Maximum Energy Value Research Articles

Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Falling Collision Damage Sensitivity of Kiwifruit.

Falling damage is the most common form of damage sustained by kiwifruit during the process of picking and post-processing, and it is difficult to conduct a quantitative analysis of this phenomenon through traditional experimental methods. In order to deeply understand the sensitivity of kiwifruit to falling collision damage, the finite element numerical simulation method was used to evaluate and predict the sensitivity of kiwifruit to falling collision damage during harvesting. First, we obtained the appearance characteristics of kiwifruit through reverse engineering technology and determined the geometric and mechanical property parameters of kiwifruit through physical mechanics experiments. Then, according to the characteristics of fruit tissue structure, a multiscale finite element model, including the skin, pulp, and core, was constructed to simulate the effects of different falling heights, collision angles, and contact surface materials on fruit damage, and the accuracy of the model was verified through falling experiments. Finally, based on the simulation results, the Box-Behnken design was employed within the response surface methodology to establish a sensitivity prediction model for the drop damage sensitivity of kiwifruit across different contact materials. The results showed that the maximum relative error between the speed change obtained using finite element simulation and the speed obtained by the high-speed camera was 5.19%. The model showed high rationality in energy distribution, with the maximum value of hourglass energy not exceeding 0.08% of the internal energy. On the contact surface material with a large elastic modulus, a higher falling height and larger collision angle will significantly increase the risk of fruit bruise. When the contact surface material was a steel plate, the falling height was 1 m, and the collision angle was 90°; the maximum bruise sensitivity of kiwifruit reached 6716.07 mm3 J-1. However, when the contact surface material was neoprene, the falling height was 0.25 m, and the collision angle was 0°, the damage sensitivity was the lowest, at 1570.59 mm3 J-1. The multiscale finite element model of kiwifruit falling collision constructed in this study can accurately predict the damage of kiwifruit during falling collision and provide an effective tool for the quantitative analysis of kiwifruit falling collision damage. At the same time, this study can also provide guidance for the design and optimization of the loss reduction method of the harvesting mechanism, which has important theoretical significance and practical value.

Optimizing Energy Storage Performance: In situ Synthesized Manganese Oxide (Mn3O4) Nanoparticle‐Based Symmetric Supercapacitor on a Paper Substrate

AbstractIn this study, a redox reaction is employed to synthesize manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles using potassium permanganate as a precursor in the presence of diethyl amine. The structural characterization reveals the formation of the tetragonal phase of Mn3O4 nanoparticles with a space group of I41/amd. A free‐standing Mn3O4‐based paper electrode is fabricated and its electrochemical performances are investigated. The electrode exhibits a maximum specific capacitance value of ~353 F g−1 and an areal capacitance of ~530 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. A symmetric supercapacitor‐based device is also designed using Mn3O4 nanoparticles as an active material in a gel electrolyte configuration. The Mn3O4 device achieves specific and areal capacity values of ~208 mAh g−1 and 260 mA cm−2, respectively, at a current density of 0.3 A g−1. The device delivers maximum energy and power density values of ~104 Wh kg−1 and ~220 W kg−1, respectively, with ~92 % specific capacity retention at 0.3 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. The above results suggest that the Mn3O4‐based device has the potential for energy storage applications.

Indium selenide for mode-locked pulse generation in a Mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser

Two-dimensional materials are increasingly recognized for their distinctive nonlinear optical properties. Indium selenide (InSe), a notable optoelectronic material, demonstrates unique advantages in terms of nonlinear absorption behavior, making it a promising candidate in mid-infrared mode-locked lasers. By preparing a InSe saturable absorber (SA) and applying it in a Er: ZBLAN fiber laser, we demonstrate a stable mode-locked mid-infrared fiber laser at 2.8 μm. The obtained mode-locked pulses have a repetition frequency and pulse duration of 29.875 MHz and 13.6 ps, respectively. The obtained maximum value of pulse energy is 4.3 nJ. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 55 dB, indicating the high stability of the laser system. Our experimental results validate that InSe is a promising SA in the near 3 μm band. This work paves the way for further investigations and applications of InSe-based devices in nonlinear optics and mode-locked laser systems.

