Maximum Earnings Research Articles

Extending contingency management for smoking cessation to patients with or at risk for cardiovascular disease: A preliminary trial of a home-based intervention.

Cigarette smoking puts individuals with or at risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in jeopardy of experiencing a major cardiovascular event. Contingency management (CM) for smoking cessation is an intervention wherein financial incentives are provided contingent on biochemically verified smoking abstinence. Conventional CM programs typically require frequent clinic visits for abstinence monitoring, a potential obstacle for patients with medical comorbidities who may face barriers to access. This preliminary study examined the feasibility and comparative efficacy of (a) usual care (UC; advice to quit smoking, self-help materials, quitline referral) versus (b) UC plus home-based CM for smoking cessation (UC + HBCM). HBCM entailed earning monetary-based vouchers contingent on self-reported 24-hr smoking abstinence biochemically verified by a breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample ≤ 6 ppm. Participants were 20 outpatients with a CVD diagnosis or qualifying CVD risk factor randomly assigned 1:1 to the two conditions. Intervention participants received 14 in-home abstinence visits over 6 weeks. Voucher monetary value started at $10 and escalated by $2.50 for each subsequent negative sample (maximum earnings: $367.50). Positive samples earned no vouchers and reset voucher value to $10, but two negative samples following a positive allowed participants to continue earning vouchers at the prereset value. Primary outcome was point-prevalence smoking abstinence at Week 6 assessment. More participants assigned to UC + HBCM than UC were smoking abstinent at that Week 6 assessment (90% vs. 30%), χ²(1, N = 20) = 7.5, p < .01. These results provide initial evidence that HBCM can effectively promote smoking abstinence in CVD outpatients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Measuring physicians' response to incentives: Labour supply, multitasking and earnings

AbstractPhysicians are typically paid for services completed. Yet, they provide different types of services with different prices, introducing a multitasking element to their labour‐supply decisions. We show that optimal behaviour generates a maximum earnings function in which earnings depend on prices and total hours worked. Estimation by limited‐information methods identifies a lower bound to the own‐price substitution effect of a price change. Full‐information methods identify the full response to incentives, including income effects. We illustrate these methods on a sample of specialist physicians working in Québec, Canada. Our results suggest that the own‐price substitution effects of a price change are both economically and statistically significant. Income effects are present but overridden when prices increase for individual services. In contrast, in the presence of broad‐based fee increases, the income effect dominates the substitution effect, which leads physicians to reduce their supply of services.

Meningkatkan UMKM Jus Buah Bu Ida dengan Mengoptimumkan Penjualan Menggunakan Metode Simpleks dalam Linear Programming

household industry or usually known quantity when UMKM is an arising chance. Rephrase. This happens because there are very few job break. However, some UMKMs still have adversity determining the optimal production abundance broad- based on accessible expedient, so these troop cannot amplify. One of them is Bu Ida fruit juice, which consistently produces fruit juice according to crowd-pleasing orders of average consumer credit. admittedly utilize capital and basic materials enough, Ms. Ida's business is growing day by day. From this research, problems were distinguish and answer live needed, comprehend the employment of linear programming to determine the sales abundance that absence to be optimized to attain maximum earnings from juice sales Ida's fruit. There are 6 (six) juices and 6 (six) ingredients. In this study, a simple method linear programming algorithm is applied to obtain an optimization model to maximize the juice production quantity and obtain optimal profits. The POM-QM Windows application provides fast, accurate and precise calculation results.

THE PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF THE GAMBLING BUSINESS, AIMED AT PROTECTING SOCIETY AND EACH PLAYER FROM THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GAMBLING

The article is devoted to the analysis of the principles of public management of the gambling market in Ukraine, which are aimed at protecting society and each player from the harmful effects of gambling in the form of gambling addiction. The author highlighted and analyzed such principles of public administration as: protection of rights, legitimate interests, life, and health of citizens, ensuring the principle of responsible gaming, protection of personal data, combating gambling addiction (addiction). The author concludes that the principles of public gambling management proposed in the article should ensure the functioning of a civilized gambling market in Ukraine, where the interests of society, not business or the state, will come first: not filling the budget, getting maximum earnings from this business. and the creation of a legal alternative to those wishing to gamble, while maximizing control of the gaming process and protecting each player from the formation of gambling addiction. Key words: principles, state regulation, state policy, gambling, gambler, addiction, protection of society.

