Permanent Maxillary Canines Research Articles

Non-surgical Endodontic Management of a Permanent Maxillary Canine With Vertucci Type 3 Canal Configuration: A Case Report

Non-surgical Endodontic Management of a Permanent Maxillary Canine With Vertucci Type 3 Canal Configuration: A Case Report

Comparing Three-dimensional Radiologic Outcomes Between Early Versus Late Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting.

Secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) during mixed dentition is the standard of care for patients with complete cleft of lip and palate. Early SABG (E-SABG; 4 to 7y) occurs before the eruption of lateral incisors, whereas late SABG (L-SABG; 8 to 12y) occurs before the eruption of maxillary permanent canines. This study compares outcomes of E-SABG versus L-SABG among patients with unilateral cleft of lip and palate (UCLP). A prospective cohort study was conducted evaluating nonsyndromic patients with UCLP who underwent SABG from April 2018 to January 2020, 48 consecutive patients with UCLP were included. Preoperative and 6 to 10-month postoperative cone beam computed tomography imaging were obtained to assess graft and periodontal outcomes. Among 48 patients with UCLP, of which 21 were in the E-SABG group (6.9 ± 1.1y), and 28 were in the L-SABG cohort (10.4 ± 1.6y). The initial alveolar cleft width is significantly smaller in the E-SABG cohort compared with the L-SABG cohort (5.1 ± 1.5 versus 6.5 ± 2.0mm, P = 0.008). Compared with the L-SABG cohort, the E-SABG cohort had higher rates of bony bridge formation (77.3% versus 65.4%, P= 0.367), thicker bony bridges (5.7 ± 2.1 versus 3.9 ± 1.5mm, P= 0.004), lower Bergland scores [1.5 (interquartile range: 1 to 2) versus 2.25 (interquartile range: 1.5 to 3.5), P= 0.026], and greater alveolar bone coverage (79.8 ± 16.7% versus 67.9 ± 18.1%, 0.024). The authors' findings suggest that patients who undergo E-SABG at ∼7 years may have better graft outcomes and benefits to the periodontal bone support on cleft-adjacent incisor compared with L-SABG at 11 years.

Management of white spot enamel lesions with resin infiltration: potentials and future research directions.

The current study1 is a randomized controlled trial with two arm, multicenter and parallel group design. Study subjects were 38 orthodontic patients younger than 17 years who were being treated with metal braces. Patients with at least one white spot lesion (WSL) graded 1 to 2 according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) on the labial surface of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines and incisors were included for the trial. Teeth with carious lesions and restorations, anomalies of the enamel, and primary teeth were excluded. Patients were allocated by computer generated random sequence into resin infiltration and fluoride varnish intervention groups. Study subjects were blinded until the allocation, outcome assessors and statisticians remained blinded through the study, however the operators could not be blinded. Resin infiltration treatment involved removal of orthodontic wires and auxiliaries followed by cleaning the teeth with fluoride free prophylactic paste and completing the resin infiltration according to manufacturer's instructions. In the fluoride varnish group, a thin layer of the material was applied after isolating the teeth, and patients were asked not to eat or drink for 1 hour. This was continued twice a month for 6 months. Digital images of the teeth were obtained before, and 1 day (T1), 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), 3 months (T4) and 6 months (T5) after treatment, using a DSLR camera and a matching polarization filter. The images were processed for calibration and color stability. Regions of interest representing WSL (white spot lesion) and SAE (sound adjacent enamel) were isolated in the images for comparison at different stages the images were captured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28. Independent-samples t-test was utilized for comparison between the two groups, and paired-samples t-test for comparison within the groups. A statistical significance level of α = 0.05 was set. At T1, significant color difference was observed between white spot lesion and adjacent sound enamel in the resin infiltration group and it remained stable after 6 months. Whereas in the fluoride varnish group, there were no statistical differences from baseline to 6 months. A statistical difference of 3.27 CIELAB units (p < 0.001) was reported between the infiltration group and the fluoride group at T5. No significant changes were noted in SAE with respect to changes in lightness. Resin infiltration was found to be better at masking the demineralization produced by WSL and also enhanced the esthetic appearance of demineralized areas around the brackets. Resin infiltration did not produce any clinically visible effects in non-affected enamel. These changes remained stable for a period of 6 months.

