Maximum Germination Percentage Research Articles

Efficacy of Different Priming Methods on Germination and Growth of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Field Conditions in Mugu, Nepal

Low seed germination and poor growth have been major problems in French bean production in the hilly region of Nepal. An effective solution may lie in seed priming, which enhances rapid and uniform seed emergence, thereby improving yield. A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different seed priming methods on various varieties of French beans under field conditions in Chhaayanath Rara-4, Mugu, Nepal. The experiment was conducted in two factorial RCBD with three replications. Factor A was three French bean varieties; black, ghoratte, and red beans, and Factor B included two methods of priming; hydro and halo along with control. The results revealed that the germination parameter was significantly influenced by the method of priming and it was found non-significant in the case of varieties. Maximum germination percentage and higher speed of germination were found in seeds treated with hydro-priming. Similarly, the growth parameter was found significant for both varieties as well as priming methods. Vegetative growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of primary and secondary branches were found significantly higher in hydro-primed seeds and ghoratte variety. Likewise, the yield parameters such as days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, and yield per hectare were found significantly higher in hydro-primed ghoratte beans. Hence, hydro-priming can be used as a simple and cost-effective technique to improve germination and growth of French beans along with suitable variety under field conditions in Mugu district, Karnali province, Nepal. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(3): 137-144.

Response of tomato seed germination to several extraction techniques and magnetic field exposure treatments

The superior seeds are indicated by clean, good germination rate, pest and disease-free. One of the problems in providing superior tomato seeds is the presence of pulp attached to the tomato seeds, leading to less clean of seed. To remove the muscus on tomato seeds, the seeds have to be extracted. Other than seeds extraction, seeds exposure also could optimize seeds growth by increasing the metabolism of the tomato. The aim of this research is to determine the best extraction technique and magnetic field exposure for obtaining high tomato seeds germination. The complete random design used in this research consist of two factors, seeds extraction and magnetic field with three time replications. The result showed that seeds extraction for 24 hours is the best treatment for improving the maximum germination percentage, growth potential, growth rate, speed growth, uniformity index than others. Magnetic exposure at 6mT is the best treatment to improve seeds maximum growth and seeds speed growth.

Effect of Bacillus pumilus Strains on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Lettuce Grown on Contaminated Soil

Increasing number of heavy metal on land needs to be addressed through sustainable ways and various species of Bacillus can be used to mitigate heavy metals. The research work entitled “Effect of Bacillus pumilus strains on heavy metal accumulation in lettuce grown on contaminated soil” focuses on functional role of Bacillus pumilus strains inoculated with lettuce seed in mitigating heavy metal present in chromite mining soil. This experiment was conducted at ornamental horticulture nursery, the University of Agriculture Peshawar. In this experiment, factor A was three Bacillus pumilus strains (sequence C-2PMW-8, C-1 SSK-8 and C-1 PWK-7) while soil used for this experiment was collected from Prang Ghar mining site and lettuce seeds were grown in three levels of chromite mining soil (2.27, 4.65 and 7.14 %).The experimental design used during this research was randomized complete block design with two factors and was replicated thrice. The collected data related to effect of chromite mining soil and Bacillus pumilus strains indicated that these both factors have significant influence on growth parameters. For mining soil minimum days to germinate (14 days) was noted in lettuce grown on garden soil inoculated with sequence. Maximum germination percentage noted was (100%) for C-1 SSK-8 grown on garden soil, dry weight of lettuce leaf (5.0 g) for lettuce inoculated with C-1 SSK-8 and C-1 PWK-7 strains, survival percentage (77.9%) for C-1 SSK-8 treated lettuce for sequence C-2 PMW-8. Maximum germination percentage noted was (88%) for garden soil, fresh leaf weight (17.3g), dry leaf weight (6.5g), number of leaf per plant (16), leaf area (49.0 cm2) were noted in garden soil with no chromite mining soil. Results related to heavy metals accumulation showed that minimum chromium was (2.3 mg kg-1) in lettuce and (1.9 mg kg-1) in soil for all three sequences. It can be concluded that chromite mining soil significantly reduced the growth and survival of lettuce, but when lettuce was inoculated with Bacillus.pumilus strains it enhances the growth and survival. Similarly, minimum heavy metal accumulation in plant and soil, regardless of type of B. pumilus used, all three sequences has same mitigating effect on heavy metal in both soil and lettuce. All the three Bacillus pumilus strains ensured reduction in heavy metals content (Cr) in lettuce, below the maximum permissible limits of WHO/FAO 2011.