Agent sorting by incentive systems in mission firms: Implications for healthcare and other credence goods markets

We develop a model of expert decision-making to predict how three different contract designs (capitation, fee-for-service, and salary) affect experts’ decisions to enter mission firms producing credence goods and the impact on customer outcomes thereafter. The model demonstrates that contracts that constrain maximum earnings (e.g., capitation and salary) will likely reduce the total supply of experts to mission firms but maintain experts who are highly mission-motivated and thereby, improve customer outcomes. We test the model’s predictions with a real-effort laboratory experiment, which varied the contracts offered by a mission firm producing credence goods, holding constant an outside option in a non-mission firm. Our results demonstrate the potential trade-off between labor supply to the mission firm and customer outcomes across the different incentive systems as predicted by our model.

Some problems of application of legal provisions, regulating remuneration in the procedure of judicial protection of the rights of State Enforcement Service’s servants

Problem setting. In 2020, amendments were made to the State Budget of Ukraine for 2020, which established a temporary restriction on the maximum salary of civil servants of the State Enforcement Service and judges. During this time, judicial practice has been formed on the application of legislation in the field of remuneration civil servants of the State Enforcement Service and judges. Analysis of this practice shows that there is a different approach to resolving homogeneous disputes. Analysis of recent researches and publications. As the problem highlighted in the article is related to the case law of the last year, there are no studies and publications on this topic. Target of research. The purpose of this article is to identify problems of law enforcement in the field of remuneration of civil servants, including civil servants, related to the temporary restriction of their maximum earnings, as well as to recommend possible solutions. Article’s main body. Based on the analysis of specific court precedents, the authors argue that courts in similar disputes, but with different plaintiffs (state executors and judges) unequally apply the provisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the unconstitutionality of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine”, dated April 13, 2020 № 553-IX. If the plaintiff in the case is a judge, the courts apply the retroactive effect of the law to compensate for the unreceived judicial fees for the period of limitation of such payments. If the plaintiff in the case is a state executor, the courts refuse to collect the unreceived remuneration, referring to the fact that the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine are not retroactive. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees the independence of the judiciary as one of the branches of government. But in accordance with Art. 22 of the Constitution of Ukraine, all have equal constitutional rights and freedoms and are equal before the law. Civil servants in the executive branch are also subject to constitutional guarantees of equality of rights. Therefore, such a different approach of the courts to resolving similar disputes leads, according to the authors, to discrimination against citizens. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors state the lack of a unified approach in judicial practice on the application of the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the unconstitutionality of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine” On State Budget for 2020 “of April 13, 2020 № 553-IX in disputes employees not received due to limited payments. The Supreme Court should analyze and summarize relevant case law. This will ensure uniform application of the law by the courts.

Explicating the impact of hierarchical CEO succession on small‐medium enterprises' performance and cash holdings

AbstractThe objective of the study is to demonstrate the impact of hierarchical CEO succession on small‐medium enterprises (SMEs) performance. A comparison between SOEs and Non‐SOEs have been analysed empirically. In this regard, the data of listed Chinese SMEs have been accumulated for the years 2012–2016. Conclusively, hierarchical CEO succession, hierarchical CEO succession intensity and its three types have been formulated while contemplating the SMEs' profile. Empirical underpinnings witness the positive impact of hierarchical CEO succession and hierarchical CEO succession intensity on state‐owned SMEs performance. Moreover, medium hierarchical CEO successor has been declared to be a promoter of SMEs performance. Hierarchical CEO successor, specifically, medium hierarchical CEO successor mitigate the SMEs cash holdings vehemently. However, earnings management as a moderator invigorates the state‐owned SMEs cash holdings. Remarkably, SME' performance is splendid if it is matured, designates a large percentage of independent directors and attains maximum earnings per share. Significantly, the execution of 2SLS regression indicates the truthfulness of our results.

Silent Conflict in High-profile Cities. Latin America and Beyond

This anthropological essay provides a meditation on mass tourism while analysing the mechanisms of conflict between the needs of mass tourism and the local urban environment, extraterritorial spaces that fit into the universal heritage of humanity. Historical districts/ entertainment districts in capital cities are discussed as extraterritorial areas treated as ambivalent, bypassed, business bases. The tourists themselves constitute thoroughly ambivalent figures as tame strangers, treated simultaneously as a potential source of maximum earnings and intruders.

