Capacity Maximal Oxygen Research Articles

Study on Physical Fitness Index BMI and VO<sub>2</sub> Max of Physical Education Students

Physical activity is human body movement of any type, while physical education programs use physical activity to teach children how to improve and sustain an active lifestyle. One of the most crucial factors to think about when evaluating a subject's cardiorespiratory efficiency is their Physical Fitness Index (PFI). The risks involved in implementing BMI for adults also affect kids and teenagers. The term "maximal oxygen consumption capacity" (VO<sub>2</sub>max) refers to the body's capacity to consume oxygen in the skeletal muscle mitochondria at a maximum rate during vigorous full-body exercise. To investigate correlation body mass index, physical fitness index and maximal oxygen capacity (VO<sub>2</sub>max) among physical education students. The investigator was selected 36 BPED students (Male: 20 & Female: 16) from University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia. The age range of subject from 19 to 25 years. To conduct this study measured body mass index though Quetelet index, physical fitness index through Harvard step test and maximal oxygen capacity (VO<sub>2</sub>max) through Queens College Step test were considered. Conclusion of this present study were no significant relationship between physical fitness index and body mass index of male, female students and students as a whole. Significantly relationship between VO<sub>2</sub> max and body mass index for female students but in case of male and student as a whole found no relationship. Positive relationship between physical fitness index and VO<sub>2</sub> max for male students and student as a whole but in case of female found no relationship.

Better Cardiorespiratory Fitness Defined as VO2max Increases the Chance of Partial Clinical Remission and Prolongs Remission Duration in People with Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes.

An essential process affecting the course of type 1 diabetes (DM1) is the appearance and duration of clinical remission. One of the most important factors promoting the occurrence of remission is physical activity, due to increased activity of antioxidants, reduces insulin resistance and improves glucose transport. Maximal oxygen capacity (VO2max) is an objective measure of the body's aerobic capacity. To assess VO2max, oxygen uptake should be measured directly during the exercise test. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical capacity in adults with DM1 and its relationship with the occurrence of partial clinical remission (pCR) during 2 years follow-up. The pCR was assessed by the following mathematical formula: A1c (%) + [4 × insulin dose (U/kg/d)]. The result ⩽9 indicates pCR. VO2max was assessed between 6th and 24th month of diabetes duration using an ergospirometer (COSMED K5 System), during an exercise test carried out on a cycloergometer (RAMP incremental exercise test). The study group consisted of 32 adults with DM1. People with pCR were proved to have higher VO2max level [36.0 (33.0-41.5) vs 30.9 (26.5-34.4) ml/min/kg, P = .009. Univariate and multivariate regression confirmed a significant association between VO2max and presence of pCR [AOR 1.26 (1.05-1.52), P = .015]. Duration of remission was longer among group with higher VO2max results [15 (9-24) vs 9 (0-12) months, P = .043]. The positive relationship was observed between diabetes duration and VO2max (rs = 0.484, P = .005). Multivariate linear regression confirms a significant association between remission duration and VO2max (ml/min/kg) (β = 0.595, P = .002). The higher VO2max, the better chance of partial clinical remission at 2 years of DM1 and longer duration of remission.

Personalized daily-weekly workout arrangement application "cardio fit"

Having mobile applications has become an indispensable part of our lives in recent years. There are many mobile applications that are already being used in the field of fitness. By using these apps, people can lead a more organized and planned lifestyle. However, many apps fail to offer personalized programs for individuals. This makes mobile applications an inefficient method for users to reach their goals. Our mobile application aims to enable users to reach their fitness level effectively and quickly with a program suitable for their body type, physical characteristics, training goals and exercise preferences. Body mass indexes are calculated based on the body measurements that users enter and their maximum oxygen capacity is determined according to their age, the user chooses their fitness goals, selects the equipment they will train with, and indicates whether they have heart rate monitors. Based on this, the appropriate program is presented to the user. This app is not suitable for users over 50 years old. Users have two goal options for the app: “Feeling Good – Breaking a Sweat” and “Achieving Fitness Level (Firming-Fat Burning).” In the “Reach Fitness Level” option, a tightening program is recommended if the user’s weight is above their ideal weight, while a fat burning program is recommended for users who are significantly above their ideal weight. The Kotlin programming language was used to develop this application, and the Firebase database was used to speed up the development process to ensure the effectiveness of fitness programs, the cardio program was provided by a fitness trainer who is an expert in the field. This app retrieves the necessary user information from the database and provides them with the most suitable fitness program. As a result, users can achieve their goals without needing a fitness trainer or going to the gym.