Investigation of bending behavior of two and three-dimensional honeycomb and auxetic sandwich beams

The bending behavior of two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) sandwich beams that have a negative Poisson’s ratio (auxetic) and conventional honeycomb was investigated for different geometries, sheet thicknesses, and cell thicknesses. The re-entrant and solid specimens were produced with a stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printer and subjected to a three-point bending test under the conditions specified in the ASTM C393 standard. The data obtained from the tests were used to verify finite element analysis (FEA) results. The radius of curvatures was calculated for each specimen depending on the load step. In addition, Poisson’s ratio was calculated for each auxetic sample. As a result, the 3D arrowhead beam, with a cell thickness of 1 mm and a sheet thickness of 2 mm, exhibits peak force values that are 497.340% and 461.500% higher than re-entrant and missing rib beams, respectively. Besides, the maximum strain energy values of same 3D arrowhead specimens (596.120 mJ) are higher than re-entrant (101.032 mJ) and missing rib (108.201 mJ) specimens. It was determined that the arrowhead is the most durable structure compared to other auxetic structure geometries. Therefore, when arrowhead and honeycomb 3D beams are compared, it was observed that the maximum strain energy of arrowhead specimens was higher in both horizontal (84.310%) and perpendicular (131.910%) positioned specimens. Comparing the arrowhead and honeycomb 2D beams with the highest maximum strain energy, it can be concluded that the arrowhead beam absorbs 20.000% more energy.

Experimental Investigation of the Drying Characteristics of Tapioca Under Solar Drying Condition

Agricultural products are subjected to one form of processing or the other, to either improve the shelf life of the products, or as a necessary condition before consumption. Solar drying is one method that helps to increase the shelf life of agricultural products. In this study, an experimental investigation of the drying characteristics of cassava chips popularly called tapioca was carried out for the purpose of improved shelf life and hygiene, under solar drying conditions in the month of December, 2023. An analysis of key parameters was conducted on the experimental data and post-processed in the Microsoft Excel environment. The results suggested that the moisture removal rate of tapioca was 0.2183 % to 6.3829% on dry mass basis, with cumulative drying time of 27hours in three days. The maximum and minimum energy values during the drying period were 15485.14kJ and 9.6243kJ, respectively. Thus, the average value obtained for solar collector efficiency varied from 6.99 % to 16.89 %. The study also established that the colour and texture of the tapioca under the drying conditions could be retained.

Novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine triazoles hybrids: Synthesis, in vitro antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition and computational study

The study reports the synthesis and antioxidant capability of six novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine linked 1,2,3-triazoles 6(a–f), synthesized in good yield using copper (II)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reaction (Click Chemistry) under ultrasonication. The alkyne of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine has been prepared and confirmed to have monoclinic geometry using single crystal XRD. All the synthesized compounds are fully characterized using 1H and 13CNMR , IR, and HRMS. The new compounds 6(a-f) were studied for in vitro DPPH and FRAP antioxidant assay, as well as their ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase enzyme. Compound 6d showed minimum IC50 values of 3.58 ± 1.5 µg/ml and 58.66 ± 3 µM for DPPH and FRAP inhibitory effect respectively. The HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) mechanism for DPPH activity and SET (single electron transfer) mechanism for FRAP activity of compound 6d, has been studied through a DFT study on B3LYP hybrid functional at 6–31+G(d,p) basis set. The bond dissociation enthalpy and ionization potential of 6d are 77.01 kcal/mol and 162.59 kcal/mol respectively, proving it to be an excellent antioxidant. Being the best antioxidant 6d has been further used for in vitro inhibition study on xanthine oxidase enzyme isolated from buttermilk. 6d derivative has an IC50 value of 4.93±2 µg/ml much lesser than the standard drug Allopurinol, having an IC50 value of 10.29 ± 1 µg/ml. The molecular docking study is performed on 6(a-f) for XO protein PDBID:1FIQ. All compounds showed effective binding with XO enzyme and the best lead 6d showed a maximum binding energy value of -10.0 kcal/mol. A molecular dynamic simulation study of 100 ns further proved the stability of enzyme 6d complex in the biological system.

