Maximum Data Transmission Rate Research Articles

Secured Data Transmission Over Insecure Networks-on-Chip by Modulating Inter-Packet Delays

As the network-on-chip (NoC) integrated into an SoC design can come from an untrusted third party, there is a growing risk that data integrity and security get compromised when supposedly sensitive data flows through such an untrusted NoC. We thus introduce a new method that can ensure secure and secret data transmission over such an untrusted NoC. Essentially, the proposed scheme relies on encoding binary data as delays between packets travelling across the source and destination pair. The maximum data transmission rate of this inter-packet-delay (IPD)-based communication channel can be determined from the analytical model developed in this article. To further improve the undetectability and robustness of the proposed data transmission scheme, a new block coding method and communication protocol are also proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed IPD-based method can achieve a packet error rate (PER) of as low as 0.3% and an effective throughput of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol {2.3\times 10^{5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> b/s, outperforming the methods of thermal covert channel, cache covert channel, and circuit-based encryption and, thus, is suitable for secure data transmission in unsecure systems.

High-Speed Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Based Schottky Photodiodes for Visible and Infrared Light Communication.

Due to their atomically ultrathin thickness, the development of high-performance transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) based photodetectors demands device designs distinct from architectures adopted in conventional bulk semiconductor devices. Here, we demonstrate a field-induced Schottky barrier photodiode with three different TMDC materials, WSe2, MoTe2, and WS2. Owing to the high gate efficiency of a high-κ dielectric film, the Schottky barrier at metal contacts is effectively modulated by external bias, giving rise to a strong diode-like rectifying characteristic with high current on/off ratio. The WSe2 photodiode shows a linear dynamic range of 112 dB, a responsivity of 0.17 A/W, and response time of 8 ns. When this fast WSe2 device is employed for visible light communication data linking, a maximum real-time data transmission rate of 110 Mbps is achieved. Meanwhile, infrared light communication was also realized with a maximum data rate of 30 Mbps using a field-induced MoTe2 Schottky barrier photodiode as a light sensor. This work provides a general CMOS-compatible and controllable fabrication strategy for TMDC-based photodetectors.

Analysis of the Influence of Slope Sliding on the Stability of Underground Diaphragm Wall Bridge Foundation Based on Wireless Sensor Network

Real-time monitoring, condition assessment, early warning processing, and damage identification of underground diaphragm wall bridge structures are the current research trends. Based on the wireless sensor network theory, this paper constructs the stability model of the slope sliding on the underground diaphragm wall bridge foundation. The model builds a complete set of underground diaphragm wall bridge vibration signal acquisition and monitoring platform through wireless sensor network node data acquisition and solves the problem of data accuracy measurement by using theoretical analysis, software and hardware design, software simulation, and experimental verification methods. During the simulation process, experiments were designed such as slope sliding vibration signal acquisition data accuracy test, sensor node wireless charging power test and modeling, lithium battery charging power test and modeling, wireless rechargeable sensor node system work test, and other experiments. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the collected vibration signals of the underground diaphragm wall bridge is high, the main working frequency bands are 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz, the maximum data transmission rate is 250 Kbps, and the communication distance reaches 100 m, which can meet the requirements of the underground diaphragm wall. The power of wireless charging of lithium batteries reaches 4.5 mW, which effectively improves the stability measurement accuracy of underground diaphragm wall bridge foundations.

FPGA-based 100G network readout solution for SHINE pixel detector

With the growing demand for X-ray imaging experiments, the area and performance of pixel array detectors continue to improve, and the readout of massive data gradually becomes a thorny problem. In Shanghai HIgh repetition rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility (SHINE), the data rate of its high frame rate pixel detector is expected to exceed Tbps in the future. Traditional gigabit and ten-gigabit networks can no longer meet the readout requirements and the transmission bandwidth of the readout system has turned into a bottleneck. Combined with the state-of-the-art developments in the network, two FPGA-based 100G readout solutions are developed. The first solution, NET-CONV, can extract the raw data from the network packet and aggregate data streams from multiple 10G links into one 100G link. It supports parallel transmission of up to 12 channels and achieves a peak rate of 94 Gbps in the test. NET-TOE is developed as the second solution, which aims to improve the transmission speed of the Ethernet ports further. It implements a complete network protocol stack at 100 Gbps line rate, supporting maximum transmission unit (MTU) adjustment, TCP window scale, and UDP. The actual measurement indicates that the maximum data transmission rate reaches 97 Gbps.

