Maximal Endurance Research Articles

Biological analysis of shoulder joint muscle strength during volleyball spike specific physical training

Volleyball spike requires extremely high shoulder joint muscle strength. Traditional research methods are single, with insufficient sample size, lack multidimensional analysis and long-term training effect evaluation, and have not fully combined biomechanical and physiological theories. This article combined biomechanical and physiological theories to collect field data and used a three-dimensional motion capture system and surface electromyography technology to analyze the performance of shoulder joint muscle strength in spiking. The experimental results show that Integrated Biomechanics and Physiology (IBP) is significantly superior to other training methods in improving the maximum strength, endurance, and muscle activation of the shoulder joint. Specific data show that after IBP training, the maximum strength of the shoulder joint increased by 50 N, and the endurance increased by 19.6%, and the muscle activation increased by 13.5%. Studies have shown that the IBP method has great potential for application in optimizing special physical training, providing a scientific basis for athletes’ physical training.

Tongue and Lip Strength and Endurance in Healthy Young Adults With and Without Orofacial MyofunctionalDisorders.

Based on the premise that tongue and lip force is affected in individuals with orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs), orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) programs typically include the strengthening of orofacial muscles through isometric and isotonic exercises. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is indeed a measurable difference in maximum tongue and lip strength and endurance between subjects with and without OMDs, as well as to explore Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in this population. Sixty healthy young adults (mean age 18.9 years, SD 0.69 years, range 18.0-21.4 years) participated in this study. Perceptual evaluation of orofacial functions was conducted using the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES) protocol. Participants were divided into three groups, namely those with physiological orofacial functions (POF; n = 20), those with inconsistent orofacial functions (IOF; n = 11), and those with consistent OMDs (OMD; n = 29). Maximum isometric pressure and endurance of tongue and lips were measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). OHRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). The OMES total scores did not differ significantly between the three groups, though the subscale 'function' showed significant differences (13.637; p = 0.001). No statistically significant differences in maximum isometric pressure or endurance for tongue and lips, nor for OHIP scores, were measured between the three groups. Although orofacial muscle strengthening is commonly part of OMT, current findings suggest the superfluity of these types of exercises in the treatment of OMDs in healthy young adults and may indicate the need to focus on awareness and rehabilitation of pathological functions in these individuals. Re-evaluation of the efficacy of OMT programs in different populations may be an important strategy going forward.

Design and test on high-gap wheeled agricultural chassis for harvesting broccoli

Abstract According to the planting mode of broccoli and the growth characteristics of broccoli, a kind of high-gap agricultural chassis with structural reliability and strong stability was designed for broccoli picking. Firstly, the dynamics and kinematics of the chassis were analyzed, and then we analyzed the stability and completed the finite element analysis of the key components. Finally, the simulation and field test were carried out. Thus, the main performance parameters of the chassis are determined. The overall power, driving power consumption, maximum endurance time, maximum driving distance, maximum power storage, and maximum battery power were 5.959kw, 1.84kw, 3h, 21km, 5.63kwh, and 6.552kw respectively. The results of the slope climbing and ridge driving test were better than those of the simulation test. The actual slope climbing effect of the chassis accords with the calculation of theoretical value, and it can climb the soil slope of 25°. These findings proved the stability of the high-gap agricultural chassis in the field and indicated that the chassis can be applied to small fields in hilly and mountainous regions.

Ultrasound Assessment and Self-Perception of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence in Different Positions

Objectives: This study analyzed the effect of different positions on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function in women with and without stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: This study included women with (n = 17, research group) and without (n = 25, control group) SUI. Using abdominal ultrasound, PFM function (maximum contraction and endurance) was measured in four different positions: lying, sitting, standing and squatting. The level of difficulty perceived by the participants was recorded. Results: In both groups, the best contraction was observed in the standing position and the weakest in the lying position. Women with SUI showed a lower ability to perform PFM contraction. A significant difference was found between the groups in the sitting and standing positions, and it was smaller in the research group. In the research group, the contraction displacement during sitting was 2.68 (1.67) mm versus 4.51 (2.62) mm in the control. The displacement during standing was 6.92 (3.50) mm versus 9.18 (5.05) mm, respectively (p < 0.05). In the research group, 52.9% reported the sitting position as the most difficult compared with only 12% in the control group. Conclusions: Women with SUI have lower PFM function while standing or sitting, but not while lying, than those without SUI. Variations in PFM function across different positions exist. A new protocol for PFM examination should be written with the standing position included.