VascuFit: vascular effects of non-linear periodized exercise training in sedentary adults with elevated cardiovascular risk – protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEarly vascular aging (EVA) is increasingly prevalent in the general population. Exercise is important for primary cardiovascular prevention, but often insufficient due to ineffective training methods and a lack of biomarkers suitable to monitor its vascular effects. VascuFit will assess the effectiveness of non-linear periodized aerobic exercise (NLPE) in a non-athletic sedentary population to improve both established and promising biomarkers of EVA.MethodsForty-three sedentary adults, aged 40–60 years, with elevated cardiovascular risk will either engage in 8 weeks of ergometer-based NLPE (n = 28) or receive standard exercise recommendations (n = 15). The primary outcome will be the change of brachial-arterial flow-mediated dilation (baFMD) after versus before the intervention. Secondary outcomes will be the change in static vessel analysis (SVA; clinical biomarker of microvascular endothelial function), endomiRs (microRNAs regulating key molecular pathways of endothelial cell homeostasis) and circulating cellular markers of endothelial function (mature endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells). Tertiary outcomes will be the change in sphingolipidome, maximum oxygen capacity, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol, fasting glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein).DiscussionWe expect an improvement of baFMD of at least 2.6% and significant pre-post intervention differences of SVA and endomiRs as well as of the tertiary outcomes in the intervention group. VascuFit may demonstrate the effectiveness of NLPE to improve endothelial function, thus vascular health, in the general sedentary population. Furthermore, this project might demonstrate the potential of selected molecular and cellular biomarkers to monitor endothelial adaptations to aerobic exercise.Trial registrationThe trial was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05235958) in February 11th 2022.

The Relationship between Central Obesity, Sleep Duration, and Energy Adequacy with Fatigue among Female Worker in PT Galaxy Surya Panelindo

Work fatigue is a problem that often occurs in female workers. The higher risk of fatigue among female workers is caused by several factors including nutritional status, energy adequacy level, and sleep duration. Central obesity status is associated with a decrease in the maximal oxygen capacity (VO2 max) that triggers work fatigue. Sleep is related to the recovery time of the body’s vital organs, while energy is needed for various body metabolisms. This research was aimed to analyze the relationship between central obesity, energy adequacy, and sleep duration with work fatigue in female workers at PT Galaxy Surya Panelindo. This study used a cross-sectional research design with a sample of 50 female production workers at PT Galaxy Surya Panelindo. The sampling technique used random sampling method. Data was collected by measuring waist circumference and hip circumference, Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ), Subjective Self Rating Test (SRRT), and sleep duration. There was no relationship between sleep duration and work fatigue (p=0.951). However there was a relationship between central obesity status (p=0.001), energy adequacy level (p=<0.001) and work-nutrition fatigue. The nutritional status of central obesity and inadequate energy fulfillment, both excess or deficiency when compared to needs, can increase work fatigue. Therefore, the prevention of work fatigue can be done by implementing a healthy lifestyle and eating a balanced diet as needed.

Does GPAQ exhibit a higher correlation with the maximum oxygen capacity than IPAQ among young adults?

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) are the two most widely used to measure physical activity (PA). Yet, their convergent validation with the maximum oxygen capacity (VO2Max) among Indonesian young adults is unknown. This study compared physical activity (PA) assessments using IPAQ and GPAQ and their correlations with the maximal oxygen capacity (VO2Max) in the young adult population. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study on 63 Sports Science students (84.13% Male age ranged 18-22 years). PA was measured using both the GPAQ and IPAQ to calculate the total PA and PA in each domain (i.e. work-related, transport-related, and leisure). One additional domain which was household-related was assessed exclusively for the IPAQ based on the scoring guideline. The VO2Max was measured using a standard equation based on participants’ performance on a 1-mile run. Paired sample t-test was conducted to compare total PA based on GPAQ and IPAQ while the Wilcoxon sign rank test was conducted to compare GPAQ and IPAQ domains. Pearson or Spearman correlation test assessed the correlations among the VO2Max, total PA, and PA on each GPAQ’s and IPAQ domain. No significant difference in the total PA per week between IPAQ and GPAQ was found. Significant differences, however, were found in work and transport domains, but not in the leisure domains. A moderate correlation among GPAQ and IPAQ (r=0.56, p=0.01), a moderate correlation between GPAQ and VO2Max (r=0.41, p= 0.01) but a weak correlation between IPAQ dan VO2Max (r=0.25, p<0.05) were demonstrated. While, this study has indicated convergent validity of both GPAQ and IPAQ, GPAQ has a higher correlation with VO2Max compared to the IPAQ. Therefore, GPAQ is more recommended to be used to measure PA levels among Indonesian young adults compared to IPAQ.

