Maximal Asymmetry Research Articles

Generated genuine tripartite steering and its monogamy in the background of a Kerr-Newman black hole* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12205133, LJKQZ20222315, JYTMS20231051), and the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Provincial Universities in Liaoning (LS2024Q002)

We study the redistribution of quantum steering and its monogamy in the presence of a four-dimensional Kerr-Newman black hole. The gravitational effect of the Kerr-Newman black hole is shown to generate genuine tripartite steering between causally disconnected regions, depending on the polar angle, angular momentum, electric charge, and magnetic charge of the black hole. We obtain strong evidence of steering monogamy, that is, the "sudden death" of the A → B steering results in the "sudden birth" of B → B steering. We also obtain the condition of maximal steering asymmetry, that is, , revealing the transition between two-way and one-way steering in Kerr-Newman spacetime.

Exact upper bound for copulas with a given diagonal section

We answer a 15-year-old open question about the exact upper bound for bivariate copulas with a given diagonal section by giving an explicit formula for this bound. As an application, we determine the maximal asymmetry of bivariate copulas with a given diagonal section and construct a copula that attains it. We derive a formula for the maximal asymmetry that is simple enough to be used by practitioners.

Interlimb Asymmetry of Maximal Handgrip Strength and Wrist Circumference in Elite International Male Boxers

The purpose of the study was to examine interlimb maximal handgrip strength asymmetry and wrist circumference asymmetry in amateur boxing across three weight classes and two different stances. Materials and methods. The study sample comprised 12 (flyweight:4; bantamweight:4; featherweight:4) amateur elite international boxers of India. Both limbs were tested for maximal handgrip strength and wrist circumference. For both tests, interlimb asymmetry was calculated using the interlimb asymmetry equation validated by Bishop et al. (2018). One-way ANOVA was used to compare asymmetries in three different weight classes, and an independent samples t-test was used to compare asymmetries in two different boxing stances. Results. The average wrist circumference asymmetry in different weight classes was 2.85±1.97 for flyweight, 1.29±0.75 for bantamweight, and 2.44±1.23 for featherweight, whereas the average maximal handgrip strength asymmetry was 4.91±3.75 for flyweight, 7.69±1.89 for bantamweight, and 5.80±2.89 for featherweight. Non-significant differences in interlimb asymmetry for wrist circumference and maximal handgrip strength in three different weight classes and two different stances were obtained (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The maximal handgrip strength asymmetry and wrist circumference asymmetry in elite international boxers were found to be less than 10 percent and observed non-significant differences in weight classes as well as stances indicate elite amateur international boxers to be less prone to interlimb asymmetry-related injuries and have favourable conditions for high performance.

Analysis of Hand Joint Space Morphology in Women and Men with Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) causes unbalanced iron deposition in many organs including the joints leading to severe cartilage loss and bone damage in the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJ). High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and its joint space width (JSW) quantification algorithm quantifies in vivo 3D joint morphology. We therefore aimed to (i) determine feasibility and performance of the JSW algorithm in HH, (ii) quantify joint space morphology, and (iii) investigate the relationship between morphological and clinical parameters in HH. Here, we performed an exploratory study on 24 HH patients and sex- and age-matched controls using HR-pQCT imaging of MCPJ. Mineralized bone structure was automatically segmented from the grayscale image data and periosteal surface bone masks and joint space masks were generated. Mean, minimal, and maximal joint space width (JSW; JSW.MIN; JSW.MAX), JSW heterogeneity (JSW.SD), JSW asymmetry (JSW.AS), and joint space volume (JSV) were computed. Demographics and, for HH patients, disease-specific parameters were recorded. Segmentation of JS was very good with 79.7% of MCPJs successfully segmented at first attempt and 20.3% requiring semi-manual correction. HH men showed larger JSV at all MCPs (+ 25.4% < JSV < + 41.8%, p < 0.05), larger JSW.MAX at MCP 3-4 (+ 14%, 0.006 < p < 0.062), and wider JSW (+ 13%, p = 0.043) at MCP 4 relative to HH women. Compared to controls, both HH men and HH women showed larger JSW.AS and smaller JSW.MIN at all MCP levels, reaching significance for HH men at MCP 2 and 3 (JSW.AS: + 323% < JSW.AS < + 359%, 0.020 < p < 0.043; JSW.MIN: − 216% < JSW.MIN < − 225%, p < 0.043), and for women at MCP 3 (JSW.AS: + 180%, p = 0.025; JSW.MIN: − 41.8%, p = 0.022). Time since HH diagnosis was correlated positively with MCP 4 JSW.AS and JSW.SD (0.463 < ρ < 0.499, p < 0.040), and the number of phlebotomies since diagnosis was correlated with JSW.SD at all MCPs (0.432 < ρ < 0.535, p < 0.050). HR-pQCT-based JSW quantification in MCPJ of HH patients is feasible, performs well even in narrow JS, and allows to define the microstructural joint burden of HH.