Relationship between paraspinal muscle morphology and function in different directions in a healthy Chinese population at different ages: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundParaspinal muscle degeneration occurs with age; however, it is unknown whether strength and endurance change with muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and fatty infiltration (FI) parameters in Chinese healthy individuals.MethodsA total of 94 asymptomatic Chinese volunteers were enrolled in this study. The participants were divided into three groups: young (20–39 years old, n = 27), middle-aged (40–59 years old, n = 49), and elderly (≥ 60 years old, n = 18). CSA and FI of the psoas (PS), quadratus lumborum (QL), multifidus (MF), and erector spinae (ES) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The Bionix Sim3 Pro was used to evaluate the maximum isometric torque and the Ito test to evaluate endurance.ResultsThe CSA of the PS and ES in the elderly group was smaller than those in the other groups, while the CSA of QL in the young group was larger than that in the other groups. There were differences in the MF and ES FI among the three groups. The maximum isometric torque and endurance test time decreased with increasing age; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Maximum isometric torque positively correlated with the average paraspinal muscle CSA and negatively correlated with the torque and FI of the MF and ES muscles. The endurance test was found to be positively correlated with the FCSA of the MF and to be negatively correlated with the FI of the MF and ES. PS and QL can predict the maximum isometric torque, and MF and PS can predict the endurance time.ConclusionMF and ES showed earlier degeneration than PS and QL. MF is the first paraspinal muscle to undergo functional area atrophy, and it plays an important role in the endurance test. The maximum moment of equal length in all directions of the lumbar spine is not completely symmetrical, but it is correlated with the imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles. QL and PS were more activated in the lumbar activity.Trial registrationThe study was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and the registration number is ChiCTR2000039073 on 15/10/2020 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=62785). Ethical Approval was obtained from the Peking University Third Hospital Medical Science Research Ethics Committee (IRB00006761-M2020305).

Designing tortuous gas diffusion path for hydrogen oxidation reaction and stability of solid oxide fuel cell: An engineered microstructural aspect in anode functional layer

Commercialization of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is restricted due to long term performance degradation. SOFC is activated by diffusion of gasses through porous electrodes to the electrochemical active sites termed as triple phase boundary (TPB). Among all other parameters, tortuosity influences the functionality of TPB and is responsible for gas transport which relates its bulk diffusion and its migration through the porous electrode. The novelty of present research lies in designing of optimum tortuous gas diffusion path for effective hydrogen oxidation reaction through engineered morphology of anode functional layer. The study involves the fabrication of anode for planar SOFC using four configurations. Configuration A and B involves anode monolith synthesized through conventional route [(40 vol % Ni in dispersed-8 mol % Yttria stabilized zirconia (SZ)] and functional core-shell Ni@SZ. Configuration C (trilayer anode, TLA) is designed to have graded matrix with conventional Ni-SZ (fuel inlet side), 28 vol% Ni@SZ acting as active layer and 32 vol % Ni@SZ sandwiched in between. Configuration D consists of Ni@SZ as the active layer onto conventional Ni-SZ support. TLA is found to have minimum tortuosity (τ = 2) with maximum cell endurance for 2000 h (2.06–8.2 %/1000 h@800 °C under load). Ni@SZ with unimodal pore distribution is capable of reducing the activation barrier for charge migration (14 kJmol-1) compared to Ni-SZ (32 kJmol-1) with multimodal pores. This results in higher redox tolerance for Configuration B-D (4–7 % conductivity degradation/20 cycles) compared to Configuration A (27% conductivity degradation/20 cycles). Post mortem analyses of microstructure support the retention of core-shell morphology of Ni@SZ with lower deterioration.

