Maximum Breaking Strength Research Articles

A Study on the Tensile Behavior of Specimens Manufactured by FDM from Recycled PETG in the Context of the Circular Economy Transition

This article presents the results of a study on the influence of 3D printing by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) parameters on the tensile behavior of parts made from Everfil recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (rPETG). For this study, 27 rPETG tensile specimens with 100% recycled material were manufactured using an Anycubic 4 Max Pro 2.0 3D printer and by varying the printing parameters: height of the deposited layer in one pass, Lh, and filling percentage, Id. The Lh was set to 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mm and the Id was set to 50, 75, and 100 %. The two variable parameters, Id and Lh, influenced the tensile characteristics of the rPETG specimens: maximum breaking strength, percent elongation at break, and modulus of elasticity. The ultimate breaking strength and modulus of elasticity of the rPETG specimens were most influenced by Id, whereas the percentage elongation at break was mostly affected by Lh. The optimized FDM parameters for the fabrication of rPETG tensile specimens were found to be Lh = 0.20 mm and Id = 100%.

Quality assessment of spent laying hens and analysis of influencing factors

In China, a considerable number of spent laying hens are disposed annually, with the majority being processed into various food products. The sale of spent laying hens has become a significant revenue stream within the poultry industry. We selected spent laying hens at 100 weeks of age as the research subjects to explore the factors influencing their market price. Information was gathered through product and enterprise investigations. Thereafter, 90 Rhode Island Red laying hens, also at 100 weeks old, were acquired for slaughter. The carcass evaluation was conducted utilizing the methodology prescribed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Tibial specimens were procured for the purpose of quantifying their length, mass, diameter, maximum breaking strength, maximum breaking distance, as well as for determining the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and ash content. Through comprehensive market research and industry surveys, this study found that the primary factor affecting the selling price of spent laying hens is body weight, with 1.5 to 2 kg of chickens being preferred. The USDA quality assessment standards for post-slaughter evaluation, it was found that the incidence of dislocation was 11.1 %, which emerged as a primary factor affecting carcass quality, directly resulting in a decline in quality. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the bone health status and dislocation in laying hens. Dislocations occur mainly due to direct external forces during the culling process caused by the injuries during the slaughter process. Surveys show that the main factor affecting the selling price of spent laying hens is body weight, and the optimal weight range is where farmers gain price advantages during the culling process. The principal factor impacting the carcass quality of spent laying hens is dislocation, which are mainly caused by excessive culling and have no obvious correlation with bone health.

Fabrication and characterization of truxillic alginate bioplastic with decent antibacterial, antioxidant and degradability properties in food packaging

This study demonstrated the potential application of alpha-truxillic acid (TA) crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) bioplastics. The impact of different TA concentrations (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %) on the morphology, structural, physical, and functional features of the bioplastics were examined by SEM, optical microscope, ATR-FTIR, UV–vis, TGA-DSC, and XRD. The results showed that TA considerably enhanced the mechanical strength of SA bioplastics to a maximum breaking strength of 175.96 MPa, and improved flexibility to a maximum elongation of 7.23 %. Meanwhile, TA effectively increased the water vapor permeability of SA-based bioplastics to 1.77× 10−12 g∙m−1∙s−1∙Pa−1. Moreover, the thermal stability of TA-SA bioplastics was remarkably boosted, resulting in an 11 % decrease in mass loss at the same temperature. UV shielding is also greatly facilitated by the presence of TA, with up to 50 % blocking at 275 nm400 nm. In addition, TA endows the bioplastic antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities. TA-SA bioplastics provided outstanding freshness for perishable commodities and increased the shelf-life of food products by effectively retarding pH and weight changes in pork and reducing surface oxidation of apples. In the degradation experiment, TA-SA-10 showed a 30 % degradation in four weeks. The results indicate that TA-SA has encouraging potential for food preservation and environmental protection applications.

