Maximal Rating Of Perceived Exertion Research Articles

Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in studies of fatigue-induced postural control alterations in healthy adults: Scoping review of quantitative evidence.

Amongst the literature researching the effects of exercise-induced fatigue on postural control in healthy adults, many studies have used the Borg scales to document the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and have shown a broad range of RPE values. Our main aim was to map fatigue-induced RPE values in included publications. Secondary aims were to summarize the preference and purpose for the use of Borg scales within the included publications and to explore the potential associations between fatigue-induced RPE values and postural control changes. Five databases (Ovid Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) were systematically searched for synthesizing data among the publications that reported RPE values on the Borg RPE- and Category-Ratio (CR) 10 scales and also found fatigue effects on postural control in healthy adults. Spearman's rank correlations were conducted to assess potential associations between fatigue-induced RPE values and maximal postural control changes across the included publications (group data). 45 of 51 studies included in this review reported maximal RPE values following exercise and ranged from 10.4-20 (6-20 Borg RPE) or 0.9-10 (CR10) indicating "very light" or "very weak" to "maximal" exertions. The 6-20 Borg and CR10 scales were mainly used to assess cardiovascular and muscular exertion, respectively. The scales were used mostly to estimate fatigue levels (n = 45), and to a lesser extent to produce a specific exercise intensity (n = 5) and as the criterion for exercise termination (n = 1). In general, there was no significant association between RPE and postural control changes across studies. The broad range of RPE values and weak correlations may suggest that various fatigue levels can lead to postural control changes. However, one should be careful in comparing the extent of fatigue from RPE values and its potential effect on postural control in the light of many confounding factors.

Profiles of mood state fatigue scale is responsive to fatiguing protocol but shows no relationship to perceived or performance decrements

The Profiles of Mood State, fatigue subscale (POMS-Fatigue) has been proposed as a measure of fatigue during exercise. No previous research has established whether it is responsive to fatiguing exercise or correlated with measures of fatigability. Twenty-three participants performed an incremental, fatiguing bout of exercise on a treadmill (Mean time ≈ 55 minutes). Measures of fatigability included: ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, rate of force development, perceptual-motor reaction times, and maximal jump distance. The POMS-Fatigue and fatigability measures were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Maximal scores and pre-post change scores for the POMS were calculated to assess responsiveness and correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship with fatigability measures (α = 0.05). The POMS-Fatigue (0-20) showed good responsiveness, with a mean change of 16.26 points (95% CI = 15.18-17.34), with every participant demonstrating a change of at least 11 points. The strongest correlations between POMS-Fatigue change and max scores were with maximal RPE (R = 0.251-0.376); however, no correlations showed statistical significance. In summary, the POMS-Fatigue was responsive to fatiguing exercise. However, the lack of a relationship with fatigability measures may point toward the need for refinement of several items on the scale.

Overall and differentiated sensory responses to cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with cystic fibrosis: kinetics and ability to predict peak oxygen uptake

We evaluated the validity of predicting peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2peak) from submaximal ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and compared the predictive accuracy between overall and differentiated RPE scores. Thirty-five adults with CF (FEV1 = 58 ± 23%) performed a CPET on cycle ergometer with gas exchange measurements. Leg, chest and overall RPE were collected every minute throughout the test. Linear regressions between [Formula: see text]O2 and RPE ≤ 15 were extrapolated to maximal theoretical RPE (i.e. RPE18 and RPE19) to predict [Formula: see text]O2peak. Agreements between measured and all predicted [Formula: see text]O2peak were tested using Bland-Altman Plots, for the whole group and for subjects presenting significant exercise intolerance (n = 24). Leg, chest and overall RPE increased similarly with exercise intensity. No differences were found between predicted [Formula: see text]O2peak and measured [Formula: see text]O2peak with RPE18 as maximal RPE, for both overall and differentiated RPE (P range 0.94-0.98). Ranges for Pearson correlations and limits of agreements were 0.88-0.91 and 380-461mLmin-1 for the whole group and 0.92-0.94 and 269-365mLmin-1 for subjects with significant exercise intolerance. The greatest association and narrowest limits of agreements were obtained from chest RPE scores. Submaximal RPE scores obtained during CPET can provide acceptable estimate of [Formula: see text]O2peak in adults with CF, particularly in those having significant exercise intolerance. Future studies should assess whether the prediction can be improved, particularly by encouraging the regular use of RPE scales during physical activities/exercise rehabilitations sessions.

Caffeine effects on VO2max test outcomes investigated by a placebo perceived-as-caffeine design.