Circulating miRNA Signaling for Fatty Acid Metabolism in Response to a Maximum Endurance Test in Elite Long-Distance Runners.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a determining indicator for cardiorespiratory capacity in endurance athletes, and epigenetics is crucial in its levels and variability. This initial study examined a broad plasma miRNA profile of twenty-three trained elite endurance athletes with similar training volumes but different VO2max in response to an acute maximal graded endurance test. Six were clustered as higher/lower levels based on their VO2max (75.4 ± 0.9 and 60.1 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1). Plasma was obtained from athletes before and after the test and 15 ng of total RNA was extracted and detected using an SYBR-based 1113 miRNA RT-qPCR panel. A total of 51 miRNAs were differentially expressed among group comparisons. Relative amounts of miRNA showed a clustering behavior among groups regarding distinct performance/time points. Significantly expressed miRNAs were used to perform functional bioinformatic analysis (DIANA tools). Fatty acid metabolism pathways were strongly targeted for the significantly different miRNAs in all performance groups and time points (p < 0.001). Although this pathway does not solely determine endurance performance, their significant contribution is certainly achieved through the involvement of miRNAs. A highly genetically dependent gold standard variable for performance evaluation in a homogeneous group of elite athletes allowed genetic/epigenetic aspects related to fatty acid pathways to emerge.

Modern Power Problems Training of Military Officers of Special Purpose Units

Topicality. The growing requirements for the level of functional capabilities of the body of servicemen of special purpose units require scientists, together with specialists from the Armed Forces of Ukraine, to develop effective mechanisms for improving the system of military training. The Goal of the Work. Studying the problem of the feasibility of implementing the results of modern research on adaptive changes in the body in the conditions of different load regimes into the process of military training of military personnel of special purpose units. Research Methods. The work uses a theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature and a sociological survey method. 25 physical training instructors in the Armed Forces and 84 servicemen of special purpose units (SPUs) took part in the study. The key issues were related to military training in the Armed Forces. A comparative analysis of the answers of instructors and servicemen with the results of research by leading scientists studying modern mechanisms for improving power capabilities was carried out. Research Results. It was established that the results of the survey of physical training instructors in the Armed Forces and military personnel of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in matters related to the use of control methods for adaptive changes in the body and load correction mechanisms do not fully correspond to the data presented by modern, mostly foreign scientists. Thus, in the modern system of force training of foreign armies, physiological, morphofunctional and biochemical methods of controlling adaptive changes in the body are actively used, and in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as the results of our survey showed, only the heart rate indicator. Also, the Armed Forces do not use methods of quantitative assessment of force load parameters, which does not allow for the development of optimal load regimes for each category of servicemen. Conclusions. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be stated that the instructors and servicemen of the PSP who participated in the survey only minimally realize the potential that can be obtained in the process of military training. The absence of a mechanism for developing optimal load modes, their correction, and integral control of adaptive changes in the body will not allow to selectively increase the maximum strength or strength endurance indicators of the relevant muscle groups necessary for the implementation of combat tasks in a short period of time.

Muscle-Tendon Unit Properties in Mice Bred for High Levels of Voluntary Running: Novel Physiologies, Coadaptation, Trade-Offs, and Multiple Solutions in the Evolution of Endurance Running.

AbstractMuscle-tendon unit (MTU) morphology and physiology are likely major determinants of locomotor performance and therefore Darwinian fitness. However, the relationships between underlying traits, performance, and fitness are complicated by phenomena such as coadaptation, multiple solutions, and trade-offs. Here, we leverage a long-running artificial selection experiment in which mice have been bred for high levels of voluntary running to explore MTU adaptation, as well as the role of coadaptation, multiple solutions, and trade-offs, in the evolution of endurance running. We compared the morphological and contractile properties of the triceps surae complex, a major locomotor MTU, in four replicate selected lines to those of the triceps surae complex in four replicate control lines. All selected lines have lighter and shorter muscles, longer tendons, and faster muscle twitch times than all control lines. Absolute and normalized maximum shortening velocities and contractile endurance vary across selected lines. Selected lines have similar or lower absolute velocities and higher endurance than control lines. However, normalized shortening velocities are both higher and lower in selected lines than in control lines. These findings potentially show an interesting coadaptation between muscle and tendon morphology and muscle physiology, highlight multiple solutions for increasing endurance running performance, demonstrate that a trade-off between muscle speed and endurance can arise in response to selection, and suggest that a novel physiology may sometimes allow this trade-off to be circumvented.