REQUIRED RESTRICTIONS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF 4G/5G MOBILE (CELLULAR) COMMUNICATIONS TO ENSURE THEIR SAFETY FOR USERS

Implementation of intensive development of technologies, systems, and services of mobile (cellular) communications (CC) of the fourth (4G) and fifth (5G), and by 2030 also the sixth (6G) generation, implying an increase by many orders of magnitude in the data transmission rates over radio channels of user interfaces, without adopting special measures and restrictions may be accompanied by a significant increase in the power of electromagnetic radiation of subscriber devices. This power, the upper limits of which are determined at the level of 23–26 dBm, that exceeds the safe levels for the population, determines the degree of acceptability of voluntary environmental risks from the penetration of 4G/5G/6G technologies and services into all spheres of human activity. The goal of the work is to assess the expected limitations on system characteristics of 4G/5G mobile communications when using population friendly electromagnetic radiation power levels of the user's radio equipment. As the analyzed characteristics of mobile communication systems, the maximum communication range, the maximum allowable data transmission rate and the allowable relative level of intranet interference are considered. A quantitative systemic analysis of these limitations, the results of which are presented in this work, makes it possible to substantiate the necessary system, technical and organizational solutions aimed at ensuring the necessary level of electromagnetic safety for consumers of 4G/5G/6G services in the context of the rapid development of these systems without compromising the efficiency of technologies of information services for modern society.

A novel method to reduce indoor signal power fluctuation using multiple adaptive terahertz sources

SummaryThe indoor terahertz sources cause power fluctuation at various locations due to obstacles, which can be avoided by deploying multiple sources, but will lead to high energy consumption. In this paper, the reverse ray‐tracing method is used to establish a terahertz indoor channel. The free path loss, atmospheric absorption, and reflection loss are considered. Adaptive algorithms are adopted to solve the large energy consumption of deploying multiple sources. A weight vector coefficient is used based on the location and received user signal to adjust the transmission power of each terahertz source dynamically. The results show that the adaptive power control of multiple terahertz sources substantially reduces the energy consumption and the signal power fluctuations. For static users, the energy consumption can be reduced by 5 and 9 dB, and the maximum data transmission rate can be increased by one to two times using four and nine sources, respectively. Moreover, energy consumption can be reduced by more than 6 dB for several indoor users. For dynamic users with a changing channel environment, the adaptive algorithm can adjust the source power in real time and improve signal efficiency. However, the efficiency improvement of the algorithm is limited by the distribution of the multiple sources. The energy consumption of four sources with the adaptive algorithm operating in the center of the room is greater than that of nine sources without the adaptive algorithm. Nevertheless, the efficiency of the nine sources with the adaptive algorithm is much higher than that of the four sources.

Docking to an underwater suspended charging station: Systematic design and experimental tests

Using seafloor docking stations to automatedly recover and recharge autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) is an emerging technology to solve the problem of energy limitation for persistent observation. However, this operational modality would constrain the range of AUV activity within a certain radius centered of the seafloor docking station. To increase the recovery flexibility of AUV, this paper demonstrates a concept of docking to a suspended underwater charging station, which is fixed on a taut rope from a surface vessel. This study provides some critical design steps of the AUV docking system, including the construction of the platforms, the guidance method, the collision analysis of docking operation, as well as the rotation-adaptive contactless power/data transfer method. The feasibility of the system was verified in Qingjiang River. Aided by a re-attempt mechanism, the success rate of docking to the cone-type entrance of the suspended station is 100% (39 of 39 tests) after the surface vessel was anchored and the operating depth was over 30-m. The maximum contactless charging power is 882 W with an efficiency of 81.3%, and the maximum data transmission rate is of approximately 41.1 Mbps at different roll angle of AUV.