Seed dormancy and after-ripening requirements of Indian lac tree (Schleichera oleosa Lour. Oken)

ABSTRACT After-ripening (AR) is a time and environmental regulated process which determines the germination potential of the dry seeds. The after-ripened seeds swell after absorbing water and initiates metabolic activity linked to the germination process. Such after-ripening process is not studied in detail in Schleichera oleosa species. Therefore, an experiment was designed to assess the effect of different pretreatments on seed dormancy and AR patterns in the seeds of S. oleosa. The seeds were subjected to various pre-treatments, viz., mechanical scarification, scarification + Gibberellic acid (GA3, 0.02% and 0.05%), scarification + KNO3 (0.02% and 0.05%) for 24 hours. Further, the seeds were desiccated at four levels (10, 12, 14 and 16%) of intact seed water content (SWC) and were kept at either uncontrolled ambient room temperature or controlled constant temperatures (22°C, 25°C and 28°C), and their germination was tested fortnightly for 60 days. The results revealed that S. oleosa possess combined physical+ physiological dormancy and soaking of scarified seeds in GA3 solution (0.05%) for 24 hours showed the maximum germination percentage (80.0%), vigour index (721.4), and mean germination time (6.6 days). Results also indicated that AR process under optimum conditions (25°C, 16% SWC and 60 days) can increase germination percentage up to six times (81.25%) as compared to freshly collected seeds (12.5%) in the species. These findings can be utilized for developing the seed germination protocol with the aim to devise the propagation techniques and conservation programme for the species.

Effects of Priming on Onion Seed Germination and Field Performance during Summer Sowing

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the suitable to priming treatments on seed germination, bulb production and quality of onion.
 Study Design: The experiment was set up in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The experiment was conducted in Horticulture farm at Sher-e Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from April to October 2021.
 Methodology: Seeds were immersed in each priming media for 12 and 24 hours, including distilled water, IAA (100 ppm), KCl (2.5%), and PEG-6000 (10%). The treatments were consisted of T1 (water 12 hr)), T2 (water 24 hr), T3 (PEG 12 hr), T4 (PEG 24 hr), T5 (IAA 12 hr), T6 (IAA 24 hr), T7 (KCl 12 hr) and T8 (KCl 24 hr).
 Results: The maximum germination percentage (93%), plant height (25.93 cm), total chlorophyll (28.47 mg/g) of onion leaves, bulb yield (19.96 t/ha), total soluble solid (14.05 °Brix), reducing sugar (7.41%), and phenolic content (11.12 mg/100 g) of onion bulbs were recorded in the T3 treatment. However, the maximum fresh leaves/plant at bulb formation stage (3.73) and ascorbic acid content of onion bulb (7.20 mg/100 g) was recorded in T4 treatment.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that seed priming with PEG6000 (10%) for 12 hours improved growth, yield, and quality compared to other priming treatments.