Binder-free phosphor-coated multiphase bismuth cobalt-selenide electrode for solar-charged quasi-solid-state hybrid supercapacitors

The enormous utilization of fossil fuels and the accelerated progression of global warming have irreversible destructive consequences on Earth's biodiversity. In response to this concern, there is a growing need to adopt green and renewable energy sources as effective strategies for mitigating environmental challenges. Herein, we report the novel synthesis and electrochemical properties of a binder-free phosphorus-coated multiphase bismuth-cobalt selenide/nickel foam (P@BCS/NF) electrode. Phosphorization was performed under an N2 atmosphere in a tube furnace to cover the electrodes. The synthesized electrode exhibited a porous nanorod morphology, which enhanced its electrochemical and energy storage properties. The P@BCS/NF electrode delivered a high areal capacity value of 836.4 µAh cm−2 in 1 M KOH electrolytic solution with excellent cycling stability, 81.4 % capacity retention, and 98.8 % coulombic efficiency over 10,000 cycles. A quasi-solid-state hybrid supercapacitor (QHSC) device was constructed using P@BCS/NF as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode. The QHSC device showed maximum areal energy and power density values of 384.37 μWh cm−2 and 21750 μW cm−2, respectively, together with high stability of 94.4 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The practical application of the QHSC device was demonstrated in a PVA-KOH electrolytic environment by powering various electronic devices.

Increasing the Service Life of Marine Transport Using Heat-Resistant Polymer Nanocomposites.

This paper presents the technological aspects of increasing the thermal stability of polymers, with epoxy binder used to form the polymer materials. Polyethylene polyamine was used to crosslink the epoxy binder. To ensure the thermal stability of the polymer, nanodispersed condensed carbon with a dispersion of 10-16 nm was used. The research into nanocomposites under the influence of elevated temperatures was carried out using the "Thermoscan-2" derivatograph. Complex studies of thermophysical properties were carried out, according to the results of which the optimal content of nanofiller (0.050 pts.wt.) was determined. At the same time, this particular polymer was characterized by the following properties: temperature of the beginning of mass loss-T0 = 624.9 K; final temperature of mass loss-Tf = 718.7 K; relative mass loss-εm = 60.3%. Research into the activation energy of thermal destruction was performed to determine the resistance to the destruction of chemical bonds. It was proved that the maximum value of activation energy (170.1 kJ/mol) is characterized by nanocomposites with a content of nanodispersed condensed carbon of 0.050 pts.wt., which indicates the thermal stability of the polymer.

STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL FOR MODIFYING THE DESIGN OF A TURBINE STIRRER BLADE TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF SHEAR STRESSES ON MICROORGANISMS IN CULTIVATION PROCESSES

Stirring in bioreactors is an important element for the efficient cultivation of cell cultures in biotechnological production. But high-speed stirrers can create high level of shear stresses that negatively affect microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to develop the design of new stirring devices to minimize the negative impact of shear stresses on cells during cultivation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the designs of turbine stirring devices, proposed by authors, on the parameters of the stirring process during the cultivation of cell cultures by methods of computer modeling. The computer modeling was performed in ANSYS for the process of liquid stirring in a bioreactor. Two new designs of turbine stirrers have been proposed. The idea of the new design is to divide the working blade into two, i.e. to create a cutout in the blade. In the first case, the cutout is a rectangle, in the second - a parallelogram. To compare the efficiency of the proposed designs, we also modeled the stirring with a classical turbine 6-blade stirrer. Based on the modeling results, were obtained contours of the velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy, shear strain rate, velocity vectors, and ISO-surfaces forming the core of the rotation vortex. It was found that the presence of cutouts in the turbine stirrer does not lead to a decrease in the velocity of the main flows and redistribution of motion vectors, but significantly reduces the value of turbulent kinetic energy from and shear strain rate. The maximum value of turbulent kinetic energy for the classical stirrer is 2.489 m2/s2, while for the stirrers with cutouts it barely reaches 1.245 m2/s2. The shear stresses decrease by 10 % from 19.63·10-3 Pa for the classical design to 17.67·10-3 Pa for the stirrer with parallelogram-shaped cutouts. The further development of this study will be to analyze the influence of the geometric parameters of the stirrer with parallelogram-shaped cutouts on the qualitative indicators of stirring. The results obtained in this work can be used by engineers and technologists to design bioreactors with reduced values of shear stresses.