Photo-thermal and temperature-regulated sodium alginate-g-mPEG/carbon nanotube hybrid fibers with improved tensile strength

Despite the remarkable potential of phase change fibers for energy storage, their practical deployment has been hindered by two crucial challenges: inadequate external thermal stimulation to induce phase transition and leakage of the phase-change material. In this study, we successfully incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a solution of sodium alginate grafted polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (SA-g-mPEG) and utilized wet spinning processing to fabricate CNTs/SA-g-mPEG hybrid fibers with enhanced photo-thermal conversion and robust solid-solid phase change capabilities. Upon exposure to sunlight for merely 60 s, the hybrid fibers achieved a remarkable peak temperature of 40 °C. Upon cessation of sunlight exposure, these fibers demonstrated a gradual release of thermal energy, thereby underlining their exceptional photothermal conversion and temperature regulation capabilities. Furthermore, DSC analysis revealed that, at an optimal grafting ratio of 36.6 %, the hybrid fibers exhibited ΔHc and ΔHm values of 48.23 J/g and 50.83 J/g, respectively. Notably, hybrid fibers with a grafting ratio of 20.2 % demonstrated substantial enhancements in tensile properties, achieving a maximum breaking strength of approximately 2.02 cN/dtex—an impressive 11.3 % increase compared to SA-g-mPEG composite fibers. Our findings suggest that CNTs/SA-g-mPEG hybrid fibers hold immense promise for applications in body heat storage, fabric temperature regulation, and related fields.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Gel Electrolyte Based on Hydrolyzed Keratin Modified for Dendrite-Free Zinc-Ion Batteries.

In order to alleviate the dendrite problem of zinc-ion batteries, a gel electrolyte is prepared by Maillard reactions occurring between hydrolyzed wool keratin and carboxymethyl cellulose under heating conditions. The prepared gel electrolyte with the addition of hydrolyzed wool keratin possesses good mechanical properties, and its maximum breaking strength, Young's modulus, and elastic modulus are 58.7, 10.77 MPa, and 157.73 MJ m2, respectively, which are far superior to those of the pure carboxymethyl cellulose gel electrolyte. Because hydrolyzed wool keratin includes amino acids and polypeptides, the ionic conductivity of the prepared gel electrolyte is improved. More importantly, amino and carboxyl groups introduced by hydrolyzed wool keratin contribute to uniform deposition of zinc ions and ease dendrite growth. The assembled symmetric battery was stable for 600 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 with a capacity of 0.5 mAh cm-2. Combined with a NH4V4O10 cathode, a full battery provides a cycling stability of over 2000 h with a Coulomb efficiency of 98.02%.

High biocompatible bone screw enabled by a rapid and robust chitosan/silk fibroin composite material

Hydrogel has attracted tremendous attentions due to its excellent biocompatibility and adaptability in biomedical field. However, it is challenging by the conflicts between inadequate mechanical properties and service requirements. Herein, a rapid and robust hydrogel was developed by interpenetrating networks between chitosan and silk fibroin macromolecules. Thanks to these unique networks, the chitosan-based hydrogel exhibited superior mechanical performances. The maximum breaking strength, Young's modulus and swelling ratio of the hydrogel were 1187.8 kPa, 383.1 MPa and 4.5 % respectively. The hydrogel also supported the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 7 days. Notably, the hydrogel was easily molded into bone screw, and demonstrated compressive strengths of 45.7 MPa, Young's modulus of 675.6 MPa, respectively. After 49-day biodegradation, the residual rate of the screw in collagenase I solution was up to 89.6 % of the initial weight. In vitro, the screws not only had high resistance to biodegradation, but also had outstanding biocompatibility of osteoblast. This study provided a promising physical-chemical double crosslinking strategy to build orthopedic materials, holding a great potential in biomedical devices.

Effects of fluorosilane addition on polyurethane electrospun membranes with waterproof and breathable performance

Waterproof and breathable fibrous membrane is a new type of polymer functional material widely used in outdoor protection, sports equipment, industrial production, and other fields. To impart waterproof ability and breathability, a common practice is to modify the electrospun membrane with low surface-energy materials, such as fluorosilane. However, when directly added to the electrospinning solution, the effects of fluorosilane on the property of the prepared membrane have been scarcely reported. Herein, we prepared the electrospun polyurethane membrane by adding two types of fluorosilane into the polyurethane solution. The effects of fluorosilane type and concentration on the conductivity and viscosity of the electrospinning solution were investigated. Moreover, the prepared polyurethane/fluorosilane fibrous membranes are analyzed in terms of their surface morphology, structure, water contact angle, breathable performance, and mechanical properties. Results show that the dual effects of fluorosilane content exert an opposing influence on the jet drawing process, which yields a minimum fiber diameter when the fluorosilane content is 20%. Under this condition, the membrane shows the highest water vapor transmission rate (10.4 kg/(m2·d). In addition the membranes have the maximum water contact angle (138°) and breaking strength (12 MPa) when the fluorosilane content is 40%. This study provides insights into fabricating electrospun waterproof and breathable membranes in equipment for outdoor sports and protection.

