Maximum Classification Accuracy Research Articles

Data-driven AI for the automated classification of the isothermal heat-treated thermal barrier coatings using pulsed infrared thermography

Abstract Development of reliable age prediction models are crucial in monitoring the formation of oxide layer and degradation of TBC at regular intervals. This study proposes an automated classification of isothermal heat-treated TBC samples using temperature data, which helps in predicting the TBC life and monitoring the TBC degradation. TBC-coated samples are isothermal heat-treated at 1000 °C, and the initial growth of thermally grown oxide is monitored using a non-destructive thermal imaging technique. The proposed study integrates data-driven AI (DAI) models and feature extraction techniques to interpret complex thermal patterns measured from the TBC coating surface. The performance of the proposed classification framework is tested using deep learning and classical machine learning models with different types and window sizes of input data. Input data used for validation are raw experiment data, logarithmic of experiment data, polynomial fit data, and thermal signal reconstruction fit coefficients. The maximum classification performance is obtained with gated recurrent unit with accuracy and F1-score of 89.2% and 89.0%, respectively with raw temperature data as input of window 300. The study demonstrates that the proposed DAI approach effectively predicts the age of thermal barrier coatings under isothermal heat-treatment conditions by correlating the thermal response with coating degradation.

SDCSN: A Hierarchical parallel Localisation Method for Pipeline Leakage Based on Vibration Signals

Abstract In applying deep learning methods to detecting and localising pipeline leaks, improving the fitness of deep learning methods to leak signals is an important task. We propose a novel detection model called Stacked dilated convolutional shrinkage network (SDCSN). This model incorporates a Stacked Dilated Convolution (SDC) module specifically designed for vibration signals, enabling the extraction of rich multi-scale local features. Moreover, implementing the Residual Shrinkage Building Unit (RSBU) module for noise reduction in the network architecture. Building upon this foundation, we introduce a new concept centred around hierarchical leakage discrimination and parallel prediction positioning. This approach enables accurate assessment of leakage levels and precise identification of multiple leakage points. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is verified in real experiments and the optimal settings for the dilated rate are determined. The results demonstrate a maximum classification accuracy rate reaching 98.94%.

On most informative regions for binary classification of schizophrenia based on resting state fMRI data done by selection of functionally homogeneous regions method

In this work we solve the problem of automatic binary classification of subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and control groups on a data set obtained on a Siemens 3T tomograph. The data set included 36 subjects undergoing treatment at Psychiatric Hospital no. 1 Named after N.A. Alexeev of the Department of Health of Moscow (GBUZ PKB No. 1 DZM) and 36 subjects from the control group. Machine learning methods were used to solve this problem. As a result, an accuracy of 76% was achieved, which corresponds to the results obtained in other scientific studies. The highest accuracy was obtained for the local homogeneity parameter (regional homogeneity – ReHo), already known in the literature. At the same time, the set of features developed by the authors based on the method for identifying functionally homogeneous regions (FHR) gave a classification accuracy of 74%. But at the same time, the set of FHR features provides higher classification accuracy when using a small number of brain regions. For example, already in 8 regions, the FHR set provided an almost maximum classification accuracy of 72.5% (versus 65% for the ReHo set), which suggests that it is the selected 8 regions that give the highest level of separation.

Optimizing pulmonary chest x-ray classification with stacked feature ensemble and swin transformer integration

This research presents an integrated framework designed to automate the classification of pulmonary chest x-ray images. Leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with a focus on transformer architectures, the aim is to improve both the accuracy and efficiency of pulmonary chest x-ray image analysis. A central aspect of this approach involves utilizing pre-trained networks such as VGG16, ResNet50, and MobileNetV2 to create a feature ensemble. A notable innovation is the adoption of a stacked ensemble technique, which combines outputs from multiple pre-trained models to generate a comprehensive feature representation. In the feature ensemble approach, each image undergoes individual processing through the three pre-trained networks, and pooled images are extracted just before the flatten layer of each model. Consequently, three pooled images in 2D grayscale format are obtained for each original image. These pooled images serve as samples for creating 3D images resembling RGB images through stacking, intended for classifier input in subsequent analysis stages. By incorporating stacked pooling layers to facilitate feature ensemble, a broader range of features is utilized while effectively managing complexities associated with processing the augmented feature pool. Moreover, the study incorporates the Swin Transformer architecture, known for effectively capturing both local and global features. The Swin Transformer architecture is further optimized using the artificial hummingbird algorithm (AHA). By fine-tuning hyperparameters such as patch size, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) ratio, and channel numbers, the AHA optimization technique aims to maximize classification accuracy. The proposed integrated framework, featuring the AHA-optimized Swin Transformer classifier utilizing stacked features, is evaluated using three diverse chest x-ray datasets-VinDr-CXR, PediCXR, and MIMIC-CXR. The observed accuracies of 98.874%, 98.528%, and 98.958% respectively, underscore the robustness and generalizability of the developed model across various clinical scenarios and imaging conditions.