Solvent effects on spectroscopic, electronic, and topological analyses, Hirshfeld surface, ADME, and molecular docking studies on antiviral pyridine carboxamide derivatives

A theoretical study of three pyridine carboxamide derivatives in conjunction with the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach at the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set is presented along with X-ray results. The pyridine carboxamide derivatives were analyzed with the help of FT-IR, UV–Vis, 1H and 13C NMR investigation. The spectral characterizations were made by vibrational energy distribution analysis (VEDA4), which helps to assign vibrational frequencies to specific molecular vibrations. A comparative analysis of computed 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values with experimental chemical shifts for the pyridine carboxamide compounds by applying the gauge-including atomic orbitals method in chloroform and acetone solvents was carried out. UV–Vis spectroscopy and electronic transitions were conducted on both chloroform and acetone solvents through the assistance of the TD-DFT methodology. Hirshfeld Surface analysis was employed to analyze the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N-H⋯N to the crystal packing. The chemical properties of frontier molecular orbital and global reactivity descriptors were analyzed for the different solvents such as chloroform and acetone. The Fukui functions were used to identify reactive sites in a molecule, including those susceptible to nucleophilic and electrophilic outbreaks. The weak interactions were analyzed using reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis, a computational method used to study noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) attributes of the studied compounds have been evaluated for drug discovery initiatives. Molecular docking studies with antiviral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and Omicron variant containing the Q493R mutation proteins of three pyridine carboxamide derivatives (L3–L5) have been performed, and L5 has maximum binding energy values of −7.13 kcal/mol for 6LU7.

Investigations of the Mass Transfer and Flow Field Disturbance Regulation of the Gas–Liquid–Solid Flow of Hydropower Stations

With the continuous depletion of fossil fuels, all countries attach importance to clean and sustainable development. The real-time state monitoring of multiphase flows is vital for enhancing hydropower station energy conversion. However, the material mass transfer mechanism and flow field disturbance regulation strategy faces significant challenges. To solve these problems, a computational fluid mechanics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupling modeling and solution method based on a particle porosity model was proposed, and the mass transfer mechanism of gas–liquid–solid mixing flows was obtained under dynamic whirl intensity regulations. Combined with the user-defined function (UDF), the interphase forces and void ratios of fluids and particles were calculated to obtain the material mass transfer laws under dynamic disturbance regulations. The evolution characteristics of the particle flow pattern were tracked during the material mixing process. The results show that the mixed flow field had a high material transport efficiency under intensive whirl regulation, especially for the particle aggregation in the center of the reaction vessel. The maximum peak velocity and energy values of the particle transport process were 3.30 m/s and 0.27 × 10−3 m2·s−2. The higher whirl regulation improved the material transport process and conveying efficiency and enhanced the particle mixing effect in the reaction space. Relevant research results can provide theoretical references for material mass transfer mechanisms, dynamic regulation strategies, and particle flow pattern identifications and can also provide technical support for hydropower energy conversion.

Preparation and properties of Dy3+-Sm3+-Tb3+ co-doped Na0.98Sr0.02Y(MoO4)0.8(WO4)1.2 phosphors

In this paper, Dy3+ single-doped, Dy3+-Sm3+ double-doped and Dy3+-Sm3+-Tb3+ triple-doped Na0.98Sr0.02Y(MoO4)0.8(WO4)1.2 phosphors were synthesized using hydrothermal method and their structures, luminescent properties and thermal stability were investigated. The prepared single-doped, double-doped and triple-doped series of Na0.98Sr0.02Y(MoO4)0.8(WO4)1.2 phosphors all exhibited a tetragonal scheelite structure. Na0.98Sr0.02Y0.926(MoO4)0.8(WO4)1.2: 2%Dy3+, 5%Sm3+, 0.4%Tb3+ phosphor correlated with correlated color temperature of 5611 K and chromaticity coordinates of (0.33, 0.3284), achieving white light emission. Moreover, the Na0.98Sr0.02Y0.926(MoO4)0.8(WO4)1.2: 2%Dy3+, 5%Sm3+, 0.4%Tb3+ phosphor exhibited a maximum activation energy value of 0.17 eV, indicating excellent thermal stability.