Clinical pearls for the management of maxillary impacted canines: Lessons learned from 14 patients

Clinical pearls for the management of maxillary impacted canines: Lessons learned from 14 patients

Treatment options for impacted maxillary canines and occurrence of ankylotic and resorptive processes: a 20-year retrospective study

BackgroundThis 20-year retrospective study aimed to evaluate the treatment methods used in patients with impacted maxillary permanent canines and to determine the occurrence of ankylotic and resorptive processes and their association with potential risk factors.MethodsThe cohort consisted of 351 consecutive Caucasian patients (120 males and 231 females, mean age 18.4 and 19.9 years, respectively) with 420 impacted maxillary permanent canines. CT and CBCT findings were subsequently confirmed during surgery. Statistical analyses were performed by the generalized linear models, Pearson x2 and Fisher exact tests using the statistical programs R and Statistica v. 14.ResultsA total of 273 (65.0%) impacted canines were aligned in the dental arch by orthodontic traction after surgical exposure, this treatment was predominant in patients under 20 years of age. Surgical extraction was performed in 115 (27.2%) impacted canines and was more common in older patients. Ankylotic changes were recorded in 61 (14.5%) impacted canines. The probability of ankylosis increased with age, particularly after the patient’s 20th year of life (p < 0.001). Patients were 1.2% likely to develop ankylosis at age 15 years, 4.3% at age 20 years, 14.1% at age 25 years, and 96.8% at age 45 years. Invasive cervical root resorption (ICRR) was found in 8 (1.9%) canines. In 4 canines (1.0%), root ankylosis in addition to ICRR was observed. In contrast to ankylosis, whose frequency of occurrence increased with age, the occurrence of ICRR resulting from PDL damage during surgery was more typical in younger patients. Canines in a high position above the root apices of the adjacent teeth, with a horizontal inclination of the longitudinal axis, with the crown located deep in the center of the alveolar bone and with labiopalatal position, should be considered critically impacted canines with a high risk to failure of orthodontic traction.ConclusionIn conclusion, the treatment of impacted canines depends mainly on the age of the patient, and the position and inclination of the longitudinal axis of the impacted tooth. To select an adequate treatment method, we recommend CBCT examination, which allows a precise analysis of the position of impacted canines.

PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH ERUPTION OUTCOMES AND IMPACTION OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY CANINES AFTER SECONDARY ALVEOLAR BONE GRAFTING IN PATIENTS WITH CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

A cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most prevalent anomaly affecting craniofacial structures. Alveolar bone grafting is essential for patients with CLP to ensure the proper alignment of the maxillary segments and to create a bony foundation for the permanent maxillary canines (PMC) to erupt. To reduce the risk of PMC impaction, secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) is usually performed in patients aged 8–12 years when the development of the canine root is 1/4 to 1/2 the expected length. The aim of this systematic literature review is to access the parameters associated with eruption outcomes and impaction of PMC after SABG in patients with CLP. A comprehensive literature search was carried out following PRISMA guidelines in the MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (ScienceDirect) electronic databases, using the combinations of the following Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms: (impacted canines) AND (alveolar bone grafting) [MeSH term] AND (cleft lip) [MeSH term] AND (cleft palate) [MeSH term]. A total of 276 articles were identified, of which 4 studies met the eligibility criteria. Based on the studies reviewed, the most reliable parameters to determine the risk of canine impaction through the analysis of panoramic radiographs are the angulation and vertical position of PMC. A greater risk of PMC impaction on the cleft side after SABG is associated with an increased canine angulation and a more pronounced displacement in the vertical direction.

