Maximum Iodine Research Articles

Nanoscale assembly of MoS2/CoS2/Ni3S2 grown on Ni foam for synergistic capture of iodine

We report a series of MoS2/CoS2/Ni3S2/NF heterogeneous interfaces with multiple types of adsorption sites, which exhibit excellent iodine capture performance. The optimized MoS2/CoS2/Ni3S2/NF-13 obtained at Mo:Co molar ratio of 1:3 shows an extremely large maximum iodine capture of 1804 mg/g. For the including component of Ni3S2/NF, REDOX reaction between Ni0/S2- and I2 offers the main driving force of chemisorption toward iodine (forming NiI2 and S8), while for MoS2, the electrostatic adsorption makes the main contribution to the iodine capture, and for CoS2, interfacial interactions promote the uptake capability of iodine. We perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine the iodine adsorption energies (Ead), which show that in Ni3S2 the Ni and S both serve as iodine sorption sites and Ni site binds more tightly to I2 than S site does, while for MoS2, the S site (rather than Mo) prefers to adsorb the I2. X-ray absorption fine structures (XAFS) indicate that after iodine capture, oxidation states of Mo and Ni are increased more than that of Co, verifying Ni3S2 and MoS2 interact more than CoS2 on I2. Though CoS2 component does not directly adsorb I2, interfacial electron transfers of Co → Ni and Co → Mo significantly promote iodine sorption capability. Synergistic effect of the multiple components/sites in the MoS2/CoS2/Ni3S2/NF assembly offers the wonderful iodine capture. This work provides a novel perspective and theoretical reference for tailoring effective metal sulfides-based sorbents to trap iodine from radioactive wastes.

C@MOF composite material for rapid and efficient capture of gaseous iodine

In addressing the urgent challenge of mitigating gaseous iodine, a highly volatile and hazardous element in nuclear incidents, this study synthesized composite adsorbents with diverse C/Zn molar ratios using MOF and carbon powder. The saturated iodine adsorption at 75 °C exhibited the sequence: CZ-3 (1.15 g g−1) > CZ-2 (1.08 g g−1) > CZ-1 (0.93 g g−1) > C (0.79 g g−1), displaying 2.3–10.1 times increase in adsorption rate compared to carbon powder and Zn-MOF-2. At an elevated temperature of 95 °C, it achieved saturated adsorption of 1.29 g g−1(CZ-3). The adsorbed iodine primarily manifested in the forms of I2, I3-, and I5-. The dynamic maximum iodine adsorption capacity under specific conditions (75 °C, 300 ppm, 100 mL min−1, 0.5 MPa, 4 cm column length, and 6 mm diameter) reached 1077 mg g−1. Leveraging the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network (LM-BPNN) algorithm, a superior fit was achieved. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the rapid and efficient treatment of gaseous iodine in nuclear scenarios.

Copper tellurite glass for radioactive iodine immobilization

Radioactive iodine-129 can easily diffuse into the environment and possesses a half-life of 1.57 × 107 years. Therefore, durable and stable waste forms are required for the treatment I-129. In this study, CuI·Cu2O·TeO2 glasses were fabricated by incorporating CuI into a copper tellurite glass (0.3Cu2O·0.7TeO2) matrix at different concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 mol%. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the amorphous phase of all prepared samples, and X-ray fluorescence analysis verified iodine volatilization during the melting process. With the addition of 30 mol% CuI, the maximum iodine loading was approximately 13.79 wt%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to understand the structure of the CuI·Cu2O·TeO2 glass waste forms. As the CuI content increased in the glass matrix, there was an increase of +2-valent Cu and OBO. It was further confirmed that there were no significant changes in the structure of Te, which serves as the glass network former. Furthermore, all samples satisfied the US regulation of 2 g/m2 for the normalized release of all elements, as confirmed through the product consistency test. The proposed glass waste forms have cost advantages over previously developed silver-based glasses, making them a promising avenue for further research.