SWOT Analysis of Bangladeshi Apparel Industries Compared to Global Market and a Comprehensive Scenario

In this project work, from the top readymade garments or apparel exporter countries, three countries like China, Vietnam and India are taken with Bangladesh for comparison. For the work, SWOT analysis method is used to find Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats for the apparel industry of each country. Information and data are collected from reliable sources like the statistics and rankings of the World Bank, WTO, WLO, different journals which are published internationally. The aim of this study is to determine the genuine present scenario of Bangladeshi apparel industry compared to the competitor countries and to study how we are improving compared to them. This work indicates the specific points where we have to improve immediately and the points that we have to take really good care of. Hence as a result after conducting the SWOT analysis the obtained information and all the data, tables and graphs illustrate that the scenario of the Bangladeshi apparel sector is in satisfactory position though the alarming thing is that the competitor countries are putting more effort to improve their condition and they are getting it rapidly. On the other hand, our effort is less and we are not improving significantly except our recent compliance, GDP and green factory initiatives. In this work we find out a solution by analyzing which points are needed to work on for sustaining as a tough competitor in the apparel exporter market share for a longer period and to make maximum export earnings.

Historical Value At Risk As A Predictive Risk Method For The Investors: Causality Analysis Related To US Dollar Turkish Liras

There are numerous methods used in literature on predictive risks and benefits of investment instruments. Methods of value at risk are within the methods proposed by JP Morgan, as well. Value at risk makes a risk prediction according to three principles basically. Historical simulation method has been employed in this study. Average daily (purchase-sale) parities of the investment instruments between the years of 2008-2016 have been used in order to predict the risk status of the basic investment instruments used and accepted by all in Turkey. According to the findings, dollar has been determined to be the assets having the highest one-day risk. The high risk of the dollar drags investors to a large extent in profit or loss. Knowing the factors affecting the volatility of the dollar in order for investors to follow the course of the dollar carefully and reach the maximum earnings will have a great benefit in rational decisions. Afterwards Granger causality analysis was ,therefore, applied in this study. According to the results of the analysis, credit default swaps were placed on the top among the factors that could be accepted as a reason for dollar volatility.

Agent Sorting by Incentive Systems in Mission Firms: Implications for Health Care and Other Credence Goods Markets

Intrinsic motivation and monetary incentives affect an expert's choice of firm, and thus also the performance of the firm. These effects are particularly important for consumers of credence goods in mission industries, where experts perform duties that align with their own personal belief systems and quality cannot be directly incentivized. In this environment, different contract designs may attract experts with different intrinsic motivations to select into a mission industry, and therefore likely play a significant role in determining the quantity and quality of labor supply. We use a model of expert decision-making to predict how three different contract designs (capitation, fee-for-service, and salary) affect experts' decisions to enter mission firms with credence goods and the performance of the firm thereafter. The model demonstrates that contracts that constrain maximum earnings (e.g., capitation and salary) will likely reduce supply, but maintain experts who are highly mission motivated and thereby, increase industry performance. To test the model’s ability to predict the marginal effect of limiting available contracts in a mission firm on expert preferences and performance we constructed a laboratory experiment. Our results demonstrate the potential for a tradeoff between labor supply and quality of performance across different contract designs.

Top-Up Contributions to Social Security

Different approaches have been studied for dealing with the life cycle problem of paying for retirement consumption. Two key aspects of this problem are saving enough for retirement during the pre-retirement period and managing the spend down of assets during the retirement period. The proposal in this article addresses both issues. This article presents a proposal for voluntary top-up contributions to Social Security. With these contributions, workers could purchase earnings credits. These purchased earnings credits would enter the calculation of Social Security benefits in exactly the same way as actual earnings credits. When workers file their federal income taxes, they could purchase earnings credits for that tax year up to the Social Security taxable maximum earnings. This approach to voluntarily increasing Social Security benefits is less susceptible to problems of adverse selection than some other approaches that have been proposed. TOPICS:Wealth management, retirement, social security Key Findings • Voluntary add-on contributions to Social Security would delay the date of insolvency by bringing new revenue into the system. • Voluntary add-on contributions to Social Security would be possible for workers earning less than the Social Security taxable maximum, who could purchase additional earnings credits. • The calculation of the person’s increase in benefits would be done using the progressive structure of the Social Security benefit formula.

Ratio of farmworkers to farm jobs in California increased to 2.3 in 2016

California Employment Development Department data suggest that almost 5% of California's workers were employed in agriculture, in 2016. In that year, monthly average employment in agriculture was 425,400, but the number of workers with at least one job in agriculture was 2.3 times that figure, 989,500. The number of hired farmworkers, including supervisors and office personnel, rose almost 20% between 2015 and 2016. Most workers employed in agriculture do not work year-round, so there is a gap between the average earnings of a full-time equivalent job in agriculture ($32,316 in 2016) and the average earnings of actual agricultural workers ($19,800 in 2016). This gap was widest for the third of all farmworkers employed by farm labor contractors (FLCs). Over half of the workers whose maximum earnings were in agriculture had only one farm job. Almost 20% of farmworkers received unemployment insurance benefits in 2016, including half of those whose maximum earnings were in logging and cotton ginning. Public policy has long favored a farm labor market in which most workers are employed year-round; these data indicate that the farm labor market in California is, on average, heading in the opposite direction.