In vivo study on the repair of rat Achilles tendon injury treated with non-thermal atmospheric-pressure helium microplasma jet.

Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma (NTAPP) has been widely studied for clinical applications, e.g., disinfection, wound healing, cancer therapy, hemostasis, and bone regeneration. It is being revealed that the physical and chemical actions of plasma have enabled these clinical applications. Based on our previous report regarding plasma-stimulated bone regeneration, this study focused on Achilles tendon repair by NTAPP. This is the first study to reveal that exposure to NTAPP can accelerate Achilles tendon repair using a well-established Achilles tendon injury rat model. Histological evaluation using the Stoll's and histological scores showed a significant improvement at 2 and 4 weeks, with type I collagen content being substantial at the early time point of 2 weeks post-surgery. Notably, the replacement of type III collagen with type I collagen occurred more frequently in the plasma-treated groups at the early stage of repair. Tensile strength test results showed that the maximum breaking strength in the plasma-treated group at two weeks was significantly higher than that in the untreated group. Overall, our results indicate that a single event of NTAPP treatment during the surgery can contribute to an early recovery of an injured tendon.

Study on Mooring Design of 15 MW Floating Wind Turbines in South China Sea

Wind turbines and floating platform upsizing are major trends in the current offshore wind development. However, harsh environmental conditions increase the risk of anchor dragging and mooring failure when deploying large offshore floating wind turbines. Therefore, it is necessary to design a mooring system for the specific deployment site. This study aims to perform the mooring system design of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) operated in the South China Sea, which is a combination of the IEA 15 MW wind turbine and UMaine VolturnUS-S floating platform. Hydrodynamic coefficients were calculated based on the potential flow theory, considering the environmental loads in the South China Sea. Additionally, the hydrodynamic coefficients were imported into AQWA to calculate the time-domain mooring tension. The mooring design parameters, such as mooring line length, nominal sizes, and anchor point, were determined using the criterion of anchor uplift, maximum breaking strength, and fatigue life, respectively. The design criterion required that the anchor uplift is not more than the allowable value, the long-term breaking limit of mooring with a 100-year return period should be less than the maximum breaking limit, and the fatigue damage accumulation in 50 years should be safe. The mooring design procedure provides a reference for mooring system design and safe operation of large floating wind turbines in the South China Sea.

Reinforcing Poly (Metaphenylene Isophthalamide) Fibers by Cellulose Nanocrystal

Typical poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide) fibers exhibit excellent heat resistance and excellent flame retardancy but very poor breaking strength, which limits their diversified applications severely. Therefore, it becomes urgently important to develop new strategies to improve their breaking strength. In this regard, a new composite fiber was prepared by wet spinning through a blend solution of poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide) and cellulose nanocrystals. Poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide) composite fibers with excellent breaking strength blended with cellulose nanocrystals were prepared through a simple and scalable blending strategy. In contrast to the pristine poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide) fiber, its mechanical properties were significantly improved, such as maximum breaking strength of 4.89 cN/dtex, which is 86.8% higher than pristine poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide) fiber. This work provides a new way of thinking to fabricate high-performance poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide) fibers for high-tech applications.

Anti-marine biofouling adhesion performance and mechanism of PDMS fouling-release coating containing PS-PEG hydrogel