Estimation of age implementing pulp tooth volume ratio in maxillary canines of an Indian population by means of CBCT scans.

Forensic odontology is a subfield of forensics that can assist in determining age, gender, and other demographic factors. The focus of this research is to ascertain age by tooth volume ratio of permanent maxillary canines using a CBCT scan. In this retrospective investigation, 1000 CBCT images were gathered and focused on only fully developed maxillary canines. For each of the maxillary canines, the researchers measured and calculated the volume of the pulp chamber, root canal, and entire tooth using the ITK Snap programme. The pulp volume to tooth volume ratio was computed. The equation AGE = 59.208 - (583.652 x pulp volume/tooth volume) was then used to compute age. The samples were divided into 5 age groups; 13-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51-60. The age was calculated for samples in each group and it was compared to the actual age. Between individuals' actual age and computed age, the study discovered a statistically significant positive association. While groups 3, 4, and 5 demonstrated positive but weaker correlations (r= 0.854, r= 0.658, and r= 0.612, respectively), groups 1 and 2 displayed statistically significant strong positive correlations (r= 0.987 and r= 0.923, respectively). The average total discrepancy between the age that was computed and the actual age was 2.45 1.344. The study found a statistically significant positive correlation between computed age and actual age, with the younger age groups 1 (13-20) and 2 (21-30) showing the strongest relationships. This underlines its potential success in court, particularly when dealing with young criminals.

Management of Unilateral Impacted Maxillary Permanent Canine: A Case Report

Introduction The management of maxillary canine is very complex because it must be carefully planned and carried out as a team. The handling of impacted canine cases must be seen from a clinical and radiological point of view. Maxillary canine impaction can be caused by a lack of space or inadequate seed placement. The time to treat canine impaction is usually between the ages of 11 and 14. Objective The aim of this case report was to describe the management of an impacted maxillary left canine of a teenage girl. Successful treatment requires complete diagnostics, such as radiographs, good teamwork, and precise treatment planning of the dental team. Case Report An 11-year-old female patient with class I molar relationship, bimaxillary protrusive, and impacted left upper canine visited the clinic for orthodontic treatment. Extraction of four first premolars (bicuspids) was carried out, and exposure by the periodontist was completed on the maxillary left canine for the installation of a traction device (gold chain traction). Conclusion The appropriate timing, treatment plan, and proper surgical exposure preparation in handling this case produced optimal and ideal results.

Do erupting maxillary canines resorb adjacent teeth? A study focusing both on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides among individuals with unilaterally impacted canines.

To determine the prevalence of root resorption of teeth adjacent to permanent maxillary canines on both sides, by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), in pretreatment adolescent subjects with unilaterally impacted maxillary canines, and to define predictive factors for the root resorption. This retrospective sample included 76 adolescents (38 boys, 38 girls, mean age 12.3 ± 2.1 years; range 8-17 years) who had CBCT after detection of a unilateral impacted maxillary canine before any active orthodontic treatment. Both ipsilateral and contralateral sides were examined, and 14 qualitative and quantitative variables were collected. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and multiple logistic regression was used to predict root resorption. On the impaction side, 57.9% of canines resorbed at least one adjacent tooth compared with 13.2% on the contralateral side (P < .001). On the impaction side, resorption was slight in 59.6%, moderate in 5.8%, and severe in 34.6% of the cases. On the contralateral side, resorption was slight in 91.7%, moderate in 0%, and severe in 8.3% of the cases. On both sides, upper lateral incisors were the teeth most frequently resorbed, followed by the upper first premolars and upper central incisors. The presence of contact between the canine and the adjacent roots was the only statistically significant risk factor for resorption for both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. Orthodontists should look for root resorption on both sides in cases of unilaterally impacted maxillary canines.