Discovery of optimal cell type classification marker genes from single cell RNA sequencing data

BackgroundThe use of single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies that quantitively describe cell transcriptional phenotypes is revolutionizing our understanding of cell biology, leading to new insights in cell type identification, disease mechanisms, and drug development. The tremendous growth in scRNA-seq data has posed new challenges in efficiently characterizing data-driven cell types and identifying quantifiable marker genes for cell type classification. The use of machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence has emerged as an effective approach to study large-scale scRNA-seq data.MethodsNS-Forest is a random forest machine learning-based algorithm that aims to provide a scalable data-driven solution to identify minimum combinations of necessary and sufficient marker genes that capture cell type identity with maximum classification accuracy. Here, we describe the latest version, NS-Forest version 4.0 and its companion Python package (https://github.com/JCVenterInstitute/NSForest), with several enhancements to select marker gene combinations that exhibit highly selective expression patterns among closely related cell types and more efficiently perform marker gene selection for large-scale scRNA-seq data atlases with millions of cells.ResultsBy modularizing the final decision tree step, NS-Forest v4.0 can be used to compare the performance of user-defined marker genes with the NS-Forest computationally-derived marker genes based on the decision tree classifiers. To quantify how well the identified markers exhibit the desired pattern of being exclusively expressed at high levels within their target cell types, we introduce the On-Target Fraction metric that ranges from 0 to 1, with a metric of 1 assigned to markers that are only expressed within their target cell types and not in cells of any other cell types. NS-Forest v4.0 outperforms previous versions in simulation studies and on its ability to identify markers with higher On-Target Fraction values for closely related cell types in real data, and outperforms other marker gene selection approaches for cell type classification with significantly higher F-beta scores when applied to datasets from three human organs—brain, kidney, and lung.DiscussionFinally, we discuss potential use cases of the NS-Forest marker genes, including for designing spatial transcriptomics gene panels and semantic representation of cell types in biomedical ontologies, for the broad user community.

Design of EEG based thought identification system using EMD & deep neural network

Biological communication system for neurological disorder patients is similar to the Brain Computer Interface in a way that it facilitates the connection to the outside world in real time. The interdisciplinary field of Electroencephalogram based message depiction is gaining importance as it assists the paralysed person to communicate. In the proposed method a novel approach of feature extraction is done by Empirical Mode Decomposition on non- stationary & non-linear kind of EEG signal. EMD helps in the effective time frequency analysis by disintegrating the EEG signal in the form of six Intrinsic Mode Functions with help of the frequency components. In all nine features are extracted from the decomposed IMFs so as to predict the states or messages of the patient. The above computed features are then served to the Deep Neural Network to perform the classification. The performance of suggested method is studied through applying it to the acquired database generated by the designed hardware as well as also in real time message depiction. The maximum classification accuracy 97% for the acquired database & 85% in real time are obtained respectively by comparative analysis. The command messages generated from the proposed system helps the person suffering from neurological disorder to establish the communication link with the outside world in an efficient way. Thus, the proposed novel method shows better performance in real time message depiction purpose as related to other existing methods.

