Maximum Bubble Pressure Method Research Articles

Thermophysical Properties of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2–FeOx–V2O3 Slag with CaO/SiO2 = 1.13 with Different TiO2 and V2O3 Additions

The thermophysical properties of an industrial blast furnace slag with varying TiO2, V2O3, and FeOx content are investigated using a rotating viscometer and maximum bubble pressure method at low oxygen partial pressure. The obtained experimental results are supported by thermodynamic calculations using FactSage 7.2 software and by scanning electron microscope analysis. The measurement outcomes clearly indicate that an increase in V2O3 and TiO2 content up to 10 wt% at 5 wt% FeOx leads to a decrease in the viscosity of all studied slags; however, with 15 wt% of V2O3 and TiO2, the viscosity changes insignificant. The presence of 10 wt% FeOx alters the behavior of the slags in the liquid‐dominant region. These changes in the break point temperature are consistent with the behavior of melilite and perovskite phases. Moreover, an increase in the FeOx, V2O3, and TiO2 increases the density of all studied slags within the temperature range of 1450–1650 °C. Additionally, introducing pure oxides to the slag reduces the surface tension of all the studied slags, confirming their role as a surfactant.

Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of Molten Ni‐Based Superalloys Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure and Oscillating Crucible Methods

Accurate data on the high‐temperature thermophysical properties, which are density, surface tension, and viscosity, are indispensable for performing high‐precision casting simulations of Ni‐based superalloys. Viscosity is the most important thermophysical property for thermofluidic analysis. However, measuring the viscosity of an alloy, which is lower than that of molten glass, is difficult, and experimental viscosity data are limited. Herein, the density of Ni‐based superalloys is measured using the maximum bubble pressure (MBP) method to determine viscosity. The viscosity is evaluated using the oscillating crucible method. The surface tension is simultaneously measured using the MBP method. In these results, the average density values [kg m−3] of Alloy 65, Alloy 718, Alloy WA, and Alloy 720 are 7.52 × 103, 7.43 × 103, 7.82 × 103, and 7.52 × 103, respectively. The average surface tension values [N m−1] of Alloy 65, Alloy 718, Alloy WA, and Alloy 720 are 1.55, 1.54, 1.47, and 1.51, respectively. The fitting equations of the molten Ni‐based superalloys are as follows. 1) Alloy 65: ; 2) Alloy WA: ; 3) Alloy 720: ; 4) Alloy 718: .

Adsorption Properties and Wettability of Ethoxy- and Propoxy- Derivatives of 2-Ethylhexanol as Sterically Specific Surfactant Structures

2-ethylhexanol, an oxo alcohol competitively priced on the global market, has not been explored intensively as a raw material for surfactants, due to its weak hydrophobic character. However, its sequenced propoxylation and ethoxylation yield an innovative amphiphilic structure, which exhibits unique interfacial activity. The paper presents the differences in the fractional composition of innovative surfactants derived from 2-EH alcohol prepared using alkali and dimetalcyanide catalysts, as well as examples of excellent adsorption and interfacial properties of the latter. The adsorption behavior of the synthesized compounds was explored using equilibrium surface tension (the du Noüy ring method), dynamic surface tension (the maximum gas bubble pressure method) and static/dynamic contact angle (the sessile drop method). The results from the adsorption tests conducted at the air/aqueous surfactant solution interface underwent comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analyses. Moreover, based on the experimentally obtained dynamic surface tension isotherms and the developed algorithm, the diffusion coefficients for these preparations were estimated, and it was shown that the diffusivity of these surfactants is higher compared to the commercial formulations. The study’s outcomes in the testing of wettability indicate that new synthesized nonionic and anionic surfactants constitute an interesting group of amphiphiles with a wide application potential as effective wetting agents, especially in relation to the polymer surface. It should therefore be emphasized that the innovative surfactants described in this article, derived from 2-EH alcohol and prepared using dimetalcyanide catalysts, can successfully compete with conventional preparations such as ABS (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid) or AES (Alcohol Ethoxysulphate) acid salts.