The germination response of Zea mays L. to osmotic potentials across optimal temperatures via halo-thermal time model

The maize (Zea mays L.) is a monocot that is a member of the Poaceae family and a valuable feed for livestock, human food, and raw material for various industries. The halothermal time model determines how plants respond to salt (NaCl) stress under sub-optimal conditions. This model examines the relation between NaClb (g), GR, GP, salinity and temperature stress on germination of seeds dynamics in various crops. Five constant temperatures i.e. 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C and five ψ levels (NaCl concentrations converted to ψ − 0, − 0.2, − 0.4, − 0.6, and − 0.8 MPa) were used in this experiment. In light of the results, the maximum halo-thermal time constant value was recorded at 35 °C temperature, while maximum germination percentage was detected at 30 °C in the controlled condition. Moreover, the lowermost value was recorded at 20 °C at − 0.8 MPa osmotic potential. The highest CAT, APX, and GPX activities were recorded at 15 °C at − 0.8 MPa, while the lowest values were observed for 0 MPa at 30 °C temperature. In conclusion, by employing the halo thermal time model, the germination of maize variety (var.30W52) was accurately predicted for the first time under varying levels of temperature and osmotic potentials.

Impact of Seed Priming and Growing Media on Germination and Seedling Growth of Bitter Gourd

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the suitable growing media and priming treatments for seed germination and seedling growth of bitter gourd (cv. BARI hybrid Korola 2).
 Study Design: The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) with sixteen treatments, each containing fifteen seedlings.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The experiment was conducted on Horticulture farm at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University; Dhaka, Bangladesh from March to April 2021.
 Methodology: Four seed priming treatments were used in the experiments: T0: Seed soak in distilled water for 12 h (control), T1:Hot water treatment (450C for 5 min), T2: Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (5%), T3: Sodium chloride solution (NaCl) (2%) soak for 12h and four growing media viz.,M0: soil + cow dung (1:1), M1: soil + cow dung + vermicompost (1:1:1), M2: soil + cow dung + sawdust (1:1:1), M3: soil + cow dung + cocopeat (1:1:1).
 Results: The maximum germination percentage (100%), highest shoot (21.00 cm) and root length (12.83 cm), seed vigor index (3383.3) was recorded in T2M3 treatment. However, the maximum photosynthetic pigment (30.31 mg/g), relative water content (96.99%) and shoot (3.53g) and root fresh weight (0.47 g) was found in T2M1 treatment.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that soil + cow dung + cocopeat (1:1:1) with PEG 6000 (5%) is the best treatment for bitter gourd seed germination, while soil + cow dung + vermicompost (1:1:1) with PEG 6000 (5%) is better for vigor and healthy seedlings.

Seed Germination and Plant Growth in Ocimum Variety by Physical Treatment Methods

Ocimum one of the largest family of Lamiaceae,it comprised about 150 species distributed all over tropical and subtropical region of world. The essential components of family is eugenol found which is used for cosmetic product, culinary uses,food and drug industry. sweet basil or Indian basil, is an industrially important source of essential oil, oil painting and aroma chemicals. the present study entitled “Germination and growth responses in Ocimum specie’s to seed pretreatments ” has been accepted with the ideal of homogenizing pretreatment of seeds for enhanced germination and growth plants. The main objective of studies is to carried physical treatment of seeds were vanquished to various physical treatments analogous as scarification( using sandpaper), water soaking( overnight), hot water( 25℃) treatment for 5 min to study their effect on seed germination to obtain maximum germination percentage and growth of seedlings. In this study there are four specie’sof Ocimum, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum grattisum L., Ociumum thrysiflorum L. selected for seed pretreatment and evaluation of pretreatment seeds. Study area analysis taken different measurements were germination percentage, survival percentage, Mean germination time, shoot length,root length, seedlings height, Allometric index observed. The highest germination percentage and height also lowest rate and height calculate by using formula.

In vitro asymbiotic propagation of the vulnerable slipper orchid Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don

This paper presents an attempt to establish a protocol for the conservation of Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don a vulnerable species of orchid using in vitro symbiotic seed germination. The suitability of four orchids seed germination media [Terrestrial orchid medium (BM), modified terrestrial orchid seed germination medium (BM-1), Malmgren modified terrestrial orchid medium (MM), Knudson C medium (KC)] was tested using different photoperiods i.e. 24-h dark or 12-h light per day. The seed capsules were harvested at two different stages of development in order to determine the effect of capsule maturity on seed germination. The maximum percentage germination of seed from intact capsules in the dark was 65.00 ± 0.12% on the BM-1 medium. Release of brownish exudates was stopped by the addition of activated charcoal to the cultures. Seedlings developed in 26.17 ± 0.17 weeks. The current study is the first to report the ex-situ conservation of C. cordigerum.