신재생 에너지 최적 활용을 위한 축열조 온도 예측 모델 연구

Recently, energy consumption for heating costs, which is 35% of smart farm energy costs, has increased, requiring energy consumption efficiency, and the importance of new and renewable energy is increasing due to concerns about the realization of electricity bills. Renewable energy belongs to hydropower, wind, and solar power, of which solar energy is a power generation technology that converts it into electrical energy, and this technology has less impact on the environment and is simple to maintain. In this study, based on the greenhouse heat storage tank and heat pump data, the factors that affect the heat storage tank are selected and a heat storage tank supply temperature prediction model is developed. It is predicted using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), which is effective for time series data analysis and prediction, and XGBoost model, which is superior to other ensemble learning techniques. By predicting the temperature of the heat pump heat storage tank, energy consumption may be optimized and system operation may be optimized. In addition, we intend to link it to the smart farm energy integrated operation system, such as reducing heating and cooling costs and improving the energy independence of farmers due to the use of solar power. By managing the supply of waste heat energy through the platform and deriving the maximum heating load and energy values required for crop growth by season and time, an optimal energy management plan is derived based on this.

Building a model of the compression grinding mechanism in a tumbling mill based on data visualization

The object of the study reported here is the grinding process in a tumbling mill where the mechanism of destruction by crushing is implemented, which is caused by the mechanism of compression loading. The compressive interaction in the active zone of the lower end of the granular loading chamber of the rotating drum at the transition of the shear layer to the solid zone was taken into account. The task to determine the parameters of the compressive action was solved, which was caused by the difficulties of modeling and the complexity of the hardware analysis of the behavior of the internal loading of the mill. A mathematical model was built based on data visualization for the compression grinding mechanism. The power of compressive forces was taken as an analog of grinding performance. The initial characteristic of compression was considered to be the mean speed of movement in the central averaged normal cross-section of the shear layer. The influence on the performance of the mass fraction of the shear layer and the reversibility of loading was taken into account. The effect of rotation speed on productivity was evaluated by experimental modeling at a chamber filling degree of 0.45 and a relative size of grinding bodies of 0.0104. The maximum value of energy and grinding productivity was established at a relative speed of rotation ψω=0.6–0.65. The maximum value of the share of the shear layer loading was found at ψω=0.4–0.45. The results have made it possible to establish a rational speed during crushing by compression, ψω=0.55–0.65. This value was smaller in comparison with impact crushing, ψω=0.75–0.9. The observed effect is explained by the detected activation for the shear loading layer during slow rotation, in contrast to the fast rotation for the drop zone. The model built makes it possible to predict rational technological parameters of the process of medium and fine grinding in a tumbling mill by compression.

First-principles calculation of bonding and hydrogen trapping mechanism of Fe3C/α-Fe interface

The Fe3C/α-Fe interface in pearlite is the main hydrogen trapping site. The first-principles calculation method based on density functional theory was employed to investigate the bonding and hydrogen trapping mechanism of the Fe3C/α-Fe interface with three different orientation relationships, specifically the Bagaryatsky orientation, Isaichev orientation, and Pitsch-Petch orientation. The results showed that by calculating the interface energy and separation work, the theoretical bonding strength and stability of the three interfaces presented the following order: Isaichev orientation > Pitsch-Petch orientation > Bagaryatsky orientation. Hydrogen segregation energy revealed that H atoms were more likely to be trapped at the Fe3C/α-Fe interface region and the hydrogen trap ability of three interfaces was in the following order: Isaichev orientation > Pitsch-Petch orientation > Bagaryatsky orientation. The maximum absolute value of segregation energy was found at the interface with Isaichev orientation, which was 0.38 eV. The differential charge density, density of states, and Mulliken bond population calculations revealed that the formation of the interface was related to the covalent bond between C atoms in cementite and Fe atoms in ferrite, and affected by the spatial distribution of C atoms. The C atoms also repelled the H atoms, so the strength of H–Fe bond was identified as the dominant factor of hydrogen trapping behavior. Overall, these insights can potentially aid in improving the design and performance of materials with pearlite structures.