Pilot-scale pyrolysis and activation of typical biomass chips in an interconnected dual fluidized bed: Comparison and analysis of products

A 150 kg/h novel pilot dual fluidized bed (DFB) was designed, constructed, and commissioned. In this study, six types of biomass chips were investigated and compared in interconnected pyrolysis and activation/gasification systems using dolomite as bed material, and employing steam and flue gas as activation agents. The maximum iodine and methylene blue adsorption capacities were 436.79 mg/g (pear wood char) and 203.65 mg/g (walnut wood char), respectively, indicating high adsorption capacity of char. The carbon fixation ratios were 34.70–53.75 wt%, and the maximum lower heating value of 9.34 MJ/Nm3 was achieved for pyrolysis gas with the highest CO and H2 contents of 44.30 vol% and 16.18 vol%, respectively. The maximum phenolic compounds reached 73.46% for mesquite wood chips oil. Oils collected from the riser contained fewer organic species compared to oil from pyrolyzer. Furthermore, energy efficiencies were found to range from 66.70% to 84.91%, and the total energy yields were 67.12–87.08%. The internal rate of return and payback period of the process were 33.25–44.29% and 3.0–2.2 years, respectively. Co-production of activated biochar, combustible gas, and oils from the interconnected DFB system exemplifies noteworthy environmental and economic advantages for sustainable energy practices.

Procedural blood pressure and contrast extravasation on dual energy computed tomography after endovascular stroke treatment

BackgroundBlood brain barrier disruption (BBBD) can be visualized by contrast extravasation (CE) after endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Elevated blood pressure is a risk factor for BBBD. However, the association between procedural blood pressure and CE post-EVT is unknown. MethodsIn this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed 501 eligible patients who received a dual energy CT (DECT) immediately post-EVT for acute ischemic stroke. Procedural blood pressure values (SBPmean, SBPmax, SBPmax-min, and MAPmean) were collected. CE was quantified by measuring the maximum parenchymal iodine concentration on DECT iodine overlay map reconstructions. As a measure for the extent of BBBD, we created CE-ASPECTS by deducting one point per hyperdense ASPECTS region on iodine overlay maps. The association between blood pressure and CE was assessed using multivariable linear regression. ResultsThe procedural SBPmean, SBPmax, and MAPmean were 150 ± 26 mmHg, 173 ± 29 mmHg, and 101 ± 17 mmHg, respectively. The median maximum iodine concentration on post-EVT DECT was 1.2 mg/ml (IQR 0.7-2.0), and median CE-ASPECTS was 8 (IQR 5-11). The maximum iodine concentration was not associated with blood pressure. SBPmean, SBPmax, and MAPmean were significantly associated with CE-ASPECTS (per 10 mmHg, β = -0.2, 95 % CI -0.31 to -0.09, β = -0.15, 95 % CI -0.25 to -0.06, β = -0.33, 95 % CI -0.49 to -0.17, respectively). ConclusionIn acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing EVT, particularly in patients achieving successful recanalization, SBPmean, SBPmax, and MAPmean are associated with the extent of BBBD on immediate post-EVT DECT, but not with maximum iodine concentration.

Optimizing dual-energy CT technique for iodine-based contrast-to-noise ratio, a theoretical study.

Dual-energy CT (DECT) systems provide valuable material-specific information by simultaneously acquiring two spectral measurements, resulting in superior image quality and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) while reducing radiation exposure and contrast agent usage. The selection of DECT scan parameters, including x-ray tube settings and fluence, is critical for the stability of the reconstruction process and hence the overall imagequality. The goal of this study is to propose a systematic theoretical method for determining the optimal DECT parameters for minimal noise and maximum CNR in virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) for fixed subject size and total radiationdose. The noise propagation in the process of projection based material estimation from DECT measurements is analyzed. The main components of the study are the mean pixel variances for the sinogram and monochromatic image and the CNR, which were shown to depend on the Jacobian matrix of the sinograms-to-DECT measurementsmap. Analytic estimates for the mean sinogram and monochromatic image pixel variances and the CNR as functions of tube potentials, fluence, and VMI energy are derived, and then used in a virtual phantom experiment as an objective function for optimizing the tube settings and VMI energy to minimize the image noise and maximize theCNR. It was shown that DECT measurements corresponding to kV settings that maximize the square of Jacobian determinant values over a domain of interest lead to improved stability of basis material reconstructions. Instances of non-uniqueness in DECT were addressed, focusing on scenarios where the Jacobian determinant becomes zero within the domain of interest despite significant spectral separation. The presence of non-uniqueness can lead to singular solutions during the inversion of sinograms-to-DECT measurements, underscoring the importance of considering uniqueness properties in parameter selection. Additionally, the optimal VMI energy and tube potentials for maximal CNR was determined. When the x-ray beam filter material was fixed at 2 mm of aluminum and the photon fluence for low and high kV scans were considered equal, the tube potential pair of 60/120 kV led to the maximal iodine CNR in the VMI at 53keV. Optimizing DECT scan parameters to maximize the CNR can be done in a systematic way. Also, choosing the parameters that maximize the Jacobian determinant over the set of expected line integrals leads to more stable reconstructions due to the reduced amplification of the measurement noise. Since the values of the Jacobian determinant depend strongly on the imaging task, careful consideration of all of the relevant factors is needed when implementing the proposedframework.