Determination of the position of impacted maxillary canine – A panoramic radiographic study

Maxillary canines are one of the most common impacted teeth. The objective in localization of an impacted canine is to be able to decide such a radiographic technique which has minimal radiation dose, cost and minimum superimpositions. Panoramic radiograph, being a screening radiograph, can satisfy the above needs. Taking this into consideration, the present study was done to evaluate the reliability of panoramic radiograph in localization of impacted permanent maxillary canines, when compared to cone-beam computed tomography.OPG and CBCT images of 100 maxillary impacted canines were included in the study irrespective of site. Each OPG was evaluated for vertical angulation and the data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.In the present study, the female to male ratio was 2.57:1, with a slightly higher prevalence of impacted maxillary canines on left side. The results of the present study show a 100% concordance between OPG and CBCT for palatal and buccal impactions, and 91% for mid-alveolus impactions.Based on the results of the present study, it may be concluded that panoramic radiographs are useful for predicting the location of impacted maxillary canines against the confirmatory radiographic modality like CBCT.

The Surgical Management of a Cystic Lesion in the Same Cystic Follicle Related to Lateral Incisor and Impacted Permanent Maxillary Canine: (A Case Study)

The most common kind of developing odontogenic cysts are dentigerous cysts. They frequently push impacted teeth into ectopic locations by encircling the crown of the tooth. The mandibular third molar, maxillary canine, mandibular premolar, and maxillary third molar are the teeth that are most commonly afflicted, in decreasing order. Although these cysts are more prevalent in men, they can also occur in children and teenagers, especially in the second and third decades of life. Dentigerous cyst-related teeth in the maxilla frequently cause root dilatation in the mandibular area, permanent tooth bud displacement close to the sinus, and cortical bone enlargement, sometimes, even up to the level of the orbit or floor of the nose. Clinically, these cysts do not cause any symptoms and are frequently found by chance during radiographs done to look into cases of primary teeth that are retained, teeth that are missing, teeth that erupt slowly, or orthodontic issues. Cone-beam computed tomography’s advent has just made it possible to shed fresh, extensively documented light on diagnostic and treatment approaches. Protocol for management: Surgery is typically used to treat dentigerous cysts. In this instance, the affected tooth underwent endodontic therapy, after which the cyst was curettaged, a further apicoectomy was performed, and canine impaction was completed. In the end, a bone graft and platelet-rich fibrin were implanted for rehabilitation.

Root canal treatment of a rhizomegaly tooth 36 mm long right permanent maxillary canine – A case report

Permanent maxillary canines can have variable length even exceeding 31 mm. The present case report is about the root canal treatment of a permanent maxillary canine with an unusual length of 36 mm A 37-year old male patient has come to Dental centre, Cannanore suffering from decay on tooth #13 with extra-oral swelling corresponding to right cheek. Root canal treatment was completed, and the tooth was noticed to have an atypical length of 36 mm. A 31 mm long Hand protaper file was used to do cleaning and shaping and Gates glidden drills of sizes 2 &amp; 3 were used to enlarge the canal orifice to receive gutta percha during obturation.

The Preternatural First Premolar: A Ground Section Tooth Case Report

Ectopic eruption is a developmental disturbance in eruption pattern of permanent dentition most often associated with maxillary first permanent molar (2-6%of general population), mandibular lateral incisors (&lt;1%), maxillary permanent canines (1.5-2%). Ectopic eruption of teeth is a rare phenomenon although cases have been reported in nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, mandible, palate, orbital cavity. Ectopic eruption of mandibular first premolar is a rare condition and there were no discussions in the literature about its eruption in coronoid process. Premature loss of primary second molar and second permanent premolar can lead to disturbed eruption of first premolar. In this case report, we present an ectopic mandibular first premolar at the level of sigmoid notch below the right coronoid process.

An Establishment of Sexual Dimorphism by odontometric study of permanent maxillary canines among dental students : a cross sectional study

An Establishment of Sexual Dimorphism by odontometric study of permanent maxillary canines among dental students : a cross sectional study

Estimation of Tooth Dimensions and Golden Divine Ratio in Extracted Human Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Canines in a Cohort of Tamil Ethnicity.