Provincial Valuations of Human Capital in Urban China, Inter-provincial Inequality and the Implicit Value of a Guangdong Hukou

This paper assesses regional inequality in urban China. It predicts earnings for each worker in multiple provinces, compares provinces of residence and maximum predicted earnings, and estimates predicted relocation gains. It presents a reference comparison for the U.S. in 1940. Only 7.4% of U.S. urban workers predicted maximum earnings outside their home divisions that exceeded predicted home division earnings by more than 20%. In contrast, in 1988, 1995, 2002, 2008 and 2013, respectively, 45%, 54%, 74%, 57% and 42% of urban Chinese workers predicted maximum earnings outside their home provinces that exceeded predicted home province earnings by more than 50%. These potential gains were equivalent to the earnings gains from at least seven years of additional schooling. If workers had received maximum predicted earnings, average earnings would have been greater by between 42% and 83% and interpersonal inequality would have been less in all but 2013. If they had received maximum predicted earnings in their home provinces, inter-provincial inequality would have vanished. Predicted earnings were generally greatest in Guangdong, most strikingly in the earliest years. Discrepancies of these magnitudes suggest that the Chinese internal economy suffers from multiple obstacles to internal integration.

Securing Social Security Solvency Addressing an important social determinant of the health of seniors and the American polity.

Adequate income is a social determinant of health. In the United States, only Social Security beneficiaries receive inflation-protected guaranteed income. Social Security needs another 1983 compromise in which stakeholders accepted "shared pain" to avoid insolvency. We propose indexing the benefit using the chained consumer price index (CPI) for all urban consumers and providing a one-time bonus of 8% to 10% for beneficiaries in their mid-80s, when needs become greater. The chained CPI has little impact when beneficiaries start receiving benefits, but older beneficiaries need protection. The estimated 75-year savings from this restructured benefit amount to 14.2% to 18% of Social Security deficits. Modest increases in payroll taxes and maximum earnings taxed should make up most of the shortfall. Including unearned income with wages and salaries subject to the 6.2% individual tax would produce much more revenue. The discussion explores the proposal's political feasibility, grounding in current policy and political science literature, and the role of income as a social determinant of health.

Lifetime Monitoring of Electrolytic Capacitor to Maximize Earnings From Grid-Feeding PV System

Electrolytic capacitors are popularly used in single-phase grid-feeding solar photovoltaic (PV) inverters to suppress the second harmonic and switching frequency voltage ripples. With aging equivalent series resistance (ESR) of capacitor increases and its capacitance value decreases, which lead to increase in dc-link voltage ripple. Oscillations in PV operating point around its maximum power point (MPP), results in reduction of average output power and revenue generated. To address this, frequent replacement of capacitors are required, which may lead to increased cost. Therefore, capacitors must be replaced at an optimal period to ensure maximum earnings. To realize this, a technique for monitoring of power extraction efficiency (PEE) is proposed in this paper. Further, criteria for replacement of capacitor based on the measured values of PEE is suggested. Mathematical model relating the capacitance and ESR values to the PEE is derived. Effect of variation in temperature and solar radiation on PEE is discussed. Detailed simulation studies are carried out using MATLAB-Simulink. A scaled down laboratory prototype of inverter is developed. The proposed technique is implemented in the existing digital processor/controller used for MPP tracking, thereby avoiding additional circuits/sensors. PEE estimated by simulation and experimentation are found to be within 1% of each other.

How many workers are employed in California agriculture?

In 2014, the average employment of hired workers in California crop and livestock agriculture, counting all occupations, rose by 10% to 410,900. However, although the state reports the number of jobs on farms regularly, it does not report the number of workers who fill these jobs. We analyzed all Social Security numbers reported by farm employers in 2014 and found two workers for each average or year-round equivalent farm job, making the total number of farmworkers employed in agriculture 829,300, or twice average employment. Approximately 83% of farmworkers had their maximum earnings with an agricultural employer in 2014, and almost 80% of those primary farmworkers were employed by crop support firms (392,000) or fruit and nut farms (154,000). Over 60% of all workers had only one farm employer, followed by 27% with two or more farm employers, and 35% were employed in Kern (116,000), Fresno (96,000) and Monterey (82,000) counties. These data show that California has a remarkably stable farm workforce: most farmworkers are attached to one farm employer, often a labor contractor who moves them from farm to farm.