The construction of the flexible covalent organic frameworks with phenyl sulfide as linkers used for adsorping iodine and fluorescence sensing picric acid

The efficient capture of radioactive iodine and sensitive detection of picric acid are very important to environmental protection. Herein, we synthesized two new flexible 4,4′-thiodianiline (TDA)-based covalent organic frameworks (TTDA and HTDA) by using simple Schiff-base polycondensation reactions with flexible 4,4′-thiodianiline (TDA) and 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT − 3 − CHO) and hexa(4-formyl-phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (NOP − 6 − CHO). The flexible TDA-based COFs are porous, crystalline, and show high thermal stability and good chemical stability. Due to the high content of heteroatoms, abundant aromatic rings, and orderly network, it is conducive to electron transfer, the as-prepared flexible TDA-based COFs show outstanding dual properties of iodine adsorption and fluorescence sensing. The maximum iodine capacities of TTDA and HTDA are as high as 3.34 and 4.38 g g−1, respectively. The flexible TDA-based COFs can be used for sensing picric acid with low limits of detection (LODs) of 1.25 × 10−9 and 1.67 × 10−9 mol L−1 and high quenching constants (KSV) of 6.00 × 104 and 4.88 × 104 L mol−1, respectively.

Synthesis of magnetic-responsive imidazole-based poly (ionic liquid)s as a recycle adsorbent for simultaneously removing iodine molecules and iodide ions

Nuclear waste management and nuclear energy generation require the proper disposal of 129I and 131I, which are radioactive isotopes of iodine. For recognition of different types’ iodine, a magnetic poly (ionic liquid)s (Fe3O4@SiO2-MPS-PILs) was formed by the selected imidazole ionic liquid monomer and core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2-MPS via free radical polymerization. The resulting adsorbent containing plenty of imidazole N-heterocycle units, benzene rings, and ionic bonds in the backbones was suitable for simultaneously adsorbing iodine molecules and iodide ions. The adsorption mechanisms for iodine in cyclohexane and iodide ions from aqueous solution were based on charge transfer and ion exchange mechanisms, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium for iodine in cyclohexane was attained at 12 h, and the kinetics of iodine adsorption closely followed the pseudo-second-order model. Iodine adsorption on Fe3O4@SiO2-MPS-PILs was best described by Langmuir model with a maximum iodine adsorption capacity of approximately 714.29 mg g−1. Iodide ions adsorption was best explained with Freundlich model and a maximum adsorption capacity of 335.80 mg g−1 was achieved in an iodide solution with a 500 mg L–1 concentration. Notably, Fe3O4@SiO2-MPS-PILs retained over 90 % of its original adsorption performance after the 5th cycle. This work proves that the adsorbent Fe3O4@SiO2-MPS-PILs was efficient and recyclable, and has good application prospects in the practical treatment of iodine and iodide.

Features of the relationship between elemental composition and immune reactions in representatives of ethno-demographic groups of the North-East of Russia

The content of some chemical elements that support immune responses (selenium, zinc, iron, iodine) was analyzed among representatives of the ethno-demographic groups of the North-East of Russia - natives (Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens), mestizos, and newcomers. A potential risk group for the development of hyposelenoses is the Koryak ethnic group. The minimum values of zinc were found among the Chukchi. In representatives of all ethno-demographic groups, the iron content was within the reference values, but its maximum values were noted in the newcomers. The maximum iodine levels are also characteristic of the newcomers. Comparable iodine content was noted in the Evens group. Features of the elemental status (selenium, zinc, iron, iodine) in the inhabitants of the north indicate that among the ethno-demographic groups, it is the aboriginal ethnic groups that are most predisposed to the development of immunodeficiency states.