Roles of the transition amplitude phases in photoelectron asymmetry of single strong attosecond pulse

The angular distributions of the photoelectrons in ionization of hydrogen atom by both circularly and linearly polarized intense extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse are investigated by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We clearly identify nonperturbative features in studying the asymmetrical photoelectron angular distributions in the polarization plane for the XUV photon energy (16.3 eV) close to the ionization threshold, while such nonperturbative features are absent for higher photon energy (36 eV) in the same pulse intensity region. In addition to the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) dependence, the ejection asymmetry of the photoelectron is also sensitive to the relative phases of transition amplitudes in absorbing one photon and two photons. As a consequence, the CEPs corresponding to the maximal (or zero) asymmetry obviously vary as the pulse intensity increases in a moderately large region from 1 × 1015 W cm−2 to 30 × 1015 W cm−2. We attribute the intensity dependence of the transition amplitude phases to a consequence of the depletion of population as well as the Stark energy shift of the initial state. We show that the relative phases of transition amplitudes can be precisely decoded from the pulse intensity dependence of the ejection asymmetry and those phases are insensitive to the ellipticity of the laser pulse.

Maximal asymmetry of bivariate copulas and consequences to measures of dependence

Abstract In this article, we focus on copulas underlying maximal non-exchangeable pairs ( X , Y ) \left(X,Y) of continuous random variables X , Y X,Y either in the sense of the uniform metric d ∞ {d}_{\infty } or the conditioning-based metrics D p {D}_{p} , and analyze their possible extent of dependence quantified by the recently introduced dependence measures ζ 1 {\zeta }_{1} and ξ \xi . Considering maximal d ∞ {d}_{\infty } -asymmetry we obtain ζ 1 ∈ 5 6 , 1 {\zeta }_{1}\in \left[\frac{5}{6},1\right] and ξ ∈ 2 3 , 1 \xi \in \left[\frac{2}{3},1\right] , and in the case of maximal D 1 {D}_{1} -asymmetry we obtain ζ 1 ∈ 3 4 , 1 {\zeta }_{1}\in \left[\frac{3}{4},1\right] and ξ ∈ 1 2 , 1 \xi \in \left(\frac{1}{2},1\right] , implying that maximal asymmetry implies a very high degree of dependence in both cases. Furthermore, we study various topological properties of the family of copulas with maximal D 1 {D}_{1} -asymmetry and derive some surprising properties for maximal D p {D}_{p} -asymmetric copulas.

Explosive hamstrings strength asymmetry persists despite maximal hamstring strength recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts

PurposeTo investigate the differences in maximal (isometric and concentric peak torque) and explosive (rate of torque development (RTD)) hamstring and quadriceps strength symmetry between males and females during early- and late-phase rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using hamstring tendon (HT) autografts and to determine the interaction of time and sex on maximal and explosive strength symmetry.MethodsA total of 38 female and 51 male participants were assessed during early (3–6 months post-operative) and late (7–12 months post-operative) phases of rehabilitation following ACLR. Maximal (concentric and isometric peak torque) and explosive (isometric RTD) hamstring and quadriceps strength were assessed and presented as limb symmetry index (LSI).ResultsMaximal concentric hamstrings asymmetry (Early: 86 ± 14; Late 92 ± 13; p = 0.005) as well as maximal concentric (Early, 73 ± 15; Late 91 ± 12; p < 0.001) and explosive (Early: 82 ± 30; Late: 92 ± 25; p = 0.03) quadriceps asymmetry decreased from early to late rehabilitation. However, there were no significant changes in maximal isometric quadriceps strength and explosive isometric hamstring strength in the same time period. Females had a larger asymmetry in maximal concentric (Females: 75 ± 17; Males: 81 ± 15; p = 0.001) and explosive (Females: 81 ± 32; Males: 89 ± 25; p = 0.01) quadriceps strength than males throughout rehabilitation. There were no sex differences in maximal and explosive hamstring strength. There were no sex by time interactions for any variables.ConclusionExplosive hamstring strength asymmetry did not improve despite recovery of maximal hamstring strength during rehabilitation following ACLR with HT autografts. While sex did not influence strength recovery, females had larger maximal and explosive quadriceps strength asymmetry compared to males throughout rehabilitation following ACLR.Level of evidenceLevel III