The Effect of Balance-Resistance Training on the Immunity Levels and Physical Fitness of Children With Cerebral Palsy

Background and Aims Cerebral palsy is a non-specific and descriptive term referring to motor dysfunction in early childhood. The disease is non-progressive and is caused by permanent damage to the developing brain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of balance-resistance training on the immunity levels and physical fitness of children with cerebral palsy. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental and employed a pret-est-post-test design with a control group. For this study, 30 children (6-10 years) with cerebral palsy were recruited and divided into two groups (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The experimental group took part in resistance and balance exercises (resistance exercises for knee flexor muscles, knee extensor, and ankle extensor and free balance exercises in two levels of stable support and appropriate level of support) for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted for 45 minutes. All dependent variables of the research (immunoglobulin A index, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition) were measured in two rounds of pre-test and post-test. To analyze the data, the independent t test, paired t test, 2-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni test were used at a significance level of 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 24. Results The results showed that combined resistance-balance training has a significant effect on immunity levels (immunoglobulin A), maximum oxygen consumption, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition of children with cerebral palsy (P≤0.001). Conclusion Patients with cerebral palsy are recommended to benefit from these exercises and medical treatments. The advantage of such adjuvant methods over medical therapies is that there are no side effects.

Sustained Grasp Strength Characteristics What Changes with Skeletal Muscle Injuries

Background: Grasping is present in most of the activities of daily living. The estimated total use of the hands in activities of daily living is more than five hours a day, not counting work and sports activities. The hand grasp strength peak is only relevant for short durations of applied forces, in the activities. The sustained strength gives a more realistic assessment of strength capabilities, during daily tasks. Objective: To characterize the sustained grasp strength over 5 seconds, in different grasps configurations, and identify changes in these when a musculoskeletal injury is present. Patients: Thirty right-handed participants, fifteen healthy (Control Group), and fifteen injured (Experimental Group) with musculoskeletal hand conditions, on the right side, 18 men and 12 women, were integrated into this study. In both groups, there were 9 men and 6 women. Methods: The Biometrics E-link® Dynamometer G200, was used, being kilograms as the measurement unit. The test position, to assess the hand grasp sustained strength, was recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists. The strength was collected for 5 seconds, in the right hand, on eight grasp configurations, which can be performed on the dynamometer. Results: Men have more sustained strength than women, in all the grasp configurations assessed. The Experimental Group has inferior results regarding the peak strength, and the behavior of the strength is less stable. The man obtains the maximum endurance, and it is always over zero. The Inferior Pincer and the Parallel Extension are the grasp configurations that require less strength, being both precision grasps. The Medium Wrap is the grasp configuration that requires more strength, and it is also the one that has more differences between groups, regarding the strength and the peak strength. The three strongest grasps have the same configuration being the difference in the diameter of the grabbed object. Conclusion: The strength behavior for 5 seconds is similar between participants, with or without musculoskeletal conditions, being less high, less regular, and decreasing faster when there is an injury.

Cooperative mapping task assignment of heterogeneous multi-UAV using an improved genetic algorithm

A ground station uses heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with varying observation resources (primarily airborne cameras) for oblique photography based on mapping task requirements to obtain access to geographic information. In this paper, a cooperative multi-task allocation model is proposed for heterogeneous UAVs based on area segmentation to approximate real-world mapping applications. Specifically, it considers area mapping task requirements, UAV kinematics constraints, resource constraints (maximum endurance and sensor capabilities), and task number ceiling constraints; and optimises the task sequence based on the objective function that considers UAVs coverage path planning characteristics. However, a general genetic algorithm (GA) could undermine the feasibility of the solution in the population, resulting in an undesirable optimisation effect when performing genetic operations on a large-scale task allocation problem with strong coupling constraints and an obscure encoding relation. An improved double-chromosome encoding GA with a conflict-mediation mechanism is proposed to perform genetic operations on the population while meeting these constraints. The proposed GA ensures the universal excellence of population evolution while significantly improving the population optimisation and convergence performance. The simulation results show that the proposed GA has greater global search ability, stability, and speed compared with existing algorithms.