Optimized preparation of activated carbon with high porosities based on puck shells (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus) by response surface methodology and physico-chemical characterization.

From recent research, lignocellulosic materials assert themselves as good precursors for the manufacture of highly carbonaceous and porous materials. Hence, the perspective of this work is the preparation of the low-cost activated carbons (ACs) based on puck shells (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus) with a large surface area. To achieve this, chemical activation using phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide as an activating agent was carried out. The response surface methodology through Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The factors whose influences have been studied are the concentration of activating agent (0.5-1.5 mol l-1), the carbonization temperature (300-500°C) and the residence time (30-100 min). The AC obtained by phosphoric acid was named CRP and impregnated with sodium hydroxide CRB. The ideal conditions for the preparation of the ACs obtained from the maximum iodine number (647.29 for CRP and 575.15 mg g-1 for CRB) were: 1.5 mol l-1 for the concentration of activating agent at a carbonization temperature of 500°C during 62 min for CRP and 0.85 mol l-1 for the concentration of activating agent at a carbonization temperature of 500°C during 59 min for CRB. These two materials prepared were characterized by several techniques pH at the point of zero charge (pHpzc), Boehm titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, XRD analysis, BET method, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed the acidic nature of CRP and the basic nature of CRB carbons. The specific surface of the micropores was 509.05 and 27.53 m2 g-1, respectively. It provides a new valorization of agricultural waste for the preparation of effective-cost microporous ACs as an adsorbent that can be applied in water treatment industries.

Iodine and Nickel Ions Adsorption by Conjugated Copolymers Bearing Repeating Units of Dicyclopentapyrenyl and Various Thiophene Derivatives.

The synthesis of three conjugated copolymers TPP1-3 was carried out using a palladium-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition polymerization of 1,6-dibromopyrene with various dialkynyl thiophene derivatives 3a-c. The target copolymers were obtained in excellent yields and high purity, as confirmed by instrumental analyses. TPP1-3 were found to divulge a conspicuous iodine adsorption capacity up to 3900 mg g-1, whereas the adsorption mechanism studies revealed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, recyclability tests of TPP3, the copolymer which revealed the maximum iodine uptake, disclosed its efficient regeneration even after numerous adsorption-desorption cycles. Interestingly, the target copolymers proved promising nickel ions capture efficiencies from water with a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of 48.5 mg g-1.

Functionalized collagen fiber with specific recognition sites for highly efficient iodine capture: theoretical calculations and experimental verification

The efficient and specific capture of radioiodine vapor during the post-fuel processing is essential for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. In this study, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the adsorption capabilities and mechanisms of iodine vapor by composite materials (Pyrimidine@ACF, Pyrazole@ACF, and Thiazole@ACF) obtained through functionalization of activated carbon fiber (ACF) with pyrimidine, pyrazole and thiazole moieties. The DFT results indicate that the nitrogen heterocycle 3-aminopyrazole exhibits the highest iodine adsorption energy (-11.06 kJ/mol). Among the active groups on the ACF, the carbonyl moiety (C = O) demonstrates the utmost iodine adsorption energy (-45.04 kJ/mol). The designed composite functional materials show a substantial enhancement in iodine adsorption capability, with Pyrazole@ACF displaying the maximum iodine adsorption energy of -63.53 kJ/mol. The experiments demonstrate that the iodine vapor capture capacity of composite functional materials is significantly enhanced compared to ACF (1.010 g/g). Notably, Pyrazole@ACF demonstrates an iodine vapor capture capacity of 2.586 g/g. The iodine capture mechanism of the composite materials is primarily attributed to the active functional groups on ACF, as well as the charge transfer between the nitrogen heterocycles introduced through functionalization and iodine molecules. This ultimately leads to the capture of iodine molecules by the formation of I3- polyiodides. Consequently, the nitrogen heterocycles functionalized activated collagen fiber composite material can be considered as an ideal candidate for efficient and specific capture of iodine vapor in radioactive gaseous effluents.