Ergogenic effects of caffeine (CAF) ingestion have been observed in different cycling exercise modes, and have been associated with alterations in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). However, there has been little investigation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) test outcomes. This study aimed to verify whether CAF may reduce RPE, thereby improving maximal incremental test (MIT) outcomes such as VO2MAX, time to exhaustion and peak power output (WPEAK). Nine healthy individuals performed three MITs (25 W/min until exhaustion) in a random, counterbalanced fashion after ingestion of CAF, placebo perceived as caffeine (PLA), and no supplementation (baseline control). VO2 was measured throughout the test, while RPE was rated according to overall and leg effort sensations. The power output corresponding to submaximal (RPE = 14 according to the 6-20 Borg scale) and maximal RPE was recorded for both overall (O-RPE14 and O-RPEMAX) and leg RPE (L-RPE14 and L-RPEMAX). VO2MAX did not change significantly between MITs; however, CAF and PLA increased time to exhaustion (↑ ∼18.7% and ∼17.1%, respectively; p < .05) and WPEAK (↑ ∼13.0% and ∼11.8%, respectively; p < .05) when compared with control. When compared with control, CAF ingestion reduced submaximal and maximal overall and leg RPEs, the effect being greater in maximal (likely beneficial in O-RPEMAX and L-RPEMAX) than submaximal RPE (possibly beneficial in O-RPE14 and L-RPE14). Similar results were found when participants ingested PLA. Compared with control, CAF and PLA improved MIT performance outcomes such as time to exhaustion and WPEAK, without altering VO2MAX values. CAF effects were attributed to placebo.

Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study.

Recently, several authors have proposed the use of a submaximal 'perceptually regulated exercise test' (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). The PRET involves asking the individual to self-regulate a series of short bouts of exercise corresponding to pre-set ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The individual linear relationship between RPE and oxygen uptake (RPE:[Formula: see text]) is then extrapolated to the [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the theoretical maximal RPE (RPE20). Studies suggest that prediction accuracy from this method may be better improved during a second PRET. Similarly, some authors have recommended an extrapolation to RPE19 rather than RPE20. The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the validity of the method of predicting [Formula: see text] from the RPE:[Formula: see text] during a PRET, and to determine the level of agreement and accuracy of predicting [Formula: see text] from an initial PRET and retest using RPE19 and RPE20. From a systematic search of the literature, 512 research articles were identified. The eligible manuscripts were those which used the relationship between the RPE≤15 and [Formula: see text], and used only the Borg's RPE scale. Ten studies (n=274 individuals) were included. For each study, actual and predicted [Formula: see text] from four subgroup outcomes (RPE19 in the initial test, RPE19 in the retest, RPE20 in the initial test, RPE20 in the retest) were identified, and then compared. The magnitude of the difference regardless of subgroup outcomes was examined to determine if it is better to predict [Formula: see text] from extrapolation to RPE19 or RPE20. The magnitude of differences was examined for the best PRET (test vs retest). The results revealed that [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET in different populations and in various PRET modalities, regardless of the subgroup outcomes. To obtain greater accuracy of predictions, extrapolation to RPE20 during a retest may be recommended. The included studies reported poor selection bias and data collection methods. The [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET, especially when [Formula: see text] is extrapolated to RPE20 during a second PRET.

Prediction of one-repetition maximum from submaximal ratings of perceived exertion in older adults pre- and post-training.

Individual's one-repetition maximum (1-RM) is required to calculate and prescribe intensity for resistance training, while testing protocols enhance the risk of injuries and are time-consuming. The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of 1-RM prediction from ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of resistance exercises performed at submaximal sets (intensity and volume) in older adult males before and after a 12-week rehabilitation program. 18 untrained subjects (70.4±4.5years) first completed a 1-RM direct assessment with a horizontal leg press pre- and post-training. Thereafter, participants performed, in a random order, 2-repetition sets with loads unknown to them (corresponding to 20, 45 and 70% of 1-RM). The RPE was recorded immediately after the sets. That RPE associated to its corresponding load was subjected to a linear regression analysis to extrapolate the maximal RPE score and its corresponding 1-RM. RPE and relative intensities of sets appeared related pre- [r (2)=0.59, standard error of estimate (SEE)=13.3%] and post-training (r (2)=0.83, SEE=8.1%). Differences between measured and predicted 1-RM were reduced from the beginning to the end of training but standard deviations remained high (17.4±11.8 vs. 4.2±11.1kg). Pre-training, 1-RM expressed relatively to body weight was negatively related with the errors of 1-RM predictions (r (2)=0.39, p=0.03). In older subjects, RPE may be used to predict 1-RM; however, the predicted value deviates considerably from the measured one, necessitating cautious application. Importantly, this method allows to capture training-induced change in 1-RM, thus making possible assessing training's effectiveness and allowing its modification if necessary.