Kapasitas Aerobik Maksimal Melalui Tes Cooper 12 Menit Pada Siswa Kelas X Mia SMA Negeri 31 Maluku Tengah

The importance of maximal aerobic capacity fitness in daily activities is undoubtedly the higher the level of health, the better aerobic capacity fitness will be. Good aerobic capacity fitness can support activities in daily life. Having good aerobic capacity, people will be able to carry out daily activities for a longer time than people with low aerobic endurance fitness. Maximum aerobic endurance can be interpreted as a person's ability to carry out daily life without causing excessive fatigue and still have the ability to fill other light jobs. Especially for class X mia students, the use of aerobic endurance is very important, because maximum aerobic endurance is the main capital for a class X Mia student at SMA Negeri 31 Central Maluku to help achieve achievements and make endurance movements that are in accordance with their abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum aerobic endurance level of students and students of class X Mia SMA Negeri 31 Central Maluku. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative method through test instruments. The population in this study amounted to 28 students and students aged 13-15 years. The sample used was the entire population, namely 28 female students and students aged 13-15 years according to the 12-minute Cooper test norm for maximum aerobic endurance Rizal, 2019. Based on the results data processing of the 12-minute Cooper test results for aerobic endurance and the overall sample was in the very poor or very poor category, the 12-minute running test became a weakness for students of Class X Mia SMA Negeri 31 Central Maluku with a very poor or very poor percentage due to lack of Aerobic endurance exercise and body mass index and muscle mass of class X Mia students are different from muscle mass and body mass of students who are dominant with the hormone testosterone. This also makes the body mass of students and students better than students who do not do sports activities well, because of the lack of aerobic endurance in students and many students who do not do sports activities well

The oral contraceptive cycle and its influences on maximal and submaximal endurance parameters in elite handball players.

The usage of the oral contraceptive pill is widespread among athletes of various levels. However, there is limited knowledge on how the intake of the pill alters the submaximal and maximal endurance parameters between the oral contraceptive phases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine potential differences between the pill intake and withdrawal phase on endurance-related parameters in first-division handball players. In total, 15 female team handball players performed two graded exercise tests until volitional exhaustion on a motorized treadmill. Tests were performed during the pill intake (days 16-17) and withdrawal phase (day 2-3). Throughout the test, respiratory gases were measured breath-by-breath, and the heart rate was measured continuously. Before and after the graded exercise test, blood samples were obtained in order to assess the blood lactate concentration. Before each test, venous blood samples were taken to determine endogenous sex hormone levels. Ventilatory parameters (O2, CO2, and E, and respiratory equivalents for O2 and CO2) were measured, and the oxidation of fat and carbohydrates was calculated. A paired-sample t-test was used to assess differences between the two time points, and the significance was accepted as p < 0.050. Significant differences with lower values during the consumption phase were found for absolute (mean difference ± SD: 88 ± 131mL∙min-1; p = 0.021) and relative O2peak (mean difference ± SD: 1 ± 2mL∙min-1∙kg-1; p = 0.012). Higher values during the consumption phase were found for submaximal respiratory equivalents for O2 (mean difference ± SD: -1.1 ± 1.7; p = 0.028) and CO2 (mean difference ± SD: -0.9 ± 1.5; p = 0.032). No differences were found for all other parameters, including differences for endogenous sex hormones (p > 0.050). The results of the current study suggest only marginal and physiologically insignificant differences in endurance-related parameters between oral contraceptive phases.