Effects of a low-iodine diet in post-thyroidectomy thyroid cancer patients undergoing I131 therapy at the Vietnam National Cancer Hospital.

Background: I131 therapy is regarded as an "internal surgery" (i.e., a non-invasive approach involving no incision or bleeding) that supports "external surgery" (i.e., using a scalpel) in completely eradicating the root cause of thyroid cancer. Limiting iodine intake is of paramount importance in I131 therapy. I131 therapy protocols recommend that patients follow a low-iodine diet, ideally with a maximum iodine intake of 50 μg/day for two weeks before the I131 therapy. Methods: A pre-post compassion uncontrolled clinic intervention study was conducted on a group of over 70 post-thyroidectomy thyroid cancer patients with indications for I131 therapy at the Vietnam National Cancer Hospital from December 2020 to December 2022. Aim: It aimed to assess the effects of a low-iodine diet on post-thyroidectomy thyroid cancer patients with indications for I131 therapy. Results: The study found that following the intervention, the percentage of participants at risk of mild to moderate malnutrition, as assessed by the PG-SGA tool, decreased to 4.3% from 40.0% before the intervention, with a statistically significant difference of p < 0.001. There was a considerable improvement in the low calcemia level among the study participants, with 35.7% of patients experiencing hypocalcemia prior to the intervention, which reduced to 17.1% after the intervention. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). The study also revealed a urinary iodine level improvement among the study participants. Before the intervention, patients' average urinary iodine level was 14.9 ± 11.3 µg/dl. Following the intervention, it reduced to 12.7 ± 3.9 µg/dl, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.29). Patients' quality of life after adhering to the low-iodine diet tended to decline; however, the change in scores before and after the intervention did not show a significant difference. Conclusion: Despite its negative impact on patients' quality of life, active nutrition counseling and intervention during the low-iodine diet contributed to the substantial improvement in the hypocalcemia level and the reduced urinary iodine level among patients, which in turn could enhance the efficacy of the subsequent I131 therapy.

Facile preparation of ZIF-8 functionalized basalt fiber felt and its high adsorption capacity for iodine

Successful integration of ideal amounts of porous materials onto the fibrous substrate requires a subtle balance between the loading ratio and structural robustness. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals could be controllably coupled on the surface of the fibrous basalt fiber felt via a mild synthetic route with a combination of biomimetic mineralization and layer-by-layer growth. Specifically, by regulating the deposition time and the number of growth cycles, a high loading ratio of 47.1% for ZIF-8 could be achieved without sacrificing the strength of the substrate. The remarkable stability of the composite against varied environmental factors such as high temperature, humidity, and solution corrosion circumstances were confirmed which could be attributable to the ultra-stability of single components and strong bonding between them. The high-quality loadings of the ZIF-8 ensured the fiber composite with abundant porosity, featuring a considerable specific surface area of 822 m2/g, which made it a promising candidate as a high-effective pollutant adsorbent. The maximum iodine vapor capacity of the optimal sample could reach 3614 mg/g. The mechanism of iodine adsorption was further explored in kinetics and thermodynamics aspects. This study is projected to overcome the defect of the MOF powder in the real application and further outline a facile method for the construction of MOF-fiber composite in a controllable manner.

Bi0-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for the Enhanced Capture and Cold Immobilization of Off-Gas Radioactive Iodine.

Radioactive waste management is critical for maintaining the sustainability of nuclear fuel cycles. In this study, we propose a novel bismuth-based reduced graphene oxide (Bi0-rGO) composite for the immobilization of off-gas radioactive iodine. This material synthesized via a solvothermal route exhibited a low surface area (2.96 m2/g) combined with a maximum iodine sorption capacity of 1228 ± 25 mg/g at 200 °C. The iodine sorbent was mixed with Bi2O3 powder and distilled water to fabricate waste matrices, which were cold-sintered at 300 °C under a uniaxial pressure of 500 MPa for 20 min to achieve a relative density of ∼98% and Vickers hardness of 1.3 ± 0.1 GPa. The utilized methodology reduced the iodine leaching rate by approximately 3 orders of magnitude through the formation of a chemically durable iodine-bearing waste form (BiOI). This study demonstrates the high potential of Bi0-rGO as an innovative solution for the immobilization of radioactive waste at relatively low temperatures.