Synthesis and characterization of comb structure polyether acrylate silicone softener for cotton fabrics

In this study, a comb-like structured organosilicon softener, PEMMS, was synthesised and the optimum synthesis conditions were determined. The chemical structure and properties of PEMMS were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR and TG. The emulsion system based on PEMMS was prepared by a phase inversion emulsification method, and the optimum parameters with excellent stability were selected. The surface properties of the emulsion were investigated using the maximum bubble pressure method to determine the CMC (16.61 g/L). The application of the PEMMS-based emulsion on cotton fabrics was studied. The results show that the silicone-treated cotton fabrics have improved wettability, hydrophilicity and softness. In addition, their whiteness remains essentially unchanged, indicating a certain degree of resistance to yellowing. This simplified preparation of a high performance softener is crucial in lowering production costs and improving the safety of the production process.

Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide wetting properties in the context of safe application in aseptic milk filling

Introduction: In aseptic filling systems, packaging materials are sterilized using various methods to eliminate microorganisms. One of the most popular methods for sterilizing packaging materials is the use of hydrogen peroxide. The wetting property of the surface plays a crucial role in ensuring effective inactivation of microorganisms and uniform treatment of the aseptic packaging. Improving the wetting properties of hydrogen peroxide solutions by adding surfactants will enhance the contact of the sterilant with the lyophobic multilayer packaging material's treated surface, providing the necessary sterilizing ability and disinfectant action during the aseptic filling of milk and dairy products.Purpose: To study the wetting properties of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions on various substrates and the possibility of their correction with surfactants to ensure better packaging wetting and safe disinfection processes.Materials and Methods: The objects of the study included the disinfecting substance and sterilant - hydrogen peroxide, surfactants used as technological aids in the food industry, and combined multilayer packaging materials based on paper, cardboard, aluminum foil, and polymer materials used in aseptic milk filling processes. Wetting ability was evaluated by the contact angle in a 3-phase system: adhesive (hydrogen peroxide, water, surfactant solutions) - substrate (packaging material, steel plate, glass) - air using the drop shape analysis based on the Young-Laplace method; surface tension was determined by the optical drop shape analysis using the DSA25S device; surface tension of solutions at temperatures ranging from 30 to 70 °C was determined using the maximum bubble pressure method. The presence of residual amounts of the surfactant polysorbate on the sterilized packaging material was analyzed by HPLC.Results: The Tetra Brik®Aseptic packaging material exhibits pronounced lyophobic properties. The introduction of 0.1% polysorbate surfactant into the hydrogen peroxide solution (~35% w/w) reduced the contact angle by more than 50%, from 93.75° to 40.99°, and significantly decreased the surface tension (45-48%).Conclusion: Improving the wetting properties of hydrogen peroxide solutions will enhance the contact of the sterilant with the treated surface of the lyophobic multilayer packaging material by adding a surfactant, ensuring the necessary sterilizing ability and disinfectant action during the aseptic filling of milk and dairy products. The application conditions of hydrogen peroxide solutions with the addition of 0.1% nonionic surfactant polysorbate in aseptic filling, considering both effectiveness in disinfecting packaging material and safety related to the removal of its residual amounts, allow considering it as a technological aid.

Adsorption dynamics of quaternary-ammonium-salt–based gemini and trimeric surfactants with different spacer structures at air/water interface

The dynamic surface tensions of gemini surfactants with spacers containing cyclic structures such as diethylene and triethylene chains, and atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen, and of linear- and star-type trimeric surfactants with spacers having propylene or hexylene chains between the quaternary ammonium groups (for the linear-type) and propylene or hexylene chains between the quaternary ammonium group and the central amino group (for the star-type) were measured using the maximum bubble pressure method. The effects of the molecular structures and surfactant concentration on the maximum rate of reduction in the surface tension as well as the diffusion coefficient were elucidated. The gemini surfactants containing cyclic structures in the spacer exhibited slower interfacial adsorption, which was ascribed to their rigid spacer structure. The longer the spacer chain length of the gemini surfactants, the greater the molecular flexibility and hence the faster the adsorption at the interface. Thus, the diffusion and adsorption of gemini surfactants are affected by the rigidity and hydrophobicity of the spacer, respectively. However, the adsorption of the trimeric surfactants at the air/water interface (which resulted in a maximum rate of reduction in the surface tension of 0.0007–0.004 mN m–1 s–1) was lower than that of the gemini surfactants (which resulted in a maximum rate of reduction in the surface tension of 0.0009–0.9 mN m–1 s–1). This was ascribed to the greater bulkiness of trimeric structures compared with those of the gemini surfactants. The star-type trimeric surfactants adsorbed faster at the air/water interface than the linear-type trimeric surfactants because the former were flexible despite their bulky spacer structure. For the linear- and star-type trimeric structures, the diffusion rate increased with the spacer chain length because of the resulting increase in the molecular flexibility. The linear-type surfactants were adsorbed faster at the air/water interface as their spacer chain length was increased, whereas the star-type surfactants were adsorbed more slowly because of their molecular bulkiness.