Multi-stream encoder and multi-layer comparative learning network for fluid classification based on logging data via wavelet threshold denoising

In recent years, the importance of fluid classification in oil and gas exploration has become increasingly evident. However, the inherent complexity of logging data and noise pose significant challenges to this task. To this end, this paper proposes a wavelet threshold denoising-based multi-stream encoder combined with multi-level comparison learning (LogMEC-MCL) framework for fluid classification. The framework begins with comprehensive noise reduction, utilizing wavelet threshold denoising to preprocess the data. It then extracts global temporal features by incorporating attention gated recurrent units within the multi-stream encoder. In parallel, multi-scale convolutional neural networks capture local spatial information, ensuring a more complete understanding of the data. To further improve the discriminative power of the extracted features, the framework includes two contrastive learning modules: instance-level contrastive learning and temporal contrastive learning. These components work together to refine feature differentiation, particularly in challenging cases. Additionally, the framework introduces a custom-designed loss function that combines cross-entropy loss with contrastive loss, thereby optimizing the classification performance. The proposed model was rigorously evaluated using a real-world logging dataset from the Tarim Basin in China. The experimental results demonstrate that LogMEC-MCL consistently outperforms current state-of-the-art models on two test datasets, achieving maximum classification accuracies of 95.70% and 95.50%, respectively.

Classifying Seismic Events Linked to Solar Activity: A Retrospective LSTM Approach Using Proton Density

The influence of solar activity on seismic activity is a subject of debate. Previous studies have shown that there is sometimes a correlation and sometimes a contradiction between solar activity maxima and large earthquakes. Long-term memory neural network is used to study the relationship between solar activity and seismic activity. This study emphasizes retrospective classification rather than direct prediction, refining the LSTM architecture to maximize classification accuracy and processing data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and the U.S. Geological Survey earthquake catalogs. A declustering technique is used to select large seismic events and weighted learning corrects for class imbalances. The LSTM model accurately classified earthquakes (84.47%) and proton density variations. The results support the theory that solar activity, in particular proton density, can anticipate earthquake events.

Optimization of Pancreatic Cell Subset Classification in Images from Multiplex Immunofluorescence Imaging Platforms

Understanding the natural history of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been hampered by limited access to the target organ (i.e., the pancreas) in living people. To make the most of these precious tissues, cyclic imaging platforms such as Miltenyi MACSima, which increase the number of markers that can be examined per section, are becoming increasingly popular. Such advances in spatial biology require reproducible cell classification algorithms. Random Tree (RT) algorithm was previously found to be the most reliable approach for differentiating exocrine versus endocrine pancreas compartments, yet an unmet need exists for an approach that can provide accurate cell type classification within the endocrine compartment. It was hypothesized that a core set of markers could be used to maximize classification accuracy. To this end, pancreatic sections were stained with fluorescent antibodies against various markers and images were captured using the MACSima platform. RT algorithm was trained in QuPath to classify endocrine, exocrine, and vascular cell clusters in n=3 pancreas donors across a total of n=10 ROIs. Classification accuracy will be determined by comparison to ground-truth labels annotated by an expert in the field. Markers that maximize classification accuracy will be included on future pancreas runs to standardize and streamline downstream analyses.

Deep Learning-Based Dust Detection on Solar Panels: A Low-Cost Sustainable Solution for Increased Solar Power Generation

The world is shifting towards renewable energy sources due to the harmful effects of fossils fuel-based power generation in the form of global warming and climate change. When it comes to renewable energy sources, solar-based power generation remains on top of the list as a clean and carbon cutting alternative to the fossil fuels. Naturally, the sites chosen for installing solar parks to generate electricity are the ones that get maximum solar radiance throughout the year. Consequently, such sites offer challenges for the solar panels such as increased temperature, humidity and high dust levels that negatively affect their power generation capability. In this work, we are more concerned with the detection of dust from the images of the solar panels so that the cleaning process can be done in time to avoid power loses due to dust accumulation on the surface of solar panels. To this end, we utilize state-of-art deep learning-based image classification models and evaluate them on a publicly available dataset to identify the one that gives maximum classification accuracy for dusty solar panel detection. We utilize pre-trained models of 20 deep learning models to encode the images that are then used to train and validate four variants of a support vector machine. Among the 20 models, we get the maximum classification of 86.79% when the images are encoded with the pre-trained model of DenseNet169 and then use these encodings with a linear SVM for image classification.