IMPROVEMENT OF SEED VIABILITY AND VIGOR OF SEVERAL RICE VARIETIES WITH VARIOUS PRIMING METHODS

Rice serves as Indonesia's main food source, but inadequate storage conditions can lead to seed deterioration and diminished germination performance. To enhance the viability and vigor of stored seeds, this study explores various priming methods' effects on multiple rice varieties. Employing a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, the first factor involves rice varieties (V) categorized by germination ranges: 41–50% (V1 = Toyonishiki, V2 = Yoneshiro), 51–60% (V3 = Jaya, V4 = IR50), 61–70% (V5 = Fortuna, V6 = Sulutan), and 71–80% (V7 = IR 24, V8 = Inpago 5). The second factor is seed priming (P), including control, hydropriming, and osmopriming. Results indicate that priming enhances maximum growth potential, germination percentage, vigor index, growth speed, plumule and radicle length, as well as fresh and dry weight. Hydropriming outperforms osmopriming, particularly in vigor index, growth speed, plumule and radicle length, and dry weight. Priming proves more effective in improving maximum growth potential, germination percentage, vigor index, and growth speed at lower germination percentage ranges (41–60%). The most significant priming-induced increases in radicle length, fresh weight, and dry weight occur in higher germination percentage ranges (61–80%)

Germination Responses of Ruta montana (L.) L. Seeds From Tessala Mount (Northwest of Algeria) to Different Controlled Environmental Conditions

Abstract This work is part of the exsitu conservation of Ruta montana (L.) L., a spontaneous Rutaceae, known for its many therapeutic properties. The aim is to study, under controlled conditions, the effects of daylight and darkness, temperature, salt, and water stress on the germination of its seeds. Salt stress was induced by different molar concentrations of NaCl (0–200 mM), and water stress was simulated using different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) corresponding to different water potentials (0-1.2 MPa). The results obtained showed that R. montana seeds were viable and could germinate both in daylight and in continuous darkness. Germination was possible at temperatures between 10 and 30 °C, with the maximum final germination percentage (FGP = 81.66%) recorded at 20 °C. At this optimum temperature, FGP decreased significantly when the seeds were placed under salt and water stress (p< 0.01).This decrease became more and more significant when the osmotic pressure induced by NaCl increased and when the water potential induced by PEG6000 in the medium decreased. The depressive effect of salt and water stress on FGP was verified by a linear regression analysis, which showed high values of the coefficient of determination (R 2):0.934 for water stress and 0.890 for salt stress. This effect on the velocity coefficient and latency time was more moderate or lower. The thresholds of tolerance to salinity and water deficit found were 150 mM and −1 MPa, respectively, for which the lowest FGP values were recorded with 16.25% for water stress and 11.10% for salt stress.

Simulated climate warming strongly constrains the seedling establishment of alpine cushion Arenaria oreophila

Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed. Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions, their population dynamics may directly influence the future alpine ecosystems. However, little is known about how climate warming affect cushion population recruitment, especially at early life-history stages. In this study, we conducted a laboratory simulation of climate warming to detect the effects of warming temperature and associated moisture and light changes on seed germination and seedling growth of the typical alpine cushion plant Arenaria oreophila. Results suggested that increasing temperature indeed exerted strong constraints on the population recruitment processes. Specifically, increased temperatures could quickly initialize seed germination (4-6 days at higher temperatures vs. 29-32 days at low temperature, respectively, after sowing), accelerate them to reach the maximum germination percentage (9-19 days at higher temperatures vs. 57-86 days at low temperature, respectively, after sowing) and significantly accelerate seedling growth rate. However, higher temperatures accelerated seedling mortality (more than 80%). In addition, lower light availability also increased seedling mortality though it could generally increase the final seed germination percentage. The effects of water might be dependent on temperature and light. All results suggested that cushion A. oreophila is quite sensitive to climate warming which strongly constraints its seedling establishment process. We, therefore, speculate that the continuing climate warming in future will exert uncertain risks in the persistence of cushion A. oreophila, possibly by constraining the process of seedling recruitments.