Polystyrene microspheres compounded with polyethylene glycol–based hydrogel (PS-PEG)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings were prepared using the physical blending method. The chemical structure, surface and interface properties, interlayer adhesion, and tensile properties were tested in this paper. Furthermore, the antifouling performance was evaluated through bovine serum albumin fluorescent protein adsorption testing, marine bacteria adhesion testing, and benthic diatom adhesion testing. The results showed that the coating performance was best when 20 wt% PS-PEG hydrogel was added. Its surface energy was only 19.21 mJ/m2, the maximum breaking strength was 1.24 MPa, the maximum elongation rate was 675 %, the elastic modulus was 2.53 MPa, and the anti-stripping rate was 100 %. In addition, the coating with added 20 wt% PS-PEG hydrogel bacterial adherence rate was 5.36 % and 2.45 % after rinsing and washing, respectively, and the removal rate was 54.29 %. In the benthic diatom adhesion test, the chlorophyll concentration a-value was only 0.0017 mg/L after washing with added 20 wt% hydrogel, and the protein desorption rate was 84.19 % higher than PDMS in the fluorescent protein adsorption test. This coating has the ‘low adhesion’ and ‘desorption’ characteristics in the three growth stages of biofouling. Meanwhile, the low surface energy of the silicone is stable, and the hydrogel also dynamically migrates to the surface to gradually form a hydration layer, both are synergistic. When 20 wt% PS-PEG hydrogel was added, the coating demonstrated excellent antifouling performance due to its high hydration layer, low surface energy, high elasticity, and high interlayer adhesion. This research is expected to contribute to the practical applications of hydrogel coatings in marine antifouling.

Stem bending in cut gerbera under the condition of suppressing bacterial proliferation is associated with the weakening of the stem strength

Bacterial proliferation causes stem bending, which shortens the vase life of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. F.). We investigated the effect of an antimicrobial compound on the symptoms of ornamental value loss using 8 gerbera cultivars. In five different cultivars, the vase life of 11–44% and 11% cut flowers held in distilled water and antimicrobial solution, respectively, was terminated by stem bending. To explore in detail variations in the occurrence of stem bending under condition in which bacterial proliferation is suppressed, the occurrence of stem bending was investigated using cut flowers from 31 cultivars in the presence of the antimicrobial compound. The occurrence of stem bending varied significantly between cultivars. Following that, the stem diameter, stem elongation, and maximum breaking strength of stems were investigated using ‘Kentucky’, which is prone to stem bending, and ‘Kimsey’, which is less prone to it. The flower stem diameter of ‘Kentucky’ became smaller than that of ‘Kimsey’. In addition, the maximum breaking strength of the stem became lower in ‘Kentucky’ compared to ‘Kimsey’. Treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl2) suppressed the occurrence of stem bending in ‘Kentucky’. In ‘Kentucky’ and ‘Kimsey’, CaCl2 treatment suppressed transpiration and increased stem diameter and maximum breaking strength. These results suggest stem bending in cut gerbera ‘Kentucky’ may be caused by a decrease in flower stem diameter and a weakening of stem strength under conditions of suppressing bacterial proliferation.

Robust and knittable wet-spun PEDOT: PSS fibers via water

Since achieving green and sustainable development has become a global goal, a unique coagulation bath system without organic solvents has been developed for wet-spinning poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) conductive fibers. A small amount of metal ions was added to water to promote fiber solidification. Especially, with Fe3+ and thermal drawing aid, the resultant fiber reveals a maximum tensile breaking strength of 1263.1 ± 58.3 MPa, the highest reported value for pure PEDOT: PSS fibers to the best of our knowledge. The knitted fabrics woven from robust PEDOT: PSS fibers show superior flexibility and thermal insulation, demonstrating their excellent application potential in flexible electronic fabrics.

Flexible MWCNT/Silk fibroin film decorated with Pt NPs for electrochemical glucose sensors

Flexible glucose sensor has become a research focus of continuous blood glucose detection methods because it can easily and quickly detect the glucose content in human body fluids. We prepare a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/Silk Fibroin (SF) flexible film, decorated with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) and loaded with glucose oxidase (GOx) to construct a Pt-MWCNT/SF glucose sensor. A flexible conductive film with an electrical conductivity of 8.5 × 10−5 S/m is prepared by controlling the content of MWCNT. The maximum breaking strength and elongation at the break of MWCNT/SF film are 19.12 MPa and 192%. The Pt-MWCNT/SF glucose sensor has excellent conductivity stability under mechanical deformation and accurately detects glucose in the presence of other biomolecules. The linear range of glucose response is 0.1 to 3.75 mM, and the sensitivity is 8.09 μA/mM·cm2. The biological electrode constructed based on MWCNT/SF film has excellent flexibility, which is expected to be integrated with other electronic devices for monitoring and managing human health.