A Low-Area and Low-Power Comma Detection and Word Alignment Circuits for JESD204B/C Controller

In an 8B/10B mode giga-bit-per-second serial data transactions, the de-serialized data is sent to a comma detection and word alignment (CDWA) module to identify the word boundaries, which is a prerequisite in the high-speed transceivers such as PCIe, USB and JESD204B/C. In order to ensure that the comma code (/K/-code) can be correctly detected. Ten 10-bit comma detector cells are adopted in a typical CDWA module, which require a complex circuitry and an enormous power consumption. To overcome these limitations, a low-area and low-power CDWA circuit for JESD204B/C transceiver chip in 8B/10B mode has been proposed in this paper. The bit width of the detector cells can be truncated from 10 to 6 under the condition, that CDWA module can detect a complete comma code correctly. On one hand, the proposed CDWA module is verified with a FPGA development platform with the reduction of the hardware resources and power consumption to 31.72% and 20.11% respectively as compared to the typical structure available. On the other hand, a 10-Gbps transceiver chip with the proposed CDWA module is fabricated with a 55-nm CMOS process and the word alignment function of the proposed module is proved by the measurement results. The area of this transceiver chip including $2\times $ transmitting links and $2\times $ receiving links is 2.89 mm2, and the power consumption is 467.8 mW, under a maximum data transmission rate of 10 Gbps.

Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Scandium Nitride for 5G Mobile Applications and Beyond.

Radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based on Al1-xScxN are replacing AlN-based devices because of their higher achievable bandwidths, suitable for the fifth-generation (5G) mobile network. However, overheating of Al1-xScxN film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) used in RF MEMS filters limits power handling and thus the phone's ability to operate in an increasingly congested RF environment while maintaining its maximum data transmission rate. In this work, the ramifications of tailoring of the piezoelectric response and microstructure of Al1-xScxN films on the thermal transport have been studied. The thermal conductivity of Al1-xScxN films (3-8 W m-1 K-1) grown by reactive sputter deposition was found to be orders of magnitude lower than that for c-axis-textured AlN films due to alloying effects. The film thickness dependence of the thermal conductivity suggests that higher frequency FBAR structures may suffer from limited power handling due to exacerbated overheating concerns. The reduction of the abnormally oriented grain (AOG) density was found to have a modest effect on the measured thermal conductivity. However, the use of low AOG density films resulted in lower insertion loss and thus less power dissipated within the resonator, which will lead to an overall enhancement of the device thermal performance.

LTE Capacity Estimation with Changing Different Planning Parameters

Capacity improvement is the essential advantages in 4th generation mobile systems which called Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The maximum data transmission rate of LTE cell is 100 Mb/s in downlink direction and 50Mb/s in uplink, and this rate can be enhanced with deploying different techniques like MIMO, carrier aggregation, and many others. Because of that 4G-LTE mobile network is considered pure packet switching, there are many parameters which affect the maximum cell capacity. This study will evaluate the result of changing many parameters on the maximum mobile cell capacity. The aim is to extract the best values of the different parameters to maximize LTE mobile cell capacity.

Utility-Based Optimal Resource Allocation in LTE-A Networks by Hybrid ACO-TS with MFA Scheme

In mobile broadband technology, advanced long term evolution (LTE-A) networks support for a wide domain of communication services with various prerequisites. Resource allocation for each user equipment (UE) is one of the major and unique issues in wireless communication networks in which improper allocation of resource blocks (RBs) could minimize the throughput in LTE-A networks. RBs with aggregated carriers are deployed in these networks for the enhancement of bandwidth to achieve high speed and high rate data transmission. In this paper, utility-based optimal resource allocation scheme by hybrid ant colony optimization-tabu search (ACO-TS) with modified fit algorithm (MFA) is proposed. The proposed methodology involves three stages, (i) selection of UE with maximum data transmission rate, (ii) choosing RB with best channel quality indicator (CQI) index and (iii) assignment of RBs to each UE. The proposed framework is implemented in the working platform JAVA and the experimental results show that the proposed method attains better performance in terms of utilization rate and overall throughput.