Coulomb effects in low- and medium-energy heavy-ion collisions

We systematically explore the relative impact of the Coulomb interaction and the nuclear symmetry energy on the proton and neutron density distributions in the 212Pb + 208Pb, 132Sn + 124Sn and 54Ca + 48Ca central collisions at beam energies below 800 MeV/A. The Boltzmann-Uhlenbeck-Uehling (pBUU) transport and the Time-Dependent-Hartree-Fock (TDHF) frameworks with SV-bas and SV-sym34 Skyrme parametrizations are employed. Maximum total particle number density and the proton-neutron (isospin) asymmetry have been calculated as a function of beam energy, system size and the Skyrme model, with and without the Coulomb force for all systems. The maximum total density, overall not exceeding 2.5-3.0ρ0 (ρ0=0.16fm−3), is observed to be lowered by the Coulomb interaction by less than 10%. The maximal asymmetries are not enhanced but decreased in the reaction as compared to the initial state in the majority of cases, and lowered by up to 45% due to the Coulomb effects. Furthermore, the proton and neutron density distributions in the plane transverse to the beam direction have been modelled. The distributions are found to vary throughout the reaction space, with the Coulomb force increasing the isospin differences closer to the center of the collision. The general conclusion of this work is that the Coulomb interaction plays a significant role in the collision dynamics, and enhances the rather weak response of the colliding systems to the nuclear symmetry energy and its density dependence. Thus, inferring symmetry energy from comparing theory and data requires careful modelling of Coulomb effects, in addition to nuclear, in any reaction simulation.

Ratchet effect in frequency-modulated waveguide-coupled emitter arrays

We study theoretically the spatial distribution of the polarizations in the array of resonant electromagnetic dipole emitters coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide. The ratchet effect manifests itself in the spatial asymmetry of the distribution of the emitter occupations along the array under symmetrical pumping from both sides. The occupation asymmetry is driven by the periodic modulation in time of the emitter resonance frequencies. We find numerically and analytically the optimal conditions for maximal asymmetry. We also demonstrate that the ratchet effect can be enhanced due to the formation of topological electromagnetic edge states, enabled by the frequency modulation. Our results apply to the classical structures with coupled resonators or arrays of semiconductor quantum wells as well as the quantum setups with waveguide-coupled natural or artificial atoms.

Gaussian quantum steering under the influence of a dilaton black hole

We study the dynamics of Gaussian quantum steering in the background of a Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger dilaton black hole. It is found that the gravity induced by dilaton field will destroy the quantum steerability between the inertial observer Alice and the observer Bob who hovers outside the event horizon, while it generates steering-type quantum correlations between the causally disconnected regions. Therefore, the observers can steer each other’s state by local measurements even though they are separated by the event horizon. Unlike quantum entanglement in the dilaton spacetime, the quantum steering experiences catastrophic behaviors such as “sudden death” and “sudden birth” with increasing dilaton charge. In addition, the dilaton gravity destroys the symmetry of Gaussian steering and the latter is always asymmetric in the dilation spacetime. Interestingly, the attainment of maximal steering asymmetry indicates the critical point between one-way and two-way steering for the two-mode Gaussian state in the dilaton spacetime.