EEG Dataset for the Recognition of Different Emotions Induced in Voice-User Interaction

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based open-access datasets are available for emotion recognition studies, where external auditory/visual stimuli are used to artificially evoke pre-defined emotions. In this study, we provide a novel EEG dataset containing the emotional information induced during a realistic human-computer interaction (HCI) using a voice user interface system that mimics natural human-to-human communication. To validate our dataset via neurophysiological investigation and binary emotion classification, we applied a series of signal processing and machine learning methods to the EEG data. The maximum classification accuracy ranged from 43.3% to 90.8% over 38 subjects and classification features could be interpreted neurophysiologically. Our EEG data could be used to develop a reliable HCI system because they were acquired in a natural HCI environment. In addition, auxiliary physiological data measured simultaneously with the EEG data also showed plausible results, i.e., electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response, and facial images, which could be utilized for automatic emotion discrimination independently from, as well as together with the EEG data via the fusion of multi-modal physiological datasets.

NEURO DEEP FUZZY GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH FOR CLASSIFICATION AND DETECTION OF BRAIN TUMOR FROM LARGE DATASETS

Brain tumors represent one of the most critical and life-threatening diseases. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for effective treatment planning and survival rate improvement. With the exponential growth of medical data, particularly in imaging and diagnostic datasets, traditional algorithms face limitations in handling large-scale, high-dimensional data efficiently. Conventional machine learning and diagnostic methods often struggle with classification accuracy, computational complexity, and overfitting in large, noisy datasets. Addressing these issues is crucial for the development of robust diagnostic tools capable of handling real-world clinical data. This paper presents a novel hybrid approach combining Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithms, termed Neuro Deep Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm (NDFGA), for the classification and detection of brain tumors from large datasets. Neural Networks and Deep Learning architectures are leveraged for feature extraction and hierarchical learning. Fuzzy Logic improves interpretability and manages uncertainty in medical data, while Genetic Algorithms optimize feature selection and model parameters. This hybrid method is designed to maximize classification accuracy while minimizing false positives and computational overhead. The proposed approach was tested on a large brain tumor dataset comprising over 10,000 MRI scans. The NDFGA approach demonstrated superior performance compared to standalone methods. It achieved a classification accuracy of 97.8%, a sensitivity of 96.5%, and a specificity of 98.1%. The model also showed improved robustness in handling large datasets, reducing false positives by 12% and computational time by 15% compared to traditional methods. This hybrid model presents a scalable and efficient solution for brain tumor detection, especially in clinical environments.

An Improved Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Model of Long Short-Term Memory Network Based on VMD Denoised Vibration Signals

Data driven fault diagnosis methods are increasingly being used for condition monitoring of rotating machinery in the era of Industry 4.0. The effectiveness of Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) denoised vibration signals in improving the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method for the intelligent fault diagnosis of a rolling bearing is reported. The raw and VMD denoised vibration signals of rolling bearings are provided as inputs to the LSTM network for classification of bearing condition. The efficacy of the methodology to extract the fault information is assessed through datasets obtained from experiment test rig and through the open-source dataset of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU). A comparative analysis is also carried out using both VMD based decomposition and denoising techniques along with four machine learning classifiers viz. Decision Tree, k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) by using the statistical features of the VMD modes. Among the different methods evaluated, VMD denoised signals when fed to LSTM result in the maximum classification accuracy of 99.14 % with experimental dataset. For the case of CWRU dataset, VMD denoised signals as input to the SVM resulted in maximum classification accuracy of 98.16%.

A multi-modal Parkinson’s disease diagnosis system from EEG signals and online handwritten tasks using grey wolf optimization based deep learning model

