial, flame retardant, and physico‐chemical properties of cotton fabric graft copolymerized with a binary mixture of acrylonitrile and 4‐vinylpyridine

ABSTRACTModification of cotton fabric has been carried out through chemically induced graft copolymerization of binary mixture of acrylonitrile (AN) and 4‐vinyl pyridine (4‐VP) using ceric ammonium nitrate, (CAN) as initiator. Maximum percentage of grafting (151.28%) has been obtained at [4‐VP] = 0.376 mol L−1 and [AN] = 1.221 mol L−1, [CAN] = 0.0255 mol L−1 and [HNO3] = 0.9585 mol L−1 in 25mL of water at 70°C in 180 min. Post quarternization and phosphorylation reactions of the grey and grafted cotton fabrics have been carried out to study their antibacterial and flame retardant properties respectively. The fabrics have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The physico‐chemical properties such as wettability, moisture regain, crease recovery and tensile strength of the grey and grafted cotton fabric have also been evaluated. The modified fabric has been shown to exhibit excellent antibacterial and flame retarding properties with improved physico‐chemical properties except for the mechanical properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40415.