Brain stimulation modulates the autonomic nervous system, rating of perceived exertion and performance during maximal exercise

BackgroundThe temporal and insular cortex (TC, IC) have been associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) control and the awareness of emotional feelings from the body. Evidence shows that the ANS...

Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake from submaximal ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate during a continuous exercise test: the efficacy of RPE 13

This study assessed the utility of a single, continuous exercise protocol in facilitating accurate estimates of maximal oxygen uptake V(O)(2max) from submaximal heart rate (HR) and the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in healthy, low-fit women, during cycle ergometry. Eleven women estimated their RPE during a continuous test (1 W 4 s(-1)) to volitional exhaustion (measured V(O)(2max)). Individual gaseous exchange thresholds (GETs) were determined retrospectively. The RPE and HR values prior to and including an RPE 13 and GET were extrapolated against corresponding oxygen uptake to a theoretical maximal RPE (20) and peak RPE (19), and age-predicted HRmax, respectively, to predict V(O)(2max)). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between measured (30.9 +/- 6.5 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and predicted V(O)(2max) from all six methods. Limits of agreement were narrowest and intraclass correlations were highest for predictions of V(O)(2max) from an RPE 13 to peak RPE (19). Prediction of V(O)(2max) from a regression equation using submaximal HR and work rate at an RPE 13 was also not significantly different to actual V(O)(2max) (R( 2 ) = 0.78, SEE = 3.42 ml kg(-1) min(-1), P > 0.05). Accurate predictions of V(O)(2max) may be obtained from a single, continuous, estimation exercise test to a moderate intensity (RPE 13) in low-fit women, particularly when extrapolated to peak terminal RPE (RPE(19)). The RPE is a valuable tool that can be easily employed as an adjunct to HR, and provides supplementary clinical information that is superior to using HR alone.

THE EFFECT OF OLD AGE ON PERCEIVED EFFORT AND HEART RATE DURING AN ISOMETRIC FATIGUE TASK

In addition to age-related changes in the neuromuscular system of aged humans, alterations in the perception of effort can affect the comparative fatigability of old versus young subjects during voluntary fatigue tasks. The elbow flexors of 7 young (24 ± 2y) and 6 old men (84 ± 1y) were fatigued using repeated (3s on, 2s off) isometric contractions at 60% MVC until force was reduced to less than 60%. Time to fatigue was not different between age groups (4–5 min). At rest and at 1 min intervals, measures of neural and contractile function were made. During the fatigue task, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), using a modified Borg scale (0–10), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. RPE and HR measures were compared between groups at ∼15, 30, 50, 70, 87 and 100% of the fatigue time. Although HR was greater at each time point and demonstrated a larger range of increase in the young subjects, both groups experienced the same relative increase in HR when data were normalized to the age-predicted HRmax. At the end of the fatigue task, HR was ∼62% of the age-predicted HRmax for both groups. Although greater RPE values were reported for the old men at 15% (5.2 vs 2.4) and 30% (6.0 vs 3.7) of fatigue time, there were no age-related differences for the remaining fatigue time. By the end of the fatigue protocol all subjects reported the maximal RPE value (10). Muscie activation, as assessed by twitch interpolation, surface EMG, and the ratio of 50Hz tetanic tension to MVC force at fatigue were not affected by age, suggesting that fatigue was not due to a central limitation. Thus, despite similar relative HR responses in both groups throughout the fatigue protocol, the old men had a greater perception of effort during the submaximal contractions in the first ∼30% of the protocol. However, the differences in perceived effort were not accompanied by age-related impairments in neural and contractile measures at the end of the protocol, suggesting that this initial elevated perceived effort did not influence fatigue during this task.

Effect of caffeine upon maximal muscular endurance of females

The effect of various dosages of caffeine upon maximal endurance capacity in females was studied. The effect of caffeine upon resting heart rate (RHR), submaximal heart rate (SHR), maximal heart rate (MHR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was also studied. Prior to undertaking a standarized progressive workload to exhaustion on an electric bicycle ergometer, each subject consumed either a placebo, small (4 mg/kg), medium (7 mg/kg) or large (10 mg/kg) dose of caffeine. A double-blind procedure was followed. Mean times to exhaustion for the placebo, small, medium and large dosages of caffeine were, respectively, 299.5, 312.1, 299.8, and 303.2 seconds. MHR were respectively, 183.4, 185.0, 185.4, and 184.4. Maximal RPE were 16.6, 17.0, 16.3, and 17.1. The analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the drug trials for the above three variables; in addition, no significant differences were noted for the RHR, SHR, and submaximal RPE. Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusion appears warranted: A small, moderate, or large dose of caffeine exerted no significant effect upon maximal endurance time, RHR, SHR, MHR, or RPE at either submaximal or maximal workloads.