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual deterioration of motor function, affecting speech, writing, muscle control, and mobility. The existing studies have not utilized both the electroencephalography (EEG) signals and online handwritten tasks together to diagnose PD. The studies have also not explored the EEG signals collected from specific brain regions like the substansia niagra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), crucial for dopamine production linked to PD. This article proposes a multi-modal PD diagnosis system from EEG signals (collected from SN and VTA regions of the brain), collected during performing online handwritten tasks, using grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) features have been generated from the EEG signals and optimized by the GWO algorithm. The classification (diagnosis) experiments on the optimal number of feature values, obtained from GWO algorithm, have been carried out using bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) variant of recurrent neural network (RNN). The classification experiments have also been conducted using support vector machine (SVM), bagged random forest (BRF), and long short-term memory (LSTM) variant of RNN classifier to have a performance comparison with the proposed method. The effectiveness of the introduced PD diagnosis system has been analyzed on a self-generated dataset named EEG signal based on online handwriting (ESOH). A maximum classification accuracy of 99.30% has been achieved from the proposed PD diagnosis system. The experimental outcomes illustrate that the introduced PD diagnosis system outperforms the state-of-the-art PD diagnosis systems relying on the EEG signals for diagnosing the PD.

Brake fault diagnosis using a voting ensemble of machine learning classifiers

Brake fault diagnosis is a crucial aspect of enhancing driving safety, as various faults such as air in brake fluid, brake oil spill, reservoir leak, mechanical fade and distinct types of brake pad wear can compromise vehicle safety. This study presents a method for timely fault detection by analyzing vibration signals. Vibration signals for normal and faulty conditions were captured using a hydraulic brake test setup equipped with a piezoelectric transducer and data acquisition system. Feature extraction was performed using an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model. The performance of five different classifiers namely, random forest (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), instance-based k-nearest neighbours (IBk), logistic model trees (LMT) and J48 decision tree was evaluated. The LMT classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 95.00 % followed by IBk, RF, J48 and NB with accuracies of 92.00 %, 90.00 %, 90.00 % and 87.00 %. To further improve the diagnosis accuracy, a voting-based ensemble approach was employed by combining two, three, four and five classifiers with the application of five different voting strategies. The results obtained showcase that a combination of three classifiers LMT, IBk and NB utilizing the majority voting rule yielded an enhanced classification accuracy of 98.00 % highlighting the effectiveness of this ensemble method in brake fault diagnosis. A similar classification accuracy of 98.00 % was achieved by four (LMT-IBk-RF-J48) and five (IBk-RF-MLP-J48-NB) classifier ensembles; however, considering the computational complexity three classifier ensembles were selected. Whilst two classifier ensembles (IBk-J48) achieved a maximum classification accuracy of 96.00 %.

Radar-Based Elderly Fall Detection Using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner Ville Distribution and XGBoost Learning.

Falls among the elderly population pose significant health risks, often leading to morbidity and decreased quality of life. Traditional fall detection methods, namely wearable devices and cameras, have limitations such as lighting conditions and privacy concerns. Radar-based fall detection has emerged as a promising alternative, offering unobtrusive technique. In this study, an attempt has been made to classify fall detection using smoothed pseudo wigner-ville distribution (SPWVD) images and XGBoost learning. For this, online publicly available radar database (N=15) is considered. Radar signals is employed to SPWVD for time-frequency representation images. Ten features are extracted and applied to XGBoost learning. Experiments are performed and performance is evaluated using 10-fold cross validation. The proposed approach is able to discriminate elderly fall. Using XGBoost learning, the approach yields a maximum average classification accuracy, f1-score, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and kappa scores of 87.47%, 87.38%, 88.12%, 86.81%, 88.31% and 74.94% respectively. The combination of conventional features with concentration measures and median frequency obtained the second best performance. Thus, the proposed framework could be utilized for accurate and efficient detection of falls among the elderly population in their private spaces.

Combining natural markers to investigate fish population structure and connectivity

Understanding population connectivity via fish movement and the appropriate scale for management is amplified by the use of tagging techniques. Natural fish markers provide unique signatures that reflect distinct environmental and physiological characteristics of populations, allowing us to determine the degree of connectivity among them. Different markers function within defined spatiotemporal ranges with specific advantages and limitations. We tested whether applying multiple markers would increase the power of assessing population structure and connectivity of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri from 12 estuaries across southern Australia. We utilised a range of natural markers, including genetics, otolith shape, otolith isotopic composition, and otolith elemental composition, to determine the effectiveness of each marker independently and through integration. For this estuarine-dependent species, combining genetics and otolith-based techniques was complementary in increasing the accuracy of our results but not all marker integrations were consistently beneficial, highlighting the importance of appropriate marker selection. The maximum classification accuracy to collection site of 95% (a combination of genetics, otolith shape, and otolith isotopic composition) emphasised the species’ estuarine dependency and limited connectivity across the sampling range, suggesting location-specific management is needed for this commercially important species.