Absorption and scattering effects of Maalox, chlorophyll, and sea salt on a micro-LED-based underwater wireless optical communication [Invited

In this work, a blue gallium nitride (GaN) micro-light-emitting-diode (micro-LED)-based underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system was built, and UWOCs with varied Maalox, chlorophyll, and sea salt concentrations were studied. Data transmission performance of the UWOC and the influence of light attenuation were investigated systematically. Maximum data transmission rates at the distance of 2.3 m were 933, 800, 910, and 790 Mbps for experimental conditions with no impurity, 200.48 mg/m3 Maalox, 12.07 mg/m3 chlorophyll, and 5 kg/m3 sea salt, respectively, much higher than previously reported systems with commercial LEDs. It was found that increasing chlorophyll, Maalox, and sea salt concentrations in water resulted in an increase of light attenuation, which led to the performance degradation of the UWOC. Further analysis suggests two light attenuation mechanisms, e.g., absorption by chlorophyll and scattering by Maalox, are responsible for the decrease of maximum data rates and the increase of bit error rates. Based on the absorption and scattering models, excellent fitting to the experimental attenuation coefficient can be achieved, and light attenuation by absorption and scattering at different wavelengths was also investigated. We believe this work is instructive apply UWOC for practical applications.

Consistent Data Collection and Assortment in the Progression of Continuous Objects in IoT

In Internet of Things ( IoT )-based applications, one of the foremost application is the localization and detection of continuous objects, such as mud flow, forest fire, toxic gases, biochemical materials, and so forth. The localization and detection of continuous objects require massive communication which may cause congestion, exhaust extensive amount of energy, and cause severe packet loss. In this paper, we proposed consistent data collection and assortment in the progression of continuous objects in IoT ( CDCAPC) to tackle traffic congestion, continuous objects detection and throughput maximization problem, which employs the link capacity diversity, congested boundary node selection and node remaining power during the scheduling policy construction to reach maximum data transmission rate. The proposed algorithm is based on efficient utilization of network resources and variable data rates. The congestion is mitigated in hotspots by considering the differences of the link capacities in the sending process. The CDCAPC performance has been evaluated with promising results against equivalent scheme in term of data loss, high priority data packets delivery, end-to-end delay, hop-by-delay, and percentage of successfully received packets.

Outage capacity evaluation of extended generalized-[formula omitted] fading channel in the presence of random blockage

In this paper, we analyse the outage and ergodic capacity performance of the extended generalized-K fading channel in the presence of possible temporary physical blockage between the source and the destination. Presented outage capacity analysis is general and can be used in analysis of wireless radio frequency or free-space optics systems. We establish the novel relation among significant parameters as outage capacity, probability of outage, probability of blockage, as well as severity and shaping parameters of multipath fading and shadowing. The theoretical results are expressed in terms of special Fox׳s H functions. The work clearly illustrates the usefulness of Fox׳s H and Meijer׳s G functions in analysing wireless communication systems. The analytical expression derived here enables us to determine the maximum error free data transmission rate for fixed value of outage probability under particular channel conditions. Using expressions for ergodic capacity previously reported in literature, we briefly analyse the impact of blockage on ergodic capacity, too. The numerical results show that the shadowing shaping factor has the considerable effect on outage capacity and is pronounced more extensively when probability of outage is lower. In addition, the results show that the effect of shadowing shaping factor is stronger for outage than ergodic capacity. The effect of multipath fading severity on outage capacity is stronger for lower values of shadowing spread. The link blockage causes significant decreasing of ergodic capacity and appearance of outage floor.

Temperature-Dependent Impedance Characteristics of Temperature-Stable High-Speed 980-nm VCSELs

The temperature dependence of the impedance characteristics of high bit rate, highly temperature-stable 980-nm oxide-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is investigated. A small-signal equivalent circuit model is fitted to measured small-signal reflection S11 and S21 scattering parameters across a large range of operating bias currents, temperatures, and oxide-aperture diameters to extract the circuit elements, −3 dB modulation bandwidth, relaxation resonance frequency, and parasitic cutoff frequency for each particular operating condition. The parasitic cutoff frequency of our small oxide-aperture diameter VCSELs is highly temperature insensitive from room temperature up to 85 °C, and does not limit our VCSELs’ maximum data transmission rate. Finally, the dependence of the impedance characteristics and modulation bandwidth of our VCSELs on the oxide-aperture diameter is analyzed at 25 °C and 85 °C. The larger capacitance is the main reason of our larger aperture VCSELs, compared with smaller aperture VCSELs, have a lower parasitic cutoff frequency.