Dependence of the velocity changes of secular variations on the position of observatory and time

According to the data of world observatories net secular variations of geomagnetic fields from internal and outer sources have been studied. Averaged 3-year data have been used for this purpose. Procedure of calculations of secular variations from internal and outer sources according to observatories data has been submitted. 1979 has been chosen as a zero level for accounting secular variations from outer sources because the sign of the large-scale magnetic field has changed this year. It has been shown that the value of secular variations from outer sources is different for different regions and increases with the growth of the latitude of magnetic observatory. Maximal values of secular variations are observed in the northern polar cap as well as at the longitudes of the eastern focus of secular variation. It has been shown that at the DIK, CSS, TIK observatories secular variations have maximal values.&#x0D; Groups of observatories have been segregated with symmetric and asymmetric changes of secular variation comparing to 1979. Symmetric changes of secular variation during two Hail’s cycles are observed at the observatories in circumpolar area (ALE, NAL, BJN), in auroral and middle latitudes. Maximal asymmetry of secular variation is observed at the observatories GDH, BLC, FCC, as well as at certain subauroral observatories and the regions with raised seismic activity.&#x0D; Secular variation from outer sources depends on the value of the large scale magnetic field of the Sun. The value of secular variation from the inner sources has been modulated by the outer sources and depends on special features of underlying surfaces of the observatories, induction currents in particular.

Effect of Λv coupling on liquid gas phase transition in warm asymmetric nuclear matter

We present a comprehensive analysis on several features of liquid gas (LG) phase transition in warm asymmetric nuclear matter using relativistic mean field model with isoscalar-isovector Λv coupling. At subsaturation as well as supranormal densities, the Λv coupling systematically controls the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy in the relativistic mean field model. We found that the boundary of LG phase-coexistence region increases with the higher values of Λv coupling. Similarly the maximal isospin asymmetry, critical pressure and critical temperature increases with the increasing values of Λv, which shows that the liquid gas phase transition is quite sensitive to the density dependence of symmetry energy in hot asymmetric nuclear matter.

Determining the strong phase of the a1 meson decay amplitude using the W→ντ(→νa1(→π∓π∓π±)) process

To measure the helicity of a spin-1 meson from the triple vector product of the three-momenta of its decay products, one needs information about the strong phase of the decay amplitude. In this paper, taking $a_1(1260)$ meson as an example, we present a method to extract information about the strong phase from the triple vector product of the pion momenta in $W \to \nu \tau(\to \nu a_1(\to\pi^\mp \pi^\mp \pi^\pm))$ process, where the $a_1$ helicity is known a priori from electroweak theory. This process is advantageous in that highly-boosted $a_1^-$ mesons from $\tau_L^-$ decays have nearly maximal helicity asymmetry and thus most reflect the strong phase. We revisit the theoretical calculation of the $a_1$ meson helicity in $W \to \nu \tau(\to \nu a_1)$ process. We formulate the differential decay rate of polarized $a_1$ mesons in a manner convenient for the study of the $a_1$ meson helicity asymmetry. Finally, we present the method for extracting information about the strong phase, and assess its feasibility at the LHC.

Quantum steering between two accelerated parties

We study the Gaussian steering between Unruh modes in the two-mode squeezed states shared by two accelerated observers. We find that the steerability degrades with the increasing of the accelerations of the two observers. An interesting discovery is that the observer who has larger acceleration has stronger steerability than the other one. The condition for the occurrence of maximal steering asymmetry and the parameter regions for two-way, one-way and no-way steering are presented.

Quantum steering for continuous variable in de Sitter space

We study the distribution of quantum steerability for continuous variables between two causally disconnected open charts in de Sitter space. It is shown that quantum steerability suffers from “sudden death” in de Sitter space, which is quite different from the behaviors of entanglement and discord because the latter always survives and the former vanishes only in the limit of infinite curvature. It is found that the attainment of maximal steerability asymmetry indicates a transition between unidirectional steerable and bidirectional steerable. Unlike in the flat space, the asymmetry of quantum steerability can be completely destroyed in the limit of infinite curvature for the conformal and massless scalar fields in de Sitter space.

Sterile neutrino dark matter via GeV-scale leptogenesis?