Fault diagnosis of air compressors using transfer learning: A comparative study of pre-trained networks and hyperparameter optimization

Air compressors are critical components in many industries whose catastrophic failure results in huge financial losses and downtime leading to accidents. Hence, real time fault diagnosis of air compressor is essential to predict the health condition of air compressor and plan scheduled maintenance thereby reducing financial losses and accidents. Fault diagnosis using transfer learning aids in real time fault detection. In the present study, five air compressor conditions were considered namely, check valve fault, inlet and outlet reed valve fluttering fault, inlet reed valve fluttering fault, outlet reed valve fluttering fault, and good condition. The raw vibration data was converted to radar plot images that were pre-processed and classified using four pre-trained networks (ResNet-50, GoogLeNet, AlexNet, and VGG-16). The hyperparameters like epochs, batch size, optimizer, train-test split ratio, and learning rate were varied to find out the best network for air compressor fault diagnosis. ResNet-50 among all other pre-trained networks produced the maximum classification accuracy (average of five trials) of 98.72%.

Adaptive Mish activation and ranger optimizer-based SEA-ResNet50 model with explainable AI for multiclass classification of COVID-19 chest X-ray images

A recent global health crisis, COVID-19 is a significant global health crisis that has profoundly affected lifestyles. The detection of such diseases from similar thoracic anomalies using medical images is a challenging task. Thus, the requirement of an end-to-end automated system is vastly necessary in clinical treatments. In this way, the work proposes a Squeeze-and-Excitation Attention-based ResNet50 (SEA-ResNet50) model for detecting COVID-19 utilizing chest X-ray data. Here, the idea lies in improving the residual units of ResNet50 using the squeeze-and-excitation attention mechanism. For further enhancement, the Ranger optimizer and adaptive Mish activation function are employed to improve the feature learning of the SEA-ResNet50 model. For evaluation, two publicly available COVID-19 radiographic datasets are utilized. The chest X-ray input images are augmented during experimentation for robust evaluation against four output classes namely normal, pneumonia, lung opacity, and COVID-19. Then a comparative study is done for the SEA-ResNet50 model against VGG-16, Xception, ResNet18, ResNet50, and DenseNet121 architectures. The proposed framework of SEA-ResNet50 together with the Ranger optimizer and adaptive Mish activation provided maximum classification accuracies of 98.38% (multiclass) and 99.29% (binary classification) as compared with the existing CNN architectures. The proposed method achieved the highest Kappa validation scores of 0.975 (multiclass) and 0.98 (binary classification) over others. Furthermore, the visualization of the saliency maps of the abnormal regions is represented using the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) model, thereby enhancing interpretability in disease diagnosis.

Hybrid genetic optimization for quantum feature map design

Kernel methods are an import class of techniques in machine learning. To be effective, good feature maps are crucial for mapping non-linearly separable input data into a higher dimensional (feature) space, thus allowing the data to be linearly separable in feature space. Previous work has shown that quantum feature map design can be automated for a given dataset using NSGA-II, a genetic algorithm, while both minimizing circuit size and maximizing classification accuracy. However, the evaluation of the accuracy achieved by a candidate feature map is costly. In this work, we demonstrate the suitability of kernel-target alignment as a substitute for accuracy in genetic algorithm-based quantum feature map design. Kernel-target alignment is faster to evaluate than accuracy and does not require some data points to be reserved for its evaluation. To further accelerate the evaluation of genetic fitness, we provide a method to approximate kernel-target alignment. To improve kernel-target alignment and root mean squared error, the final trainable parameters of the generated circuits are further trained using COBYLA to determine whether a hybrid approach applying conventional circuit parameter training can easily complement the genetic structure optimization approach. A total of eight new approaches are compared to the original across nine varied binary classification problems from the UCI machine learning repository, showing that kernel-target alignment and its approximation produce feature map circuits enabling comparable accuracy to the previous work but with larger margins on training data (in excess of 20% larger) that improve further with circuit parameter training.