The influence of priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels on the vegetative growth, yield, and yield components of AS71 hybrid corn

By carrying out a laboratory experiment, the influence of priming methods, including ZnSO4, BSN, and hydropriming was evaluated on the seed germination of hybrid AS71 corn. Then, the main and interaction effects of the priming methods, planting dates, and weed interference levels were surveyed on the vegetative growth traits, yield, and yield components of corn in a field experiment. Based on the lab experiment, although the maximum germination percentage (100%) was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming 22 h after treatment (HAT), the greatest seedling vigor index (122.99) was recorded with treated seeds by ZnSO4 (0.03 mg L–1) at 8 HAT. The greatest emergence index was observed in the treated plots by hydropriming on both planting dates of June 1 and 11. The interaction of planting dates and weed interference levels revealed that the highest emergence index (14%–17%) occurred in the weed-free plots on both planting dates. BSN recorded the greatest corn 1000-grain weight that was significantly higher than the control plots by 28%. Furthermore, BSN enhanced the corn grain yield compared with the control plots by 63% and 24.9% on the planting dates of June 1 and 11, respectively. BSN, as a nutri-priming approach, by displaying the highest positive effects in boosting the corn grain yield in both weedy and weed-free plots as well as both planting dates, could be a recommendable option for growers to improve the crop yield production.

Effect of Washing and Non-Washing of Seeds on Germination of Papaya Seedling (Carica papaya L.) cv. Pusa Nanha

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of washing and non- washing of seeds on germination of papaya seedling at the CRC Farm, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.). The experiment was laid out in the Randomized Block Design using 4 media with or without washing of seeds with tap water comprising 12 treatments combinations (viz., controlled (soil + water), vermiwash (50%) + wood dust, vermiwash (50%) + cocopeat, vermiwash (50%) + pond soil, cow-urine (50%) + wood dust, cow-urine (50%) + cocopeat, cow-urine (50%) + pond soil, vermiwash (100%) + wood dust, vermiwash (100%) + cocopeat, vermiwash (100%) + pond soil, cow-urine (100%) + wood dust, cow-urine (100%) + cocopeat, cow-urine (100%) + pond soil which were replicated thrice. For experimental purpose, freshly ripe fruits of papaya were purchased from the papaya-growing farmer of IARI, New Delhi and seeds were sown in the poly bag (4x24 inch sized). The results indicated that the application of Vermiwash (100%) + pond soil recorded minimum days (6.78) required for initiation to germination, minimum days (9.22) required for 50 per cent germination while maximum (100.00) germination percentage in papaya seedlings. Thus, washing of papaya seedlings with vermiwash +pond soil will increase the germination and in turn the production of papaya.

Effect of Meteorological Parameter on Growth and Yield of Different Varieties of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the Bundi District, Rajasthan, India