Comparison Of The Electricity Generation Potentials Of Solar ORC Designed With Different Fluids Depending On Instantaneous Solar Radiation In Four Districts Of Türkiye

In this study, the solar Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system was analyzed to meet some of the electrical energy needed in large and medium-sized buildings and large enterprises such as hotels from solar energy. A simulation study was conducted for different districts in Türkiye that are rich in solar energy potential. These counties and the provinces they are affiliated with; Silifke-İçel, Alanya-Antalya, Bodrum-Muğla, Çeşme-İzmir. The power value transferred to the ORC was determined by considering the instantaneous radiation values and sunshine durations for the districts. The performance of solar ORC was determined by comparing fluids from three different organic fluid types. Organic fluids and types used in design; benzene-aromatic hydrocarbon, cyclohexane-alkane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4)-siloxane. Considering the maximum electrical energy values obtained from Solar ORC in the summer months, it was seen that 205 MWh electricity generated was obtained for Silifke with benzene at a heat source temperature of 223 oC in July. Maximum solar parabolic trough collector (PTC) specific electric power value was determined as 59.52 W/m2 in Alanya district with benzene in June. When the four districts are evaluated together, it has been determined that benzene performs better than cyclohexane by 3.8% on average and 23% better than D4. When the annual electrical energy values are examined, the highest production was determined as 1625 MWh with benzene fluid in Alanya district.

Applying LQR to control cross vortex-induced vibration of cylinders based on wake oscillators

Active control of a cylinder's vortex-induced vibration is a research hotspot, and proposing a theoretical model for real-time control of a cylinder's vortex-induced vibration is the foundation of engineering applications. Therefore, this article studies applying the LQR method to control the cross vortex-induced vibration of a single cylinder based on wake oscillators. Firstly, a theoretical control model of the LQR method and wake oscillator was established, and then the model's correctness and numerical solution were verified. Finally, numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of different control parameters on the control of a cylinder's vortex-induced vibration. During the control process, there was no nonlinear bifurcation frequency doubling phenomenon caused by the wake oscillator. Controlling the displacement of a cylinder is more effective than controlling its speed, and the controlled displacement of the cylinder is close to a stationary state, with a lift force close to 2.0. The maximum displacement and lift suppression efficiency is 98.64% and 55.16%. In some cases, the maximum value of hydrodynamic energy at the original system is around 43.85 times that of control systems.

Exploring Wild Edible Plants in Malakand, Pakistan: Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Insights

Human beings have used wild edible plants (WEPs) for food since ancient times. The poor and underprivileged people of the district of Malakand, Pakistan, also depend on wild edible plants (WEPs) to fulfill their food and nutrition needs. Wild edible plants (WEPs) are a potential solution for overcoming food shortages for families living in rural areas. The current study evaluated the ethnobotanical, nutritional, and elemental potential of some wild edible plants (WEPs) commonly used by local people in the district of Malakand, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical information was collected from local people through a semi-structured questionnaire. The ethnobotanical information collected about wild edible plants revealed that two wild edible species belong to the family Fabaceae, two plant species belong to the family Polygonaceae, and one plant species belongs to each family Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, and Portulaceae. The plants collected were all herbs, and the parts used as edible parts were mostly leaves and young shoots. All the collected plants were predominantly used as vegetables by local people. The proximate nutritional analysis was carried out according to the official methods of AOAC (from 2016). The proximate nutritional analysis revealed that the selected WEPs are a good source of important nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, fats, and caloric energy. The proximate nutritional analysis of selected WEPs revealed that the highest (%) moisture content was calculated in Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton (90.45 ± 0.3); the highest dry matter (%) was present in Oxalis corniculata L. (21.60 ± 0.2); the highest ash (%) in Chenopodium album L. (17.80 ± 0.3); the highest crude fibers (%) in Meliolotus indicus (L.) All (16.45 ± 0.5); the highest crude protein (%) in Meliolotus indicus (L.) All (14.40 ± 0.1%); the highest crude fats (%) in Rumex hastatus Don. (3.80 ± 0.04); the highest percentage of carbohydrates in Portulaca oleracea L. (65.38 ± 0.6); and the maximum energy value was calculated for Portulaca oleracea L. (321.38 ± 0.4 Kcal/100 g). The elemental analysis of wild edible plants (WEPs) was carried out through energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The EDX analysis showed that these WEPs consist of crucial and imperative elements such as C, O, N, P, Mg, K, S, Ca, Al, Si, Cl, Fe, Cu, Na, and Zn, which are integral parts of the human diet. Following the results of the EDX elemental analysis, Portulaca oleracea accounted for the highest concentration (%) of carbon, Oxalis corniculata accounted for the highest concentration (%) of oxygen, and Nasturtium officinale accounted for the maximum concentration of nitrogen (9.70%). The current study revealed that the research area is rich in diversity of wild edible plants (WEPs), a cheap and economical food source for locals. The study also showed that these wild edible plants (WEPs) possess all the crucial nutrients and elements imperative for human food and health. These wild edible plants (WEPs) will play a key role in a sustainable food system in the future.