Determining the Dynamic Balance, Maximal Aerobic Capacity, and Anaerobic Power Output of University Soccer and Rugby Players: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Physical performance characteristics of players have been changed rapidly as team games have become more competitive. Research focusing on the anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of players and the demand of competition are reviewed. The dearth of research for today's elite players was highlighted, along with the need for standardized testing protocols. This research was conducted to investigate the differences in physical performance characteristics between soccer and rugby players with standardized testing protocols. A total of thirty-six male subjects (18 soccer players and 18 rugby players) were chosen for this study. The subjects had an average age of 20.50±1.36 years, a height of 175.28±5.554 cm, weight of 67.73±6.47 kg, and BMI of 22.01±1.01. Any player who had a musculoskeletal injury in their lower extremity or had a record in the previous three months was excluded from the research. Dynamic balance was determined using the Y Balance Test. The Beep test assessed maximal aerobic capacity, and the vertical jump test evaluated the anaerobic power output of the lower body. An independent t-test was applied to determine the differences between soccer and rugby players. Our finding showed that there were insignificant differences for dynamic balance (t=-1.31, p=.19), maximal aerobic capacity (t=.94, p=.35), and anaerobic power output (t=-.403, p=.69) between soccer and rugby players. Findings are also evident for the decrease in anaerobic performance with increased maximal oxygen capacity in soccer players while anaerobic performance increases and maximal aerobic capacity decreases in rugby players. Functional tests for performance parameters should be considered when planning to train players, predict performance, and identify sports talent.

Improvement in functional capacity with spironolactone masks the treatment effect on exercise blood pressure

ObjectivesA hypertensive response to submaximal exercise is associated with cardiovascular disease but this relationship is influenced by functional capacity. Spironolactone improves functional capacity, which could mask treatment effects on exercise blood pressure. This study sought to examine this hypothesis. DesignRetrospective analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Methods102 participants (54 ± 9 years; 52% male) with a hypertensive response to maximal exercise (systolic BP ≥210 mm Hg men; ≥190 mm Hg women) were randomized to 3-month spironolactone 25 mg daily (n = 53) or placebo (n = 49). Submaximal exercise blood pressure was measured during low-intensity cycling (50, 60 or 70% age-predicted maximal heart rate). Functional capacity was measured as maximal oxygen capacity obtained during a maximal treadmill exercise test, and (resting) aortic stiffness by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity. ResultsSpironolactone improved submaximal exercise systolic blood pressure vs. placebo (−4 ± 16 vs. 2 ± 15 mm Hg, p = 0.045, Cohen's d = 0.42), and had a small (but non-statistically significant) improvement in functional capacity (0.64 ± 5.10 vs. −1.43 ± 5.04 ml/kg/min, p = 0.06, Cohen's d = 0.4). When treatment effects were expressed as the change in submaximal exercise systolic blood pressure relative to the change in functional capacity, a larger effect size was observed (−0.3 ± 1.1 vs. 0.3 ± 1.1 mm Hg/ml·kg·min−1, p = 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.58), but was not explained by improved aortic stiffness. ConclusionsSpironolactone reduces submaximal exercise blood pressure, but this treatment effect may be hidden by improved functional capacity and a non-fixed workload. This highlights the most clinically relevant exercise blood pressure is at a low intensity and fixed workload where the influence of fitness on exercise blood pressure is removed, and the effects of therapy can be appreciated.

Hill Runner's Physiology, Performance and Nutrition: A Descriptive Study.