Effect of Al2O3 and TiO2 on Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Density of Blast Furnace Slag with CaO/SiO2 = 1.13

The influence of Al2O3 in the range of 10–20 mass% and TiO2 in the range of 0.55–5 mass% on the flow behavior, viscosity, density, and surface tension of molten industrial blast furnace slag with CaO/SiO2 = 1.13 is investigated using a high‐temperature microscope, a rotating viscometer, and the maximum bubble pressure method. The measurement results show that Al2O3 acts as a network former in the studied CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3–TiO2 slags. With an increase in the Al2O3 content from 10 to 20 mass%, the viscosity and surface tension of the slags increase and the density decreases. In contrast to Al2O3, the TiO2 acts as a surfactant and network breaker in the range of up to 15 mass%. The addition of TiO2 up to 15 mass% results in a decrease in the viscosity in the liquid‐dominated region and a decrease in the surface tension of the studied slags. Therefore, the density increases with the addition of TiO2 due to increasing molar volume. The behavior of the breakpoint temperature on all the viscosity curves is in complete agreement with the behavior of the flow point temperature and crystallization temperatures of melilite and perovskite.

(Digital Presentation) On the Nature of Surfactant Adsorption on Metals: Adsorption of Hexylamine on Platinum

The kinetics of the Fe2+ and Fe3+ oxidation-reduction reaction on a platinum electrode in 1 M HClO4 was investigated by the EIS method in the presence of hexylamine as a surfactant. With surfactant adsorption, the effective area of the solution-electrode interface decreases. A proportional increase in charge transfer resistance takes place. This resistance values obtained at various hexylamine concentrations. The surface coverage θ(R) for the solution-platinum interface have been calculated.The hexylamine adsorption at the solution-air interface was investigated by the maximum bubble pressure method. The surface tension γ at various hexylamine concentrations are obtained. The surface coverage θ(γ) for the solution-air interface has been calculated. The area occupied by the hexylamine molecule at the interface and the adsorption layer thickness are estimated.It is shown that adsorption process is described by the Dhar-Flory-Huggins isotherm at both interfaces. The slope tg α of the θ(R) and θ(γ) dependence on the hexylamine concentration is close to the theoretical unit in the Dhar-Flory-Huggins coordinates. The main parameters of the hexylamine adsorption (adsorption constant Kad, free adsorption energy ΔGad) were calculated for both interfaces (see Table). Solution-platinum interface Solution-air interface tg α 0.94±0.09 0.98±0.18 K ad / L mol-1 10.0±4.0 15.8±0.3 ΔG ad / kJ mol-1 –(14.8 ± 5.0) –(16.7±0.3) In the general case, the surfactant adsorption on a metal electrode can be due to the interaction of surfactant molecules with the metal or the hydrophobic effect of the surfactant displacement molecules onto the solution surface by polar water molecules. For the solution-air interface, the hydrophobic effect is the main reason for surfactant adsorption at this interface. The values of the main adsorption characteristics on both interfaces are close. Probably, the hydrophobic effect is also the predominant reason for the hexylamine adsorption on platinum. This assumption requires additional studies of the surfactant adsorption on other metals.

Molar Volume and Surface Tension of Liquid Bi\u2013Cu Alloys

Bi–Cu alloys may potentially be used for thermal energy storage or as a catalyst for methane pyrolysis. For application research and simulations, it is necessary to know the reliable thermophysical properties of liquid alloys. Density of liquid Bi–Cu alloys (25, 50, 75 at. pct Cu) was measured with dilatometric method over the 971 K to 1500 K range. Density decreases linearly with temperature for all compositions. The molar volume calculated from measured densities shows positive excess molar volume. Surface tension was measured with maximum bubble pressure method over the 1125 K to 1500 K range. The data fitted with linear equations show that while the surface tension of 25 at. pct Cu decreases and that of 50 at. pct Cu alloy does not vary with temperature, the surface tension of 75 at. pct Cu alloy increases with temperature. The present results are confronted with literature data and several model calculations, part of which were performed in Pandat, and the reasons for positive excess molar volume and surface tension temperature coefficient are explained in terms of thermodynamics of Bi–Cu solutions.