Background Teeth serve many functions, and aesthetics is one of the most important aspects served by teeth, perceived by the limbic system of the human brain. The golden divine ratio is the unique proportion often correlated with beauty. The present study was devised to estimate the dimension of human permanent canines and approximation to the golden divine ratio. Materials and methods The present study included 47 extracted human permanent canines retrieved from the tooth repository of our institute's Department of Oral Biology. Using digital vernier calipers (Themisto TH-M61 digital vernier caliper, 0-150mm/ 6 inch, JIPVI Ecommerce Pvt. Ltd, India, 2022), the following measurements were taken: Mesio-distal and labiolingual dimensions of the crown, crown length, root length, root to crown ratio (R/C) and the tooth to root ratio (T/R). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26. Results All the dimensions' mean and standard deviations were calculated for both maxillary and mandibular canines. While the means of mesio-distal and labiolingual dimensions of the crown approximated the values reported in the literature, there was some variation in crown and root lengths. The mean crown lengths of the upper and lower canines were 10.34mm and 9.76mm, respectively, while the root lengths were 16.52 and 15.54mm, respectively. The R/C of both sets and the T/R of the upper canine only followed the golden ratio. T/R of the lower canine was slightly higher (1.64) Conclusion Although the number of included teeth was less, owing to the fact that canines are rarely extracted, our results provided new values of canines for updation in a unique population. More studies are required for comparative anthropological data updates.

Assessment of Maxillary Canine Impaction and Severity in Young Patients

Abstract Introduction: The most common form of tooth impaction is maxillary permanent canines, third molars being an exception to this rule. Ericson and Kurol estimated that impactions are twice as common in females (1.17%) as in males (0.51%). It is estimated that of all patients with maxillary impacted canines, 8% are bilateral impaction. The purpose of this study is an assessment of maxillary canine impaction and severity in young patients based on angular and linear measurements on panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study with 150 males and females, panoramic radiographs were taken between the age group of 14 and 20 years. Out of 150, in 25 Orthopantograms (OPGs), maxillary canine impaction was found. The samples were further classified into two groups involving unilateral and bilateral canine impaction. Angular and linear measurements were performed, and the linear distance between the cusp tip and apex of the cuspid was measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane or midline. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test. The equality of means t-test shows that the distance measured from the canine cusp tip to the central incisor was highly significant (P &lt; 0.05 and angular measurements were highly insignificant. The severity of bilateral impaction was found to be higher in females than males. Conclusion: The incidence and severity of bilateral maxillary canine impaction were significant in females compared to males.

Root development differences between cleft-adjacent teeth on the cleft side in comparison to their analogs on the noncleft side in patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate who received secondary alveolar bone grafting.

To assess differences in root development between the cleft side (CS) and noncleft side (NCS) for permanent maxillary central incisor and canine longitudinally in patients with nonsyndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (cUCLP) who received secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) and to evaluate the effects of SABG on the acceleration of root development of these teeth. Permanent maxillary central incisors and canines of 44 subjects with nonsyndromic cUCLP who had all their cleft-related surgeries performed by the same surgeon were analyzed retrospectively from chart notes and radiographs. Panoramic and periapical radiographs at time point 1 (T1) (age, 7.55 years), at SABG (time point 2 [T2], 10.13 years), and a minimum of 2 years after SABG were studied. Root development rating scores on the NCS and CS were compared using paired t-tests and analyses of proportions. Mean root development score differences (NCS - CS) for canines and central incisors were greatest at T2 but diminished at time point 3 (T3). A larger proportion of teeth on the CS trailed the teeth on the NCS by at least 1 point at T2 than at T1 or T3, with the smallest proportion being observed at T3. The change in root development scores from T1 to T2 and from T2 to T3 showed relative CS acceleration from T2 to T3, indicating a catch-up of root development of cleft-adjacent teeth after SABG. Root development of cleft-adjacent central incisors and canines is slow in comparison with their noncleft analogs. Root development of these teeth accelerates following SABG.