Objectives: The aim of this descriptive study was to characterise anthropometric variables, aerobic capacity, running performance and energy intake and expenditure of hill runners in free-living conditions, and to investigate the relationship between age, anthropometric variables, aerobic capacity and running performance.Methods: Twenty-eight hill runners participated in this study (17 males and 11 females; aged 18–65 years). Body fat percentage estimate, sum of eight skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf) and maximal oxygen capacity (VO2max) were assessed in a laboratory setting. Participants also completed a timed hill run (Dumyat Hill, Scotland, ascent: 420 m, distance: 8 km) while wearing a portable gas analyzer to assess oxygen consumption (VO2). Energy intake and energy expenditure were assessed in free-living conditions over three consecutive days different from the testing days through self-reported food diaries and accelerometers.Results: VO2max assessed in the lab (51.2 ± 7.6 ml·min−1·kg−1) showed a weak negative relationship with age [rs(23) = −0.38, p = 0.08]. Neither body fat percentage (median 12.4; IQR 10.1–17.1) nor the sum of skinfolds (median 81.8; IQR 62.4–97.8 mm) correlated with age [rs(28) = 0.001, p = 0.10 and 26 rs(28) = −0.02, p = 0.94, respectively]. The observed intensity of the hill run was 89 ± 6% of the age predicted maximum heart rate and 87 ± 9% of the VO2max observed in the lab. Hill running performance correlated with VO2max [r(21) = 0.76, p < 0.001], age [rs(26) = −0.44, p = 0.02] and with estimated body fat percentage and sum of skinfolds [rs(26) = −0.66, p < 0.001 and rs(26) = −0.49, p = 0.01, respectively]. Energy intake negatively correlated with age [rs(26) = −0.43, p = 0.03], with the overall energy intake being significantly lower than the total energy expenditure (2273 ± 550 vs. 2879 ± 510 kcal·day−1; p < 0.001; d = 1.05).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that hill running performance is positively associated with greater aerobic capacity and negatively associated with increases in adiposity and age. Further, the study highlights that hill runners are at risk of negative energy balance.

Aerobic Exercise and Stretching as Add-On to Inpatient Treatment for Depression Have No Differential Effects on Stress-Axis Activity, Serum-BDNF, TNF-Alpha and Objective Sleep Measures

(1) Background: While the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise (AE) are well documented, fewer studies have examined impact of AE as an add-on treatment. Moreover, various effects on neurobiological variables have been suggested. This study examines effects of AE on Cortisol Awakening Reaction (CAR), serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (sBDNF), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and sleep. (2) Methods: Inpatients with moderate-to-severe depression (N = 43) were randomly assigned to the AE or stretching condition (active control) taking place 3x/week for 6 weeks. CAR, sBDNF and TNF-alpha were assessed at baseline, after 2 weeks and post-intervention. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17), subjective sleep quality measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and polysomnography (PSG) were obtained at baseline and post-intervention. (3) Results: Stress axis activity decreased in both groups from baseline to post-intervention. sBDNF showed a significant increase over time, whereas the number of awakenings significantly decreased. No significant time by group interactions were detected for any of the study variables. Correlational analyses showed that higher improvements in maximum oxygen capacity (VO2max) from baseline to post-intervention were associated with reduced scores on the HDRS17, PSQI and REM-latency post-intervention. (4) Conclusions: While some neurobiological variables improved during inpatient treatment (CAR, sBDNF), no evidence was found for differential effects between AE and an active control condition (stretching). However, patients in which cardiorespiratory fitness increased showed higher improvements in depression severity and depression-related sleep-parameters.

VO 2 MAX ON WOMEN RECREATION RUNNERS (CASE STUDY ON WOMEN'S RECREATION RUNNERS IN GANTARVELOCITY)

Physical fitness is a component that is needed by the body. Physical fitness supports a person in carrying out their daily activities. Someone with an unfit body can easily feel tired , which can result in productivity at work . The most appropriate indicator to see physical fitness is to look at the VO 2 max value or the maximum oxygen capacity value . This study is a pre-experimental study that aims to see whether or not there is a difference in the VO 2 max value before the VO 2 value max after the respondent is given training. The data used in this study is secondary data taken from the Gantarvelocity data bank for 2019–2020. The sample used was 30 samples taken by random sampling . The data analysis used is the t-test which will be used to see whether there is a difference in the VO 2 max value before the VO 2 max value after the respondent is given training . B erdasarkan statistical tests that have been done, gained significant value of 0.000 or less than 0.05. This shows that there is a difference between the VO 2 max value before the VO 2 max value after the respondent is given training .