Tensiometry as a Simple Analytical Method for Quantification of Solubility and Release of Aroma Molecules in Aqueous Media.

Dynamic tensiometry is shown to be a high-potential analytical tool in assessing physico-chemical characteristics of fragrance molecules, such as solubility limit, volatility as well as much rarely assessed interfacial activity of these amphiphilic molecules. Surface tension of aqueous solutions of selected essential oils has been measured as a function of time and fragrance concentration using maximum bubble pressure method. The effect of the temperature and saline solution on the rate of dissolution in water was assessed. Dynamic surface tension turned to be sensitive to the composition of fragrances, as demonstrated on examples of natural and synthetic mixtures. Furthermore, presented work reveals the possibility of maximum bubble pressure tensiometry method to quantify the amount of fragrance compositions in flavored salts, including the artificially aged carrier samples. Suggested here analytical approach can be used for the detection of the purity of essential oils, for the optimization of compositions and of the manufacturing processes of fragrances-containing products, as well as for the assessment of the release/evaporation of fragrances from carrier systems.

Density of Liquid Manganese Measured Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Density of Liquid Manganese Measured Using the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Effect of Boron Micro-alloying on the Surface Tension of Liquid Iron and Steel Alloys

Thermo-physical properties of the liquid metals and alloys play an essential role in modeling and controlling metallurgical processes. In particular, surface tension of metals has a strong impact on wetting various surfaces. Boron is added in numerous iron-based alloys as micro-alloying component. In existing literature, there is no general agreement with the effect of boron on the surface tension. The present study focuses on investigations of boron micro-alloying on the surface tension of iron and CrMnNi alloys by the maximum bubble pressure method (MBP). In contrast to other techniques, maximum bubble pressure technique is less affected by the evaporation of surface-active elements and the purity of the atmosphere around the sample. Measurement of the surface tension was accomplished before and after in situ addition of boron to the molten metal phase. Samples were molten in ZrO2 and Al2O3 crucibles and yttria-PSZ capillaries were used for the experiments. Measurements were carried out at 1550 °C in argon atmosphere and argon as bubbles formation media. Results of the experiments indicate a minor effect of boron on the surface tension of liquid iron. Effect of boron on the surface tension of steels is discussed in the context of other surface-active elements present.

Dynamic behavior of gas bubble detached from single orifice in magnetic fluid

A Bubble’s behavior in a magnetic fluid is one of the most critical issues in understanding the characteristics of the gaseous-liquid two-phase flow in basic fluid science. In this study, to understand the dynamic behavior of a gas bubble in a magnetic fluid, a bubble detached from a single orifice in a magnetic fluid is investigated using a near-infrared light source with a long wavelength of 800–1000 nm. The surface tension of a magnetic fluid, which is a crucial factor in determining the bubble’s characteristics, is also investigated by the maximum bubble pressure method. Based on the visualization measured, it is found that the bubble diameter decreases by applying magnetic field. This is caused by a magnetic body force, that enlarges the bubble in the same direction as the buoyancy force. The measurement of the surface tension of the magnetic fluid shows that the surface tension increases as the applied magnetic field increases. From the measurement of the bubble dynamics, the volume of the detached bubble under a magnetic flux density can be evaluated by a force balance equation with an average error of 16.8%.

Measurements of in-vessel and ex-vessel liquid corium surface tension and density in the VITI-MBP test bench within ALISA Euro-Chinese project

Within the ALISA (Access to Large Infrastructures for Severe Accidents) cooperation between the European Union and China on SA (Severe Accident) facilities, CNPRI (China Nuclear Power technology Research Institute) has proposed to CEA (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives) a series of experiments to determine the density and surface tension of different oxidic mixtures representative from both in-vessel and ex-vessel retention scenarios. This article describes those tests performed in the VITI facility in in CEA severe accident experimental platform, PLINIUS, by means of the Maximum Bubble Pressure (MBP) method. The measurement procedure using the Maximum Bubble Pressure method is described. A first estimate of in-vessel corium surface tension is given, while both density and surface tension measurements are successfully performed for both ex-vessel corium compositions, which constitutes to our best knowledge the first measurements ever performed for ex-vessel (MCCI) liquid corium compositions.