It has been proposed that in a part of the parameter space of the Standard Model completed by three generations of keV…GeV right-handed neutrinos, neutrino masses, dark matter, and baryon asymmetry can be accounted for simultaneously. Here we numerically solve the evolution equations describing the cosmology of this scenario in a 1+2 flavour situation at temperatures T ≤ 5 GeV, taking as initial conditions maximal lepton asymmetries produced dynamically at higher temperatures, and accounting for late entropy and lepton asymmetry production as the heavy flavours fall out of equilibrium and decay. For 7 keV dark matter mass and other parameters tuned favourably, ∼ 10% of the observed abundance can be generated. Possibilities for increasing the abundance are enumerated.

Simple Formulas for Pricing and Hedging European Options in the Finite Moment Log-Stable Model

We provide ready-to-use formulas for European options prices, risk sensitivities, and P&amp;L calculations under Lévy-stable models with maximal negative asymmetry. Particular cases, efficiency testing, and some qualitative features of the model are also discussed.

Non-exchangeability of copulas arising from shock models

When choosing the right copula for our data a key point is to distinguish the family that describes it at the best. In this respect, a better choice of the copulas could be obtained through the information about the (non)symmetry of the data. Exchangeability as a probability concept (first next to independence) has been studied since 1930's, copulas have been studied since 1950's, and even the most important class of copulas from the point of view of applications, i.e. the ones arising from shock models s.a. Marshall's copulas, have been studied since 1960's. However, the point of non-exchangeability of copulas was brought up only in 2006 and has been intensively studied ever since. One of the main contributions of this paper is the maximal asymmetry function for a family of copulas. We compute this function for the major families of shock-based copulas, i.e. Marshall, maxmin and reflected maxmin (RMM for short) copulas and also for some other important families. We compute the sharp bound of asymmetry measure $\mu_\infty$, the most important of the asymmetry measures, for the family of Marshall copulas and the family of maxmin copulas, which both equal to $\frac{4}{27}\ (\approx 0.148)$. One should compare this bound to the one for the class of PQD copulas to which they belong, which is $3-2\sqrt{2}\ \approx 0.172)$, and to the general bound for all copulas that is $\frac13$. Furthermore, we give the sharp bound of the same asymmetry measure for RMM copulas which is $3-2\sqrt{2}$, compared to the same bound for NQD copulas, where they belong, which is $\sqrt{5}-2\ (\approx 0.236)$. One of our main results is also the statistical interpretation of shocks in a given model at which the maximal asymmetry measure bound is attained. These interpretations for the three families studied are illustrated by examples that should be helpful to practitioners when choosing the model for their data.

Analytically Solvable Renormalization Group for the Many-Body Localization Transition.

We introduce a simple, exactly solvable strong-randomness renormalization group (RG) model for the many-body localization (MBL) transition in one dimension. Our approach relies on a family of RG flows parametrized by the asymmetry between thermal and localized phases. We identify the physical MBL transition in the limit of maximal asymmetry, reflecting the instability of MBL against rare thermal inclusions. We find a critical point that is localized with power-law distributed thermal inclusions. The typical size of critical inclusions remains finite at the transition, while the average size is logarithmically diverging. We propose a two-parameter scaling theory for the many-body localization transition that falls into the Kosterlitz-Thouless universality class, with the MBL phase corresponding to a stable line of fixed points with multifractal behavior.

Disentangling Genuine from Matter-Induced CP Violation in Neutrino Oscillations.

We prove that, in any flavor transition, neutrino oscillation CP-violating asymmetries in matter have two disentangled components: (i)a CPT-odd T-invariant term, non-vanishing iff there are interactions with matter, and (ii)a T-odd CPT-invariant term, non-vanishing iff there is genuine CP violation. As function of the baseline, these two terms are distinct L-even and L-odd observables to separately test (i)matter effects sensitive to the neutrino hierarchy and (ii)genuine CP violation in the neutrino sector. For the golden ν_{μ}→ν_{e} channel, the different energy distributions of the two components provide a signature of their separation. At long baselines, they show oscillations in the low and medium energy regions, with zeros at different positions and peculiar behavior around the zeros. We discover a magic energy E=(0.91±0.01) GeV at L=1300 km with vanishing CPT-odd component and maximal genuine CP asymmetry proportional to sinδ, with δ the weak CP phase. For energies above 1.5GeV, the sign of the CP asymmetry discriminates the neutrino hierarchy.