The Significance of Chronic Fatigue in the Post-Covid Consultation and its Consequences for Outpatient Rehabilitation in the Context of Statutory Accident Insurance

The post-COVID consultation (PCC) is offered as part of a comprehensive range of treatment services provided by the statutory accident insurance for post-COVID patients to determine individual recommendations for further care. The aim of the study was to record the main symptoms and the associated restrictions on social and occupational participation in order to derive consequences for outpatient rehabilitation. In addition to a medical examination and a psychological consil, numerous assessments were carried out to evaluate the biopsychosocial state of health. 373 female (82.2%) and 81 male patients aged between 40 and 60 years from the professions of health and care services, education and pedagogy participated in the PCC since April 2021. Nearly all patients (98.2%) reported fatigue as a cardinal symptom of their post-COVID complaints, in combination with subjectively experienced limitations in brain functioning in over 73% of cases. The duration of the symptomatology persisted for an average of 14-15 months in both female and male insured persons. Thus, over 85% of the total sample can be classified as cases of chronic fatigue (Fatigue Scale). The severity of fatigue also proportionally affects quality of life (SF-36), feelings of anxiety and depression (HADS), psychological resilience (RS-13), and motor parameters such as maximum grip strength and endurance capacity. 54.3% of the patients also received a suspected mental diagnosis and 38.1% a recommendation for further neuropsychological diagnostics. For further treatment of the leading symptom of chronic fatigue, a multimodal and interdisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation is recommended, which should be oriented towards the treatment of the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and thus in particular towards a psychoeducational and rather than a curative therapeutic approach, and should consider aftercare strategies. Confirmed mental disorders and neuropsychological deficits are to be treated in addition.

Performance-Determining Variables of a Simulated Skimo Sprint Competition in Elite Junior Skimo Athletes

This study aimed to investigate the variables determining performance in a simulated on-snow Skimo sprint competition, and how their relationship with performance evolves from the individual time trial to the final. Fifteen national-level junior Skimo athletes (mean ± SD: age, 17.8 ± 2.5 years; maximal oxygen uptake, 66.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) underwent a comprehensive assessment, involving submaximal and maximal endurance tests, maximal strength assessments, and a maximal sprint to determine maximal glycolytic capacity. Subsequently, a simulated sprint competition, comprising an individual time-trial and three heats (quarterfinal, semifinal, final), was conducted. Whole-body and upper body aerobic power (r = 0.69–0.93), maximal speed and power (r = 0.82–0.85) during the maximal performance test, as well as fat-free mass (r = 0.62–0.77) and body fat (r = −0.67–−0.77), exhibited significant correlations with performance in the time-trial, quarterfinal and semifinal. Moreover, maximal strength (r = 0.39–0.95) and transition duration (r = 0.52–0.85) showed moderate to large correlations with sprint performance. Overall, aerobic power, maximal speed and power, as well as fat-free mass, and body fat emerged as crucial determinants of Skimo sprint performance, while dynamic strength and the ability to transition quickly between sections also proved to be relevant factors.

Athletes' performance increasing techniques through application of aesthetics procedures

Sport performance is the way in which sport participation is measured. It has different aspects, each of which has a number of subcategories. Apart from these, there are some additional elements that are important in the training process, such as nutrition, meal time and supplements, maintaining a healthy weight, hydration, rest and recovery, satisfying body image and well-being. Aesthetician/Cosmetologist can be among the professionals who can be important for the positive outcome of the training process. Massage, sauna, and cryotherapy are some methods which can be used by athletes for recovering as quickly as possible and to be able for best performance for long periods of time. Electrotherapy can be used for the improvement of strength, speed, physical condition and maximum endurance and can increase the ability of red blood cells to deform and absorb more oxygen improving strength in high performance exercise. Electrotherapy and microcurrent have positive effects on body composition by burning fat. Additionally, depilation in sports, is recommended for a variety of reasons including body appearance, improving hydrodynamics and aerodynamics by decrease resistance, the easier putting on sports clothes, cleaning of wounds, easier massage to relax and regenerate muscles and better heat dissipation through the skin.

Effect of a Ventilatory Assist Device in Addition to Supplemental Oxygen on Exercise Endurance in Subjects With COPD.