Influence of Interfering Ions and Adsorption Temperature on Radioactive Iodine Removal Efficiency and Stability of Ni-MOF-74 and Zr-UiO-66.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) often exhibit an exceptional adsorption-based separation performance for a variety of gases, ions, and liquids. While most radioactive iodine removal studies focus on the capture of radioactive iodine from off-gas streams, few studies have systematically investigated the effect of structure-property relationships of MOFs on iodine removal performance in the presence of interfering ions in liquid solutions. Herein, we investigated the iodide ion (I-) adsorption performance of two model MOFs (e.g., Ni-MOF-74 and Zr-UiO-66) in liquid phase as a function of iodine concentration (e.g., 0.125 to 0.25 and 0.50 mmol/L) and adsorption temperature (e.g., 25 to 40 and 60 °C), and in the presence of interfering ions such as Cl- and CO32- through batch-mode experiments. Under identical experimental conditions, Ni-MOF-74 outperformed Zr-UiO-66 in immobilizing iodine from the solution by achieving a maximum iodine removal efficiency of 97% at 60 °C. The results showed that the presence of other interfering ions marginally affects the iodine removal efficiency (e.g., capacity and rate of iodine capture) over both MOF adsorbents. The adsorption kinetics was found to be controlled by multiple transport processes encompassing external surface adsorption, intraparticle diffusion, and final equilibrium. Moreover, the leach test results revealed 8 and 12% iodine release from Ni-MOF-74 and Zr-UiO-66, respectively, at 25 °C after 48 h aging. This study establishes guiding principles for sustainable removal of iodine in the presence of Cl- and CO32- species in cyclohexane.

Chemically Stable and Heteroatom Containing Porous Organic Polymers for Efficient Iodine Vapor Capture and its Storage

The uses of nuclear reactions are gaining importance in energy and medical therapy applications. Production and safe management of radioactive waste is a major operational challenge. Proper treatment and storage of nuclear waste are important while considering nuclear energy for various applications. While reprocessing used nuclear fuel (UNF), handling of volatile radioactive wastes (e.g., radioisotopes of iodine: 129I/131I) requires special attention. Iodine is present in off-gas streams as either molecular iodine (I2) or organic iodides. 129I is less radioactive than 131I, but has an extremely long half-life. Both are highly toxic, and their nearly quantitative retention from off-gas streams requires packing of iodine filters with efficient adsorbents. Thus, there is a need to develop materials with efficient iodine vapor capture/storage capabilities. Herein, a set of four porous organic polymers are presented that are rich in heteroatoms and possess abundant π-arene motifs with which p-orbitals on iodine can interact effectively via charge-transfer complexations. To mimic the conditions of a UNF reprocessing facility, gas-phase iodine capture experiments were performed under various conditions (dry/humid conditions and at 75 °C/25 °C). The maximum iodine uptake capacity of one of the materials (HPOP-4: 6.25 g/g at 75 °C and 4.35 g/g at 25 °C) is higher than several other iodine vapor adsorbents reported to date. The retention of trapped iodine by HPOPs at 25 °C is also quite remarkable with only 2–3% weight loss from iodine-loaded HPOPs, which makes HPOPs potential material for the storage/transportation of captured radioiodine. The results confirm desirable properties in HPOPs such as facile synthesis, high physiochemical stabilities, good moisture tolerance, rapid adsorption kinetics, and efficient reusability with low compromise in capture performance upon regeneration. These benefits render HPOPs as strong contenders for packing filters used for retaining radioiodine during cleaning either off-gas streams or annulus exhaust air (during “loss of coolant accident”).