On downstream transmissions in EPON Protocol over Coax (EPoC): An analysis of Coax framing approaches and other relevant considerations

We present different mechanisms for downstream transmissions in the coax segment of Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) Protocol over Coax (EPoC). EPoC is the transparent extension of EPON over a cable operator's Hybrid Fiber-Coax network. For managing and controlling such a hybrid network, a network operator prefers to have a unified scheduling, management, and quality of service environment that includes both the optical and coax portions of the network. In EPoC, this is achieved by extending the EPON Medium Access Control to run over the coax physical layer, to have a centralized end-to-end network control from the cable head-end to the end users premises. In this paper, we focus on the downstream transmissions in EPoC. We study three different framing approaches for downstream coax frames based on how sub-carriers in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbol are modulated. We discuss the merits and demerits of each approach and then compare them based on their control overheads and the maximum average data transmission rates each of them can achieve. We analyze how different parameters such as modulation profile, symbol duration, number of sub-carriers and length of resource blocks affect the data rates and the performance of downstream transmissions. We present simulation results to examine the implications of these factors on packet-level performance, such as delay. The results indicate that dynamic and hybrid framing approaches tend to perform better than static approaches, when traffic and usage pattern are identical to those in real-world scenarios. Finally, we outline the important engineering and research problems in this area which can be topics of future research.

Multi-Step FRET-Based Long-Range Nanoscale Communication Channel

Nanoscale communication based on Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a promising paradigm that allows future molecular-size machines to communicate with each other over distances up to 10 nm using the excited state energies of fluorescent molecules. In this study, we propose a novel nanoscale communication method based on multi-step FRET using identical fluorophores as relay nodes between communicating nanomachines, and utilizing multi-exciton transmission scheme in order to improve the limited range of the communication and achievable transmission rate over the nanoscale channel. We investigate two communication scenarios: immobile nanomachines communicating through a channel in a host material with linearly located relay nodes, and mobile nanomachines communicating through a channel in a 3-dimensional aqueous environment with randomly deployed relay nodes. We simulate the communication over these channels with realistic algorithms considering the high degree of randomness intrinsic to FRET phenomenon. Using the simulation results and following a Monte Carlo approach, we evaluate the performance of the channels by means of information theoretical capacity and interference probability. We show that multi-step FRET-based communication significantly outperforms the other biologically inspired nanocommunication techniques proposed so far in terms of maximum achievable data transmission rates. The results underline the compatibility and practicality of the FRET-based communication for several applications ranging from molecular computers to nanosensor networks.

인터넷 최대 접속 속도의 제한이 서비스 제공자의 수입과 서비스 가격의 결정에 미치는 영향

Internet service providers regulate the maximum data transmission rate of each user as a means to provide a tiered Internet access service or to avoid the monopoly of a few greedy users. In this paper, we aim to analyze the impact of this access rate regulation on the revenue of Internet service provider and the pricing strategy. We first propose a service quality model taking into account the access rate regulation, and analyze how the regulation affects the service subscription decision of users. In addition, we derive a sufficient condition that guarantees the stability of the revenue, and formulate an optimization problem that finds the optimal price to maximize the revenue.

Simultaneous 6-Gb/s Data and 10-mW Power Transmission Using Nested Clover Coils for Noncontact Memory Card

An inductive power and data transmission link for a noncontact memory card interface is reported. Nested clover coils improve signal-to-interference ratio and enable simultaneous power and data transmission. This capability is then used in the design of a closed-loop feedback system for improving power transfer efficiency. Interference cancellation mechanism is analyzed with both 3-D EM simulations and a newly developed compact model of coupled inductors. Performance of the proposed solutions was confirmed experimentally using a scaled-down stacked-chip prototype fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. Maximum data transmission rate is 6 Gb/s and the total power transfer efficiency is 5.2%-10.2% over a load resistance range of 0.1-2 kΩ.

Dynamic properties of AlGaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with active region based on submonolayer InAs insertions

It has been shown that the use of submonolayer InAs insertions as an active region of AlGaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers make it possible to attain resonant frequencies as high as 17 GHz. In this case, single-mode devices with a smaller diameter of the current aperture make it possible to attain higher frequencies at lower current densities than those of multimode devices with a larger aperture diameter. The maximum error-free data transmission rate in the direct modulation mode in NRZ format is 20 Gb/s and is limited by the parasitic cutoff frequency. The high resonant frequency suggests that further optimization of the device design, directed to decreasing the electrical capacitance and resistances, the data transmission rate in lasers based on submonolayer insertions can be increased to 40 Gb/s.