The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Concentration With Maximum Oxygen Volume Levels In Obese Female

This study aims to analyze the relationship between hemoglobin concentration and maximal oxygen volume in obese women. This study used a cross sectional study method using 40 obese women aged 18-22 years, body mass index 25-35 kg/m2 and percentage body fat above 30%, normal blood pressure, resting heart normal rate and fasting blood glucose below 100 mg / dL. Measurement of Hb concentration using Easy Touch with a unit concentration of g/dL, while VO2max measurement using the Astrand 6-minute cycle test method. Data analysis techniques used the Pearson Correlation test. The results obtained mean Hb (15,365±1,467) g/dL and VO2max (28,635 ± 4,256) ml/kg /min. Based on the results of the study concluded that there is a positive correlation between Hb levels with maximum oxygen capacity in obese women. Further research is needed to explain the physiological mechanism of the relationship between hemoglobin concentration and maximal oxygen volume in more detail

Effects Of Cold Water Intake During A Short Exercise In Heat On Cognitive Function

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effect of cold water intakes before and during exercise in the heat on the cognitive function in healthy young man. METHODS: Ten men (26.3±4.4 yrs, 176.2±5.8 cm, 77.2±14.6 kg) who participated in vigorous exercises at least twice in a week and maximal oxygen capacity estimated by Rockport’s 1-mile test was over 32.7 ml/kg/min were recruited. They underwent three testing sessions with different conditions in separate days; cold water (CW, 4 °C), neutral temperature water (AW, 36 °C), and no water conditions (NW). Testing order was randomly assigned and balanced. In each session, they were asked to ingest a prescribed amount of tap water (10 ml/body weight) at rest (1/3 of the total amount) and during exercise (2/3 of the total amount). After resting, they ran on a treadmill for 20 min in a hot environment (39.2±2.1 °C, 41.7±9.4 % relative humidity) at their predicted 75% of maximal heart rate. At 6, 12, and 18 min of exercise of CW and AW, they drank water. Cognitive test was performed 3 times; at rest, immediately after exercise, and after 20 min of recovery, by using Stroop color-word test (SCWT). During resting and exercise, their temperature, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), naked body weight changes, and water intakes were measured. RESULTS: The average ear temperature during exercise was 37.2±0.6, 37.5±0.6, and 37.2±0.5 °C, and mean skin temperature was 34.8±2.3, 35.3±1.6, and 34.9±1.2 °C at CW, AW, and NW, respectively (p>0.05), Average HR and RPE was 148.3±14.1, 150.8±15.6, and 149.9±12.7 bpm and 13.3±0.7, 13.0±0.9, and 12.7±1.4 at CW, AW, and NW, respectively (p>0.05). They drank a total of 813±133 ml at CW and 812±130 ml at AW. They lost weight by sweating 493±145, 507±257, and 390±139 ml at CW, AW, and NW, respectively. The reliability of cognitive test was 0.909. The cognition score was 23.5±16.2, 24.3±15.5, and 22.0±11.8 in CW, 24.2±13.5, 28.1±10.4, and 25.1±9.7 in AW, and 17.5±8.3, 22.3±10.6, and 21.1±7.9 in NW, at resting, immediately after exercise, and after recovery, respectively (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: No advantage of cold water drinking before and during a short bout of exercise in the heat was evident for the cognitive function. The mode, intensity, and duration of exercise may be responsible for the outcomes.

Effects of cardioselective beta-blockade on plasma catecholamines and performance during different forms of exercise.

Beta-blockers are still frequently used in cardiovascular diseases but may negatively influence the exercise capacity. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of beta-blockade on physical performance and plasma level of catecholamine during different forms of exercise. Ten prehypertensive athletes (age: 25.1±2.5 years, BMI: 24.4±2.4 kg/m2) performed repeated incremental exercise and steady-state-tests without and with the cardioselective beta-blocker bisoprolol (5mg/day). The cardiopulmonary, metabolic and the catecholamine responses were monitored. Beta-blocker treatment had no effect on maximum power output (Pmax), lactate and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (Pmax: 269.0±41.5 vs. 269.0±41.5 W; lactate: 8.7±2.6 vs. 8.6±3.2 mmol/L and VO2max: 3110±482 vs. 3077±425 mL/min, respectively; P not significant). Epinephrine and norepinephrine showed a similar exponential increase to maximum load with and without beta-blockade (epinephrinemax 1.92±1.8 vs. 1.93±1.3 nmol/L; P not significant; norepinephrinemax 12.78±7.9 vs. 16.89±12.2 nmol/L; P not significant). Beta-blockade lowered heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at rest and under maximum load (ΔHRrest: 10.6±11.1 bpm, P<0.05, ΔHR-Max: 27.8±6.6 bpm, P<0.01; ΔSBPrest: 19.4±9.3 mmHg, P<0.05, ΔSBPmax: 17.7±15.3 mmHg, P<0.01). The maximum oxygen pulse was higher in the tests performed under beta-blockade (IET: ΔVO2/HR: 3.1±2.2 mL/beat, P<0.01; SST: ΔVO2/HR: 3.4±1.4 mL/beat, P<0.001). Despite beta blockade and resulting differences in cardiopulmonary regulation during the exercise tests, the maximal oxygen capacity and the catecholamine concentration was similar. Higher exercise intensities (>50% Pmax) are associated with a marked increase in plasma catecholamines, which are not influenced by treatment with bisoprolol 5 mg/day.