A field experiment was conducted in a farmer field of Bundi district, Rajasthan, Department of Environmental Science and Natural Resources Management College of Forestry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj, during Rabi 2020-2021. The experiment used a factorial randomized block design with three different planting dates: D115 October, D2–5 November, and D3– 25 November, as well as three different varieties: V1- Annapurna, V2-Azad -111, and V3- SS- 10. The findings discovered The maximum germination percentage (78.51%) and lowest germination percentage (66.78%) of seeds per plot were found in plots D1 and V1 (15th October + Annapurna). The maximum number of branches (4.00) were found in D1 and V3 (15th October + SS-10), while the lowest number of branches were found in D3 and V1 (25th November + Annapurna) (2.33). D1 and V1 (15th November + Annapurna) reported the highest plant height of 26.00, 91.38, and 124.15cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, whereas D3 and V3 (25th November + SS-10) recorded the minimum plant height of 19.00, 25.54, and 67.95cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAS. D3 and V3 (05th November + SS-10) had the highest blooming percentage (50.41), whereas D3 and V2 (25th November + Aazad-111) had the lowest flowering percentage (46.18). D1 and V3 (15th October + SS-10) had the highest seeds/pods (7.0), whereas D3 had the fewest (4.0).D2 and V3 (05th November + SS-10) had the highest grain yield (12.68), whereas D3 and V1 (25th November + Annapurna) had the lowest grain yield (11.01). Variety-1 plant height was shown to have a substantial positive relationship (Annapurna).

Effect of Date of Sowing and Cultivars on Germination, Emergence and Rosette Termination of Safflower

The present experiment was carried out at All India Coordinated Research Project on safflower, College of Agriculture, Indore, (M.P.) during rabi season 2015-16 to study the effect of sowing date and cultivars on germination, emergence and rosette termination of safflower. The experiment was performed in split plot design using three sowing dates and three cultivars. The choice of location specific variety has advantages over other varieties since it well adopted and responded better to local environment/growing conditions and applied inputs leading to significant higher production. The safflower cultivar NARI-6 had maximum germination percentage (91.43%) and number of days for rosette termination (21.50 days) while the earliest emergence is noted under A-1 (10.92 days). In case of sowing dates, 1 November sowing took minimum days to emerge out (10.92 days), 15 November proved beneficial with respect to maximum germination percentage (88.60%) while 30 November took maximum number of days for rosette termination (22.08 days).

Effect Of Hardening On Germination And Seedling Characters Of Maize (Zea Mays L)

The ideal temperature is necessary for the maize crop to provide the highest harvest yield. Environmental stress elements such as abiotic and biotic stress factors are expected to intensify and become more widespread as a result of climate change. Drought, temperature, and salinity are the key factors affecting maize output globally. Various management practices may help in contributing tolerance to the plants against adverse environmental impact, and seed hardening is one among them. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Seed science and Technology, Department of Agriculture, Kalasalingam School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of various hardening treatments in maize seeds. Maize seeds were hardened with the following chemicals at varying concentrations for 12 hours viz., T0 – Control, T1 – Distilled water, T2 – Boric acid (0.5%), T3 – Boric acid (1.0%), T4 – Boric acid (1.5%), T5 – KNO3 (0.5%), T6 – KNO3 (1.0%), T7 – KNO3 (1.5%), T8 – KH2PO4 (0.5%), T9 – KH2PO4 (1.0%) and T10 – KH2PO4 (1.5%). Significant differences were found between control and hardening treatments. Maximum germination percentage, shoot, and root length, seedling length, fresh and dry weight of the seedling vigor index were observed for the seeds treated with 1.5% KNO3. This experiment also showed the positive influence of KH2PO4 (1.5%) in various seedling characters followed by 1.5% KNO3. This study might help to improve the seedling character with the help of seed-hardening treatments to withstand adverse abiotic stress situations