This study assessed the clinical effects of a ventilatory assist (VA) device in addition to supplemental O2 (VA+O2) on exercise endurance in subjects with severe to very severe COPD managed with long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). This was a crossover clinical feasibility study of the effects of VA+O2 in subjects with severe to very severe COPD managed with LTOT (N = 15). At visit 1, physiologic measures were obtained, and subjects were tested on the cycle ergometer with VA. Peak work rate and flow for continuous supplemental O2/VA+O2 were established. At visit 2, subjects exercised at a constant work rate of 80% peak work rate to maximum endurance after allocation to VA+O2 or O2. Cardiorespiratory variables, work rate, and dyspnea were included to define potential clinical benefits of VA+O2. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Fifteen subjects with COPD (mean ± SD, age 67.9 ± 9.0 y, FEV1 0.89 ± 0.35 observed) completed the study. Exercise duration in minutes was significantly longer with VA+O2 versus O2 (least squares mean [standard error], 12.0 [2.0] vs 6.2 [2.0], P = .01). VA+O2 versus O2 was also associated with significantly greater isotime improvements in Borg dyspnea scores (3.6 [0.5] vs 5.7 [0.5], P < .001), SpO2 (96.9 [0.9] vs 91.4 [0.9], P < .001), leg fatigue scores (3.8 [0.6] vs 5.2 [0.6], P = .008), and breathing frequency (22.8 [0.9] vs 25.8 [0.9] breaths/min, P = .01). There were no differences in heart rate. In symptomatic subjects with severe to very severe COPD, VA+O2 significantly increased exercise time and improved dyspnea, SpO2 , breathing frequency, and leg fatigue versus O2 alone.

Статическая работоспособность и особенности функционального реагирования на мышечную нагрузку юношей разных соматотипов

The aim of the research is to study the strength characteristics and type of functional response to muscle load of young men of different somatotypes, depending on physical fitness. The study involved 128 practically healthy young men aged 18 to 23 years. The group of subjects included qualified athletes, swimmers, as well as healthy young men engaged in physical culture within the framework of the university program. Somatotype was assessed in all subjects using Hit-Carter method, arm strength and static endurance – according to Rosenblat method, and the type of functional response with Kaznacheev method. It was found that young men of the endomorphic somatotype were characterized by a strong physique, a larger amount of skin-fat folds, low values of the muscle index, less endurance of the hands and did not demonstrate a distinct preference for the type of functional response. The young men of the ectomorphic somatotype had a less robust physique, a smaller thickness of the skin-fat folds, greater endurance of the hands and gravitated to the stayer type of functional response of the neuromuscular apparatus. The young men of the mesomorphic type significantly differed from representatives of other somatotypes by greater arm strength, sprinting type of functional response and, according to other morphofunctional indicators, occupied an intermediate position between endo- and ectomorphs. The analysis revealed functional connections between the components of meso- and ectomorphy, maximum static muscular endurance and types of functional response. The revealed significant differences and interrelations between the morphofunctional parameters under consideration and the types of functional response indicated the phenotypic features of individual development characteristic for each somatotype group. The obtained data should be taken into account when choosing the specifics of physical culture and sports activities.

Статическая работоспособность и особенности функционального реагирования на мышечную нагрузку юношей разных соматотипов

The aim of the research is to study the strength characteristics and type of functional response to muscle load of young men of different somatotypes, depending on physical fitness. The study involved 128 practically healthy young men aged 18 to 23 years. The group of subjects included qualified athletes, swimmers, as well as healthy young men engaged in physical culture within the framework of the university program. Somatotype was assessed in all subjects using Hit-Carter method, arm strength and static endurance – according to Rosenblat method, and the type of functional response with Kaznacheev method. It was found that young men of the endomorphic somatotype were characterized by a strong physique, a larger amount of skin-fat folds, low values of the muscle index, less endurance of the hands and did not demonstrate a distinct preference for the type of functional response. The young men of the ectomorphic somatotype had a less robust physique, a smaller thickness of the skin-fat folds, greater endurance of the hands and gravitated to the stayer type of functional response of the neuromuscular apparatus. The young men of the mesomorphic type significantly differed from representatives of other somatotypes by greater arm strength, sprinting type of functional response and, according to other morphofunctional indicators, occupied an intermediate position between endo- and ectomorphs. The analysis revealed functional connections between the components of meso- and ectomorphy, maximum static muscular endurance and types of functional response. The revealed significant differences and interrelations between the morphofunctional parameters under consideration and the types of functional response indicated the phenotypic features of individual development characteristic for each somatotype group. The obtained data should be taken into account when choosing the specifics of physical culture and sports activities.