Influence of the maxillary dimensions and lateral incisor anatomy on the palatal impaction of maxillary permanent canines: A three-dimensional case-control study

The diagnosis of impacted upper permanent canines (IUPC) is a relatively common clinical finding. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the upper permanent canines palatal impaction, lateral incisors morphology and the maxilla bone base. Cone-beam tomography files from 62 subjects were divided into 2 groups: impaction group (ICG/n=31; mean age 14.3±2.4) with 45 canines impacted on the palatal side and age- and sex-matched control group (CG/n=31; mean age 14.3±2.3), with 62 normally erupted canines. Linear and volumetric measurements of the lateral incisors, linear transversal measures and the maxillary anterior perimeter were taken. Independent Student's t-test was used for intergroup analysis with correction of Bonferroni. Significant differences were found for crown length and root diameter (buccal-palatal) (P<0.005). The maxillary anterior perimeter in the ICG was reduced in relation to the GC but not significantly (P=0.008). The transverse skeletal variables of the maxilla were equivalent in the intergroup comparison (P>0.005). Smaller dimensions in the crown length and in the upper permanent lateral incisors root buccal-palatal diameter were associated with the impaction of upper permanent canines on the palatal side. The maxillary transverse morphology did not show any association with the occurrence of this condition.

Gender Dimorphism in Maxillary Permanent Canine Odontometrics Based on a Three-Dimensional Digital Method and Discriminant Function Analysis in the Saudi Population

The present study aimed to analyze the gender dimorphism in odontometrics of permanent maxillary canines using a three-dimensional digital method and to test the accuracy in gender estimation using discriminant function analysis in a sample of the Saudi population. A total of 120 diagnostic dental casts of patients aged 16–29 years were used in the present study. Plaster models of their maxillary dentition obtained from the archives were scanned and digitally measured using a three-dimensional digital method. The mesiodistal width of the right and left maxillary canines and intercanine distance were measured. Gender dimorphism was established using the Garn method. Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test and discriminant analyses. Males showed larger mean dimensions of canines than females with regard to both mesiodistal width and intercanine distance, and the difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). The right maxillary canine mesiodistal width showed a higher percentage of gender dimorphism (3.5%). Discriminant function analysis showed that the overall accuracy of gender prediction was 80.5% for the multivariate analysis. The univariate discriminant function equation revealed that intercanine distance was the most accurate predictor of gender (78%), followed by the right canine mesiodistal width (76.3%). The use of three-dimensional technology for odontometrics presents a promising method, and permanent maxillary canine parameters can be used as an acceptable ancillary tool for gender estimation in forensic science.

Radiographic assessment of unerupted permanent maxillary canines and their relationship to the phases of dentition in mixed dentition Spanish children: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Evaluate if there is a significant association between the position and inclination of the unerupted maxillary canine measured on a panoramic radiograph, and their relationship to gender, age of the patient and stage of dentition. 138 panoramic radiographs were examined for this retrospective cross-sectional investigation. Only patients living in Madrid, Spain with mixed dentition were included. These measurements were performed on radiographs, considering the inclination and position of the maxillary canines with regards to the midline, and height with respect to the occlusal plane. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relation among the canine angle and height. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. The prevalence of patients with an altered canine angle was 10%, while 43.5% had an apparently abnormal position (overlapping at least half of the adjacent lateral incisor root). No statistically significant association was found between these two variables. In 5% of the patients, the maxillary canine was with an anomalous angle and position. Significant differences were obtained when comparing canine height between children with ectopic canines and normal canines (p = 0.032). No significant association was found between the position and inclination of the unerupted maxillary canine in our sample. Ectopic maxillary canines had a higher incidence in girls, although we did not find statistically significant differences between genders. We observed a higher prevalence of abnormal position and inclination of the permanent maxillary canine in early mixed dentition. Maxillary canines were significantly elevated, further from the occlusal plane, in children with ectopic canines.