Effect of Different Seed Treatment and Media on Shoot Growth of Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Indian Ginseng or Ashwagandha, is one of the most important Under the present study the seeds were soaked with treatment (S1) GA3 (250 ppm - 24 h.) recorded maximum germination percentage (66.11 %) and maximum plant height at 15 (3.00), 30 (8.38), 45 (15.98), 60 (25.20), 75 (34.05), 90 (42.98), 105 (52.07) and 120 (59.02) days, respectively. Maximum no. of branches/plant at 15 (0.0), 30 (0.22), 45 (0.71), 60 (1.73), 75 (1.76), 90 (2.80), 105 (3.0) and 120 (3.84) and no. of leaves/plant were also recorded higher in S1 at 15 (3.42), 30 (7.67), 45 (20.42), 60 (33.11), 75 (41.62), 90 (55.98), 105 (67.24) and 120 (75.87) DAS respectively. In the Similar treatment, no. of leaves were also found superior over other treatments with maximum total leaf area (33.57 cm2), shoot fresh weight (55.06 g), shoot dry biomass (38.34 g), plant fresh weight (60.10 g) and plant dry weight (18.77 g) as compared to other treatments applied.
 The treatment (M3) media combination of Red soil + Vermicompost + FYM (1:1:1) gave significantly highest results in context to seed germination percentage (71.94 %), total leaf area (32.08 cm2), shoot fresh weight (58.70 g), shoot dry biomass (40.91 g), plant fresh weight (64.05 g) and plant dry weight (19.82 g), respectively. In same treatment, highest plant height at 15 (3.29), 30 (9.78), 45 (18.14), 60 (26.85), 75 (35.54), 90 (44.13), 105 (55.03) and 120 (60.17), no. of branches/plant at 15 (0.0), 30 (0.27), 45 (0.68), 60 (1.89), 75 (1.97), 90 (2.87), 105 (2.90), 120 (3.83) and no. of leaves/plant at 15 (3.72), 30 (8.46), 45 (22.46), 60 (35.23), 75 (43.91), 90 (55.87), 105 (67.47) and 120 (75.92) respectively were recorded.
 Interaction effect between pre-sowing treatment and different media was observed significant in seed germination percentage and maximum (80 %) in the treatment S1M3.

Antiviral Efficacy of Bacillus sp. against Groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus in Cowpea

Tomato spotted wilt, a disease caused by Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), is a major disease affecting tomatoes causing great yield loss to the farming community. In this study, the GBNV-TNAU 1 virus isolate was obtained from infected plants and maintained through mechanical transmission on cowpea cv. CO7, which induced chlorotic and necrotic local lesions by the fourth-day post-inoculation (dpi). The pathogenicity of GBNV on tomato cv. PKM1 was confirmed through sap transmission. In vitro screening of Bacillus sp. viz., B. amyloliquefaciens (Ka1), B. subtilis (Bbv 57), and B. subtilis (BST 8) demonstrated effective reduction of GBNV-induced lesions in cowpea. B. amyloliquefaciens (Ka1) and B. subtilis (BST8) displayed a maximum germination percentage of 100 %, while B. amyloliquefaciens (MM12) exhibited 83.33 %. Futhermore, maximum vigour index of 1743.8, 1699.6 & 1436.5 was noticed in B. amyloliquefaciens (Ka1), B. subtilis (BST8) & B. subtilis (Bbv 57) treated plants. These findings provide valuable insights on sustainable management strategies against the disease, benefiting farmers by enhancing tomato cultivation productivity and profitability.

Influence of Seed Invigoration with Organic Kunapajala on Seed Quality and Biochemical Activity in Late Sown Wheat

A laboratory experiment was conducted at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar during rabi season of 2020-2021 to study the influence of seed invigoration with organic kunapajala on germination and biochemical activity in wheat variety UP-2526. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design which consisted of five treatments viz; no seed priming (control), Hydropriming for 16 hours, kunapajala seed priming @10%, 25% and 50% for 16 hours. Results revealed that germination percentage in hydro primed seeds and 25% kunapajala primed seeds jointly recorded maximum germination percentage (99.7%) which was statistically at par with 10% kunapajala priming (99.3%). Seed reserve mobilization efficiency after 4th day and 8th day of incubation was significantly affected by seed invigoration treatments. 25% kunapajala primed seeds recorded significantly higher dehydrogenase activity (0.68 OD) which was at par with hydroprimed seeds and 10% kunapajala primed seeds (0.63 and 0.62 OD, respectively). So, seed priming with either 10% or 25% organic kunapajala is an effective method to bring about improvement in germination of wheat and predict its field performance.