The physiological effects of a low-impact Bodyattack™ class

Objective: To estimate total energy expenditure and intensity of a low impact BodyattackTM session using combined heart rate and movement sensing technology.&#x0D; Method: Participants were 10 (8 males) normal-weight adults (33 ± 3 years-old). Maximal oxygen capacity and heart rate were determined by the performance on a treadmill maximal exercise test using indirect calorimetric method. Heart rate and energy expenditure values were monitored during a Bodyattack™ routine using a combined heart rate and movement sensor. The manufacturer's combined activity and heart rate algorithm was used to estimate Total and Physical activity energy expenditure.&#x0D; Results: A 60 min low impact BodyattackTM session demands a Total energy expenditure of 469.4 ± 170.8 kcal at an average intensity of 64% of maximal heart rate, from which approximately 27.2 min are spent at moderate to vigorous physical activity intensities. Compared to a high impact BodyattackTM session as reported by the trademark company, Total energy expenditure was lower in the low impact option (-194.8 Kcal, p=0.006), but no significant differences were found in average intensity (-9.4%, p=0.707).&#x0D; Conclusion: Bodyattack™ routines performed at a low impact option may be sufficient to meet minimal recommendations for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, if practiced beyond three days.week-1. Although appropriate for untrained individuals and those with orthopedic limitations, energy requirements of low impact Bodyattack™ may not be enough to elicit an effective weight loss.

Abdominal Circumference, Body Fat Percent, and VO2 Max in Pilgrims of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency

Maximum oxygen capacity (VO2 max) is the maximum volume of oxygen that the body processes when carrying out intensive activities. VO2 max units is milliliters per minute per kilogram of body weight. Factors that determine VO2 max include age, gender, heart lung function, aerobic muscle metabolism, exercise, genetics, multivitamins, and nutritional status such as BMI, abdominal circumference, and percent body fat. The study is an analytic descriptive. The number of samples is 50 people. Selected using purposive sampling technique. The VO2 max measurement is done by Rockport test. Data analysis uses frequency distribution. The results showed that the majority of the research subjects were 26-45 years old (33%), female (40%), normal BMI (32%), central obesity (44%), normal body fat percent (28%). Data on abdominal circumference relationships and body fat percent with VO2 max were analyzed using the chi square test with a confidence level of 95%, p = 0.04 and p = 0.013. The conclusions of this study were that the majority of Hulu Sungai Tengah pilgrims who had VO2 max enough. There is a significant relationship between abdominal circumference and body fat percent with VO2 max.

High-intensity training in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.

Long duration, moderate-intensity exercise is not well tolerated in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). This study investigated whether patients with SBMA can benefit from high-intensity training (HIT). Ten patients with SBMA were randomized to 8weeks of supervised HIT [n = 5; age = 50 (25-63) years] followed by 8weeks of self-training or 8weeks of no training followed by 8weeks of non-supervised HIT [n = 5; age = 50 (26-54) years]. Training consisted of 2 × 5-min exercise periods with 1-min cyclic blocks of intermittent maximal intensity exercise on an ergometer bike. Maximal oxygen capacity (VO2max) and workload (Wmax) were measured before and after training by incremental exercise tests. Plasma creatine kinase levels, self-rated muscle pain, muscle fatigue, and activity level were monitored throughout the training period. Eight patients completed training. One patient dropped out after 5weeks of training for private reasons. Another patient was excluded after 4weeks due to lack of compliance. Eight weeks of training increased both VO2max (1.9 ± 2.3mlmin-1kg-1; p = 0.04) and Wmax (15.6 ± 17.9W; p = 0.03) in the 8 patients who completed training. There were no changes in plasma creatine kinase levels, self-reported muscle pain or muscle fatigue activity level after training. This pilot study suggests that high-intensity training is safe and improves fitness in patients with SBMA. Unlike low- and moderate-intensity training, HIT is efficacious and favored over other training forms by the patients.