Mechanism of bonding during laser transmission welding using EIP absorber

ABSTRACT This paper aims to investigate the bonding mechanism during laser transmission welding of polycarbonate sheets using an electrolytic iron powder (EIP) absorber. The experiments are performed at different scan speeds and laser powers. The mechanical strength is determined by the lap shear test. The influence of line energy, interface temperature, and absorptivity on weld strength is discussed. The weld characteristics, bond morphology, and elemental distribution at the cross-section and fracture interface of the welded samples are analyzed. The results show that the maximum breaking strength of 1180 N is obtained at the 400 mm/min scan speed and 100 W laser power. The iron particles are observed mechanically interlocked at the lowest line energy with partial chemical bonding. However, the chain diffusion and chemical bonding have been increased with line energy. Thermal degradation and burning of the polycarbonate at the interface restrict the bonding and reduces the weld strength.

Developing flame-retardant, antibacterial cotton fabric by incorporating a linear polysiloxane-based coating

So as to meet the increasing demand of cotton fabrics in different fire safety scenarios, it is imperative to develop treatment agents with both flame retardant and antibacterial effects. Using linear polysiloxane as raw material, (DMH-BPMS) hydantoin-bromopropylmethylsiloxane was synthesized under mild conditions, which was mixed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and sodium alginate and coated on cotton fabrics. The structure of DMH-BPMS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the vertical flammability test (VFT) show that the LOI value of DMH-BPMS/APP/Cotton can reach 29.8 %, and the char length was 9.6 cm, when the mass ratio of DMH-BPMS to APP is 3:2. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that DMH-BPMS/APP/Cotton had good thermal stability. Under nitrogen conditions at 750 ℃, the char residue rate is still as high as 38.93 %, which is higher than that (12.76 %) of cotton. Cone calorimetry test showed that the total heat release of DMH-BPMS/APP/Cotton decreased, the CO 2 release decreased, and TSP (total smoke production) decreased by 36 % compared with APP/Cotton. DMH-BPMS/APP/Cotton has an amazing antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the antibacterial rate can reach 97.8 % and 99.0 %. The whiteness of DMH-BPMS/APP/Cotton was 14.9 % lower than that of cotton. When the concentration of DMH-BPMS was 450 g/L, the maximum breaking strength of DMH-BPMS/APP/cotton in warp and weft directions increased by 48 % and 55 %. • It provides a new flame retardant and antibacterial multifunctional coating for cotton fabric. • It can effectively reduce the smoke emission of cotton fabrics treated with ammonium polyphosphate alone when burning. • One step method can effectively reduce energy consumption and improve production efficiency instead of two-step method.

Mechanically Robust and Chemically Recyclable Polyhydroxyurethanes from CO2-Derived Six-Membered Cyclic Carbonates.

In the current context of sustainable chemistry development and new regulations, aminolysis of cyclic carbonate is one of the most promising routes to nonisocyanate polyurethanes, also called polyhydroxyurethanes (PHU). In this study, a new kind of shape memory PHU vitrimers with outstanding mechanical properties and chemical recyclability is prepared. The monomer employed for aminolysis to form the PHUs is bis(six-membered cyclic carbonate) of 4,4'-biphenol (BCC-BP), which is synthesized by bi(1,3-diol) precursors and CO2. The synthetic strategy, isocyanate-free and employing CO2 as a building block, is environmentally friendly and suits the concept of carbon neutrality. The thermal properties, mechanical properties, and dynamic behaviors of the PHUs are explored. The maximum breaking strength and elongation at break of the resultant PHUs reach 65 MPa and 452%, respectively, exceeding other reported PHU-based materials in combined performance. Such a PHU material can also lift up a load 4700 times heavier than its own weight by a shape recovery process. Finally, the bi(1,3-diol) can be regenerated through the alcoholysis of PHUs to realize chemical recycling. This work provides a feasibility study for a green synthetic approach and for designing a novel PHU material with outstanding properties.