Geological earthquake simulations generated by kinematic heterogeneous energy-based method: Self-arrested ruptures and asperity criterion

Abstract The lack of clarity regarding slip distribution within heterogeneous rupture areas has a significant impact on characterizing the seismic source and the role of heterogeneities in determining ground motion. One approach to understand the rupture process is through dynamic simulations, which require substantial computational resources, thereby limiting our comprehension of seismic rupture processes. Consequently, there is a need for methods that efficiently describe the spatial complexities of seismic rupture in a realistic manner. To address this, the statistics of real self-arrested ruptures that conform to the asperity criterion are investigated. This research demonstrates that power law distributions can describe the final slip statistics. Regarding the computational efficiency, a simple heterogeneous energy-based (HE-B) method is proposed. The HE-B method is characterized by the spatial correlation between the rupture parameters, such as the final slip or the rupture velocity, and the distribution of residual energy which determines the zones where the rupture could occur. In addition, the HE-B method defines the rupture area in those zones of the fault where the coupling function exceeds the energy required for rupture initiation. Therefore, the size of the earthquake is directly influenced by the distribution of coupling within faults. This method also leads to the successful reproduction of the statistical characteristics of final slip and generates slip rates that match the kinematic behavior of seismic sources. Notably, this kinematic rupture simulation produces seismic moment rates characterized by f − 1 {f}^{-1} and f − 2 {f}^{-2} spectra with a double corner frequency. Finally, it is observed that the maximum fracture energy value within the ruptured area is strongly correlated with both the magnitude and peak seismic moment rate. Thus, by employing this method, realistic rupture scenarios can be generated efficiently, enabling the study of spatial correlations among rupture parameters, ground motion simulations, and quantification of seismic hazard.

DFT‐based systematic study on the structural, optoelectronic, thermodynamic, vibrational, and mechanical behavior of Ruddlesden Popper perovskites Sr2XO4 (X = Zr, Hf) for optoelectronic applications

AbstractDFT study on the structural, optoelectronic, thermodynamic, vibrational, and mechanical properties of Ruddlesden Popper (RP) perovskites Sr2XO4 (X = Zr, Hf) is made with the help of first principle simulation in the framework of WIEN2K code. The lattice constants in bohr unit are found to be for Sr2ZrO4, and for Sr2HfO4. The calculated band gap values are 2.65 eV for Sr2ZrO4 and 2.58 eV for Sr2HfO4. The band structure and electronic density of states reveal the semiconductor nature of these materials having an indirect band gap. Also, Kramers–Krönig relations are used for optical analysis which unveils that these compounds are suitable for applications in optoelectronic. The vibrational investigations are done while using harmonic approximation. Phonon dispersion curves are plotted to observe the vibrational modes by DFPT to confirm the dynamical stability of studied compounds. Although few soft modes have appeared, however, these compounds are found to be thermally stable. Raman modes appeared at low and high frequencies whereas IR modes are noticed at intermediate frequencies for considered compounds. Upon thermodynamical examination, the maximum value of free energy at 1000 K is noted to be −1.95 eV for Sr2ZrO4 and −2.25 eV for Sr2HfO4. The elastic constants are calculated by using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation. The calculated anisotropic values for these compounds are 1.077 (A) and 0.913 (A) which indicate that Sr2ZrO4 has isotropic behavior and Sr2HfO4 has anisotropic behavior. From our calculations, Voigt Young's modulus of Sr2ZrO4 and Sr2HfO4 is 266.99 (GPa) and 279.42 (GPa) along with Poison's ratio of 0.29 and 0.26, respectively.