Tax Subsidies for Retirement Provision: Taking a Broader View

The tax benefits accorded employer-sponsored pension retirement plans are often criticized because of the magnitude of the revenue costs to the federal treasury and the skewed distribution of the benefits provided to higher earners. The estimates of the value of the tax preferences often ignore the embedded future taxes in accumulating balances during workers’ careers as acknowledged in annual federal budgets. In addition, federal budgets for the past three decades have regularly acknowledged that the inflationary returns on retirement savings assets are “negative tax expenditures” but have never included estimates of the implications of netting these out of the official estimates. Finally, the estimates of costs of tax preferences accorded retirement plans ignore that these are interlinked with another element of federal taxation and benefit policy, namely Social Security. When all these factors are included in assessing the benefits that accrue to retirement savers, the net benefits that accrue even to many highly-compensated workers by the whole federal tax and benefit structure affecting retirement plans turns out to be much smaller than generally estimated and are likely negative for workers from one to two times maximum taxable earnings under the Social Security payroll tax who have typical saving and investment patterns.

Multidirectional Product Support System for Decision Making in Textile Industry using Collaborative Filtering Methods

In the information technology ground people are using various tools and software for their official use and for their personal reasons. Nowadays people are worrying to choose data accessing tools and software's at the time of buying and selling the products and they are also worrying about various constraints such as cost, life time of the product, color and size of the product etc. In this paper we generated the solutions to the existing unsolved problems. Here we proposed the algorithm Multidirectional Rank Prediction (MDRP) decision making algorithm in order to take an effective decision at all the levels of data extraction, using the above technique and we analyzed the results at various datasets, finally the results were observed and compared with the existing methods such as PCC and VSS. The result accuracy was higher than the existing rank prediction methods. Collaborative techniques are used to filtering the noise data and give product recommendation to novice users. Collaborative filtering may involve in large data sets. Collaborative technique is used to predict user's interests on particular product or more than one product. In this Proposal Selling and buying are the two conventional activities for each seller and customer. One who sells the products is aims to gain the maximum earnings, and the customer has to get trustworthy product and it is extendable to intermediate level. These scenarios are identified and people who are used products are worried to discover the best product and in addition they suffer and face difficulty to draw the features of the item such as color, product size, availability and durability of the item. To prevail over these situations identified a problem learning multidirectional asymmetric similarity collaborative filtering via matrix factorization technique. The Collaborative filtering technique is a conventional recommender system which was used by different peoples in different circumstances, and data was extracted by this conventional method to various purposes. Still data extraction is a foremost problem in various disciplines, to handle seriously this problem and provide remedy to this issue. Solving any problem using any one the available technique is a common method, but the difficulty is to identify a best method or technique for long- term solution to the existing problem. In the exiting problem is providing the solution not up to the expected level of the customers. Customers are suffering sparsity and scalability problems. Most of the commercial recommender systems are associated with large data sets. The user-item matrix used for collaborative filtering could be tremendously large and sparse, which carries out the challenges in the performances of the recommendation. 1.1 Data Sparsity Problem One classic problem in data sparsity is the cold start problem. As collaborative filtering methods recommend items based on users' past preferences, new users must need to rate sufficient number of items to enable the system to capture their likings exactly and to provide reliable recommendations. Similarly, users when rating the new items also face the same problem. When new items are added to system, they need to be rated by large number of users before they could be recommended to users who have similar tastes with the ones rated them. The new item problem does not limit the content-based recommendation, because the recommendation of an item is based on its discrete set of descriptive qualities rather than its ratings. 1.2 Scalability Problem The Secondly Scalability is another problem in our traditional CF algorithms will face serious scalability problems. If the customer data set, no of items are high a normal CF algorithm time complexity was too large and many online version systems have to respond immediately and provide recommendations of their purchases and ratings history, which demands a higher scalability of the Collaborative filtering system.

Economic Games on the Internet: The Effect of $1 Stakes

Online labor markets such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) offer an unprecedented opportunity to run economic game experiments quickly and inexpensively. Using Mturk, we recruited 756 subjects and examined their behavior in four canonical economic games, with two payoff conditions each: a stakes condition, in which subjects' earnings were based on the outcome of the game (maximum earnings of $1); and a no-stakes condition, in which subjects' earnings are unaffected by the outcome of the game. Our results demonstrate that economic game experiments run on MTurk are comparable to those run in laboratory settings, even when using very low stakes.