Chitosan grafting coumarin-3-carboxylic acid fluorescent fiber with enhanced strength prepared by in-situ wet-spinning

Chitosan grafting coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (CS-g-CCA) fiber with fluorescent function and enhanced tensile strength was successfully prepared by in-situ wet-spinning. FTIR and NMR results demonstrate that CCA is successfully grafted onto the CS molecule chains. As the grafting rate increases from 4.2 to 15.8 %, the spinning solution viscosity increases from 22 to 54 Pa·s. SEM observations show that the CS and CS-g-CCA fiber surfaces and cross-sections exhibit homogeneity and smoothness. Likewise, as the drawing ratio increases from 1.0 to 1.4, 2D WAXS patterns illustrate the molecular chain oriented significantly along the drawing direction. The CS-g-CCA fiber (the grafting rate of 15.8 %) exhibits a maximum breaking strength of 1.06 cn/dtex, increasing by 20 % more than the CS fiber. Meanwhile, it has a peak fluorescence intensity of around 480 nm. In addition, the continuous preparation process simplifies the technological route and improves the preparation efficiency of CS-g-CCA fiber. As-prepared CS-g-CCA fiber with enhanced tensile strength and elevated fluorescence efficiency lays the foundation for potential application in fluorescent probes, anti-counterfeiting, and biomedicine fields.

Doped CNC-Na2CO3 reinforcing alginate bio-based fiber as fire-safety composite applied in the household textile

We adopted a straightforward yet efficient method to improve mechanical property of alginate fiber by doping cellulose nanocrystal and Na2CO3 in the spinning solution to fabricate CaCO3-cellulose nanocrystal reinforced alginate fiber. Comparative analysis demonstrated that this composite fiber containing 0.30% cellulose nanocrystal and 0.40% Na2CO3 achieved a maximum breaking strength of 1.42 ± 0.32 cN/dtex, three times more than the pristine alginate fiber. Doped Na2CO3 triggered in situ generating CaCO3 particle during formation of the fiber and deposited extra NaCl particle, which can endow the composite fiber with remarkable fire resistant performance. Also, the composite fiber released limited heat, smoke and toxic gaseous compounds, assisting to reduce fire hazard. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism of fuel-dilution cooperating with a physical barrier of residue char was proposed. It has a synergistic effect with nonflammable emissions on the inhibition of inflammable emission, generated heat and incoming oxygen transmission, which impeded further combustion. The prepared composite fiber has robust mechanical performance and excellent fire-proofing ability, making it an ideal candidate as flame resistant household textile.

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Progressive Protocol: Third Generation of Blood Concentrates

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been used in several fields of dentistry to improve tissue healing. However, PRF from glass tubes results in a limited number of small membranes, increasing clinical difficulty and work time. The aim of this study was to evaluate cell and platelet amounts and biomechanical strength of PRF-giant membranes produced from plastic tubes without additives. The investigators designed an exvivo study, to compare 3 different centrifugation protocols for obtaining PRF: 700×g/12minutes (leukocyte and PRF [L-PRF]), 350×g/14minutes (GM350), and 60-700×g more than 15minutes total (progressive PRF [PRO-PRF]). We collected blood samples from 5 volunteers aged 25-54years, over 3 different time periods (triplicate and paired study). From each venipuncture, 4mL of blood was collected in vacutainers with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and approximately 104mL in 12 plastic tubes without additives, which were separated into 3 groups, as per the centrifugation protocols (n=5): L-PRF, GM350, and PRO-PRF. The PRF from the tubes of the same protocol was aspirated and 9mL were placed in polylactic acid (PLA) forms and 3mL were placed in a glass receptacle. The membranes from PLA forms were tested for tensile strength and the membranes from glass receptacles were evaluated by histomorphometry, while platelets and leukocytes were counted for those in tubes with EDTA. Statistical analyses were performed using Shapiro-Wilk normality test and then a one-way repeated measures analysis followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test (α<0.05). In tensile analyses, PRO-PRF (0.85±0.23N) showed a significantly higher maximum breaking strength than L-PRF (0.61±0.26N, P=.01) and GM350 (0.58±0.23N, P<.01). The histomorphometry revealed no significant statistical difference in cell counts between the groups (P=.52). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the leukocyte (P=.25) and platelet counts (P=.59) in whole blood between the groups. The progressive protocol (PRO-PRF) enabled the production of PRF giant membranes with greater tensile strength and adequate cell distribution. Moreover, it allows biomaterial incorporation during production and enables clinical control of membrane thickness and size as per the surgical procedure.