Nanoporous Carbon Materials from Terminalia bellirica Seed for Iodine and Methylene Blue Adsorption and High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

Abstract Here we report the methylene blue adsorption and energy storage supercapacitance performances of the nanoporous activated carbons obtained by the zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation of biowaste, Terminalia bellirica (Barro) seed stone. The activation was performed at lower temperatures (400–700 °C) under an inert nitrogen gas atmosphere. The total specific surface area and pore volume range from 1077 to 1303 m2 g−1 and 0.752 to 0.873 cm3 g−1, depending on the carbonization temperature. Due to the well-developed porosity, the sample with optimal surface area showed excellent iodine and methylene blue adsorption properties with a maximum iodine number and methylene blue value of 909.8 mg g−1 and 357.2 mg g−1, respectively. Batch adsorption studies revealed that the optimum methylene blue adsorption is favorable in an alkaline medium, with a contact time of 270 min and an adsorbent dose of 8 g L−1, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model could best explain the equilibrium adsorption with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 312.5 mg g−1. The electrochemical measurements performed in a three-electrode system revealed a high specific capacitance of 319 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the electrode retained 46% capacitance at 50 A g−1 with an excellent cycle life of 98.5% after 10,000 consecutive charging/discharging cycles. These results imply that a biowaste Terminalia bellirica seed has a considerable potential to produce high surface area porous carbons materials desired in adsorption technology and high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Design and synthesis of thiophene containing bis-chalcone-based mesoporous polymers for volatile iodine capture

Two novel thiophene-containing bis-chalcone-based polymers poly [(1E,4E)-1,5-Di-2-thienylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one] (PTCA) and poly[(1E,4E)-2,4-dimethyl-1,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one] (PTCM) were designed and synthesized by FeCl3 mediated oxidative coupling polymerization reaction. The formation of polymers was confirmed by FT-IR and UV-DRS analysis, and the structural and morphological characterizations were done by PXRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, CHNS, and BET analysis techniques. Owing to their mesoporous nature, and excellent thermal and chemical stability, they found significant applications in the field of environmental remediation. Regardless of their low surface area, they emerged as strong candidates for the iodine capture process due to the presence of electron-rich heteroatoms. The maximum iodine capture capacity obtained for PTCA and PTCM were 242 and 221 wt.% respectively. The kinetic study revealed that the adsorption of iodine onto the polymers fit well in the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.99, pointing to the chemisorptive nature of adsorption. The polymers can be competently recycled and reused even after five cycles without a significant loss of iodine uptake. After the first cycle, the iodine release efficiency was as high as 89% and 93% for PTCA and PTCM respectively. The iodine uptake capacity of the reused polymers PTCA and PTCM was found to be 89.2% and 86.5% respectively after five successive cycles. And these materials offer the benefits of facile, low-cost, large-scale, and template-free synthesis of mesoporous polymers. This study also provides an opportunity for the design same kind of polymers with different heteroatoms and functional groups.

Early post-endovascular treatment contrast extravasation on dual-energy CT is associated with clinical and radiological stroke outcomes: A 10-year single-centre experience.

To determine the association between early post-endovascular treatment (EVT) contrast extravasation (CE) on dual-energy CT (DECT) and stroke outcomes. EVT records in 2010-2019 were screened. Exclusion criteria included the occurrence of immediate post-procedural intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). Hyperdense areas on iodine overlay maps were scored according to the Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS), thus forming a CE-ASPECTS. Maximum parenchymal iodine concentration and maximum iodine concentration relative to the torcula were recorded. Follow-up imaging was reviewed for ICH. The primary outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. Out of 651 records, 402 patients were included. CE was found in 318 patients (79%). Thirty-five patients developed ICH on follow-up imaging. Fourteen ICHs were symptomatic. Stroke progression occurred in 59 patients. Multivariable regression showed a significant association between decreasing CE-ASPECTS and the mRS at 90 days (adjusted (a)cOR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18), NIHSS at 24-48 h (aβ: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.29-0.84), stroke progression (aOR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.26) and ICH (aOR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.39), but not symptomatic ICH (aOR 1.19, 95% CI: 0.95-1.38). Iodine concentration was significantly associated with the mRS (acOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.32), NIHSS (aβ: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.30-1.06), ICH (aOR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.04-1.81) and symptomatic ICH (aOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02-1.38), but not stroke progression (aOR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.86-1.15). Results of the analyses with relative iodine concentration were similar and did not improve prediction. CE-ASPECTS and iodine concentration are both associated with short- and long-term stroke outcomes. CE-ASPECTS is likely a better predictor for stroke progression.