STATUS HEMOGLOBIN, KEBIASAAN MEROKOK DAN DAYA TAHAN KARDIORESPIRASI (VO2 MAX) PADA ATLET UNIT KEGIATAN MAHASISWA BOLA BASKET &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt; [Haemoglobin Status, Smoking Habits and Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Vo2 max) among Basketball Student Activity Units]&lt;/i&gt;

Basketball athlete require maximum oxygen capacity to maintain their endurance during physical activity for long time. Good cardio respiratory endurance for athlete can slower fatigue so they can reach a peak performance optimally. Many factors affect cardio respiratory endurance such as haemoglobin status and smoking habits. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlations between haemoglobin status and smoking habits with cardio respiratory endurance among basketball student activity unit. This research was an observational analytic with case control study design. The sample in this research were 50 people and divided into case (25 people) and control (25 people) groups. Data collections included cooper test, blood sampling with cyanmethemoglobin method and smoking habits. The result showed that there were correlation between haemoglobin status p=0.014 (OR = 6.78; 95% CI: 1.6-28.54), smoking habits p=0.020 (OR = 7.67; 95% CI: 1.47-39.98) with cardio respiratory endurance. Non anemia and non-smoking Athletes have a better cardio respiratory endurance than anemia and smoking athletes. It is recommend to maintain haemoglobin status in the normal range to avoids anemia and quit smoking to increase their optimal cardio respiratory endurance

THE EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IMPROVEMENT AFTER 8 WEEKS INDIVIDUAL STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAM ON B1 TURKISH NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM

This study aims to evaluate the physical fitness improvement after 8 weeks individual strength and conditioning program on B1 Turkish National Football Team, to reveal their motoric differences and to identify strengths and weaknesses of athletes. 11 male athletes (age ranging between 25,09 ± 3,53) in B1 Turkish National Football Team have participated in this study. Out of these athletes, 9 of whom account for B1 visually impaired football players (footballer) and 2 of whom account for a goalkeeper with no disability. Vertical jump, kneel down health ball throwing, sitting and reaching, 20 m speed, auditory reaction, grip strength, right-left had, pro-agility, anaerobic strength and cooper measurements have been applied with the interval of 8 weeks as pre-test and post-test. All statistical analyses have been conducted by using SPSS 13.0 packet program. While a significant difference has been found in 0.05 level in speed, agility, anaerobic strength and maximal oxygen capacity of the B1 football national team (p 0,05). No significant difference has been found out between pre-test and post-test statistical values of the variables applied to B1 football national team goalkeepers. (p>0,05). As a result, an improvement in positive level has been observed in overall performance parameters of B1 football national team athletes and individual strength and condition training prepared according to 8 weeks pre-test results. Raising interest of B1 football national team goalkeepers to the training and creating a competitive environment could prove useful in increasing overall performance levels. Article visualizations:

Validation Of Step Frequency Estimation From A Wearable Device On A Treadmill And Indoor Track

Wearable fitness tracking devices have become common tools for runners of all levels. Using accelerometers, GPS, and heart rate, these devices are able to estimate running variables such as maximum oxygen capacity, step frequency, stride length, and ground contact time which can be used to evaluate technique and performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to validate the step frequency estimation on a Garmin Forerunner 630 for both treadmill and indoor track running. METHODS: Six male and 5 female volunteers (23 ± 4.1 years, 171.8 ± 9.0 cm, 73.9 ± 12.5 kg) performed five total running trials in random order, two on a 200 m indoor track (jogging pace and sprint pace) and three on a treadmill (6 mph, 7 mph, and 8 mph). Each trial was video recorded to count strides for 15 s which were converted to steps per minute and then compared to the estimated step frequency by the Garmin wearable device. Paired t-tests were used to compare the actual measurements to the estimated data for each of the running trials. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between any of the running trials actual step frequency count and the Garmin wearable device’s estimated step frequency (Table 1). CONCLUSION: The Garmin Forerunner 630 is an accurate estimate of running step frequency when using it in an indoor setting, both on the treadmill and an indoor track.Table 1: Mean ± SD of actual step frequency and estimated step frequency from the Garmin wearable device for each of the 5 running trials.