Optimization of Experimental Conditions for Determination of Surface Tension of Solution by the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Optimization of Experimental Conditions for Determination of Surface Tension of Solution by the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Determination of Surface Parameters of Tween-80 and Cross-Sectional Area of Hydrophilic Molecules by Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Determination of Surface Parameters of Tween-80 and Cross-Sectional Area of Hydrophilic Molecules by Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Impacts of motileEscherichia colion air-water surface tension

Immiscible multiphase flow in porous media is largely affected by interfacial properties, manifested in contact angle and surface tension. The gas-liquid surface tension can be significantly altered by suspended particles at the interface. Particle-laden interfaces have unique properties, for example, a lower surface tension of interfaces laden with surfactants or nanoparticles. This study investigates the impacts of a motile bacteriumEscherichia coli(E. coli, strain ATCC 9637) on the air-water surface tension. Methods of the maximum bubble pressure, thedu Noüyring, and the pendant droplet are used to measure the surface tension of the motile-bacteria-laden interfaces. Measured surface tension remains independent to theE. coliconcentration when using the maximum bubble pressure method, decreases with increasedE. coliconcentration in thedu Noüyring method, and presents time-dependent changes by the pendant drop method. The analyses show that the discrepancies may come from the different convection-diffusion processes ofE. coliin the flow among various testing methods.

Experimental study on contribution of clustering structure to surface tension change of magnetic fluid under magnetic field

When a magnetic field is applied to a magnetic fluid for long time, inner magnetic particles form clustering structure, and this clustering structure grows from time by time. The surface tension of magnetic fluid is possible to change with the influence of this growth of clustering structure. For long time use of magnetic fluid application, it is important to clarify the contribution of clustering structure to surface tension change of magnetic fluid after application of magnetic field. In this study, the surface tension of water-based and kerosene-based magnetic fluid was measured by maximum bubble pressure method, and we attempted to detect the contribution of the clustering structure to the surface tension change of the magnetic fluid after the application of magnetic field. To investigate the contribution of the clustering structure, magnetic field is applied for certain time to magnetic fluid for the growth of the clustering structure in magnetic fluid before the surface tension measurement. We defined this time as the cluster growing time in this study, and the cluster growing time was set to 2, 60 and 120 min. The magnetic field intensity was 68 mT by using permanent magnets. The result shows that we detected the contribution of the clustering structure to the surface tension change by applying magnetic field in only the case of the diluted water-based magnetic fluid. In contrast, because the clustering structure is difficult to form in kerosene-based magnetic fluid due to the difference of the surfactant structure around magnetic particle, the surface tension change by applying magnetic fluid is hardly different with the cluster growing time.

Dynamic Surface Properties of Eco-Friendly Cationic Saccharide Surfactants at the Water/Air Interface

Abstract The equilibrium surface properties and dynamic surface tension (DST) are presented for aqueous solutions of novel eco-friendly cationic saccharide surfactants (CnDGPB) at different concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium surface tension, the DST, the effective diffusion coefficients and the activation barrier of the surfactants are calculated and analyzed. In addition, the general diffusion mechanism of the surfactants is proposed. The equilibrium surface tension results show that the γCMC and CMC values decrease with increasing temperature. The interactions (repulsion forces) between the hydrophobic groups and water molecules decrease with increasing temperature, which results in increased HLB values. This phenomenon causes a higher Amin and lower Γmax. The DST of CnDGPB below and above the CMC is tested by the maximum bubble pressure method at temperature from 25 °C to 45 °C. The adsorption activation energy of CnDGPB is between 3 kJ/mol and 20 kJ/mol. The results show that the final stages of the DST decays are consistent with the activated diffusion-controlled adsorption mechanism.

Tensiometric and Rheological Properties of Functionalized Imidazolium Surfactants at a Liquid–Gas Interface

The Du Nouy ring detachment, pendant drop, and maximum bubble pressure methods have been employed to study the tensiometric (surface tension) and rheological (viscoelasticity modulus and phase angle) characteristics of solutions of dicationic and monocationic imidazolium oximes at a liquid–gas interface. It has been revealed that dicationic oxime (1,3-bis(3'-cetylimidazolium-1'-yl)-2-oxyminopropane dichloride) has high surface activity and viscoelasticity modulus values. The experimental dependences of the dynamic surface (interfacial) tension and the rheological parameters of the surface layers of imidazolium oximes are adequately described in terms of the reorientational model. Ideas have been suggested on a possible reason for the high values of the viscoelasticity modulus of cetyl-substituted dicationic oxime at the liquid–gas interface.