Maxillary Denture Research Articles

Thermal Stress Analysis of Maxillary Dentures with Different Reinforcement Materials Under Occlusal Load Using Finite Element Method

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fiber reinforcement materials on the magnitude of stresses in a critical part of the maxillary denture base under thermal and occlusal load. Thermal stress analyses of the models were carried out using the finite element method. The models consisted of bone, soft tissue, interface gap, and maxillary dentures with and without reinforcements. A concentrated occlusal load of 230 N was applied bilaterally on the molar teeth. A 36 °C reference and 0 °C, 36 °C, and 70 °C variable ambient temperatures were applied to the models. CrCo, unidirectional and woven carbon/epoxy, unidirectional and woven glass/epoxy, and unidirectional and woven Kevlar/epoxy were used as reinforcing materials in the maxillary denture base made of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate). Stress distributions on the maxillary denture’s midline and lateral line direction were evaluated. Maximum stresses in the incisal notch and the labial frenal notch of the maxillary denture were determined. Failure analysis of reinforcement materials used in maxillary dentures was carried out using the Tsai-Wu index criterion. The results obtained show that the thermal properties of reinforcement materials should be considered as an important criterion in their selection.

Treatment Outcomes of Four-Implant-Retained Maxillary Palateless Overdenture: A 5-Year Observational Study.

Palateless overdentures (PLODs) provide advantages of improved taste perception and retention over conventional dentures. We aimed to evaluate 5-year outcomes of four implant maxillary PLODs. In this prospective observational study, edentulous participants were enrolled. A new conventional maxillary denture was prepared followed by implant placement and insertion of four implant retained maxillary PLOD. Oral health quality of life was assessed using the 49-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49) at multiple intervals over 5 years along with biological and mechanical outcomes. Nine patients were evaluated at year 5. The mean age was 68 years, and six of the nine patients were males. The cumulative survival rate of implants was 100% while the implant success rate was 86%. Nylon retentive replacement was the most common encountered complication noted approximately four times per patient over 5 years. From a mean OHIP-49 severity score of 71.2 at baseline, severity scores decreased to 23.9 (p < 0.001) at year 1, denoting a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in oral health quality of life. The lowered OHIP-49 severity scores remained stable throughout 5 years of follow-up. Four implant supported maxillary overdenture appears to have good patient perceived, biological and mechanical outcomes over 5 years. Fully powered studies are needed to replicate these findings.

Accuracy of repaired maxillary dentures from two different repairing techniques: In vitro study

BackgroundDenture fracture is a common problem with acrylic dentures. The fractured denture can be repaired using various techniques such as self-cure acrylic resin acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of dentures repaired with self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin processed using two different techniques (long-cure and microwave processing). Materials and methodsA total of 20 maxillary complete dentures were processed with two techniques; heat (long cycle) processing (10 dentures) and microwave processing (10 dentures). The maxillary cast and denture surface were scanned with Medit intraoral (Medit i700, Medit, South Korea) and STL files were created. Then, the dentures were sectioned at the midline and repaired using self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin and scanned with Medit intraoral. Finally, adaptation deviations were analyzed from computer software (Geomagic Control X, 3D Systems Inc., USA). The adaptation deviations in each group (long cure and microwave) were compared using an Independent T-test. Two-way ANOVA was done to see whether curing techniques and repairing methods affect the accuracy of repair. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe adaptation deviation was slightly higher in the fiber-reinforced acrylic resin group (0.565 ± 0.093) than in the self-cure acrylic resin group (0.536 ± 0.066). However, there was no statistical difference in the adaptation deviations of repaired dentures with self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin in the long-curing (P-value 0.245) and the microwave (P-value 0.638). Similarly, the adaptation deviation was slightly higher in the long-curing group (0.577 ± 0.075) than in the microwave group (0.524 ± 0.079). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the adaptation deviation of repaired dentures between long-curing and microwave techniques with self-cure acrylic resin (P-value 0.016) but no difference in fiber-reinforced acrylic resin (P-value 0.127). The result of Two-way ANOVA shows that there is no statistically significant interaction between curing techniques (long curing and microwave) and repairing methods (self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin) for adaptation deviations (P-value 0.646). However, the curing techniques show statistically significant differences (P-value 0.039). ConclusionAcrylic dentures can be repaired with self-cure resin or fiber-reinforced self-cure resin using various processing methods. The accuracy of the denture after repair is unaffected by the repairing method (self-cure acrylic resin and fiber-reinforced acrylic resin) but the accuracy of the denture after repair is affected by the curing techniques (long-curing and microwave). In self-cure resin, the microwave processing showed higher adaptation deviation and less accuracy, whereas the long-curing processing showed lower adaptation deviation and high accuracy.

Intaglio surface of CNC milled versus 3D printed maxillary complete denture bases – An in vitro investigation of the accuracy of seven systems

ObjectivesThe accuracy of the intaglio surface of maxillary complete dentures produced with a variety of digital manufacturing systems have been comprehensively investigated, however, not for multiple systems in the same study. This in vitro study endeavors to measure and compare the accuracy of the intaglio surface of maxillary complete denture bases constructed with different photopolymerization-based 3D printing and CNC milling systems. Materials and MethodsTwo subtractive manufacturing machines and five additive manufacturing machines were used to manufacture a maxillary denture bases (n = 10) for analysis. The samples were stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C for 7 days to mimic intraoral use before they were air dried for 5 min, and then scanned with an E3 dental laboratory scanner to generate STL files. A 3D metrology software program was used to analyze the data against the original CAD design. Statistical differences were determined with 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal Wallis test (α=0.05). Color deviation heat maps were used to interpret areas of clinical significance. ResultsThe results indicated that the subtractive manufacturing method delivers the truest and most precise intaglio surface of maxillary complete denture bases. The additive manufacturing technique delivers less true and less precise results with inconsistency observed between the different systems as opposed to the subtractive manufacturing groups which showed no significant differences. ConclusionsWhen manufacturing a complete maxillary denture base subtractive manufacturing will deliver the most consistent and true results.

Magnetic Attachment For Tooth Supported Mandibular Overdenture: A Case Report

The goal of preventive prosthodontics is to highlight the significance of any surgery that can postpone or completely prevent future prosthodontic issues. In terms of preventive prosthodontics, the overdenture is a therapeutic option that is supported by science. Overdentures have been fitted with a variety of attachments to improve retention. Because rare earth magnets like Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B may be produced in small sizes as retentive devices for complete dentures, detachable partial dentures, obturators, and maxillofacial prosthesis, their application for increasing retention has been widely used in the field of prosthodontics. This article presents a simple method of fabricating mandibular over denture retained by magnets in a patient whose mandibular residual ridge was severely resorbed with few remaining teeth and opposed by maxillary complete denture

An Overview of Prosthetic Implant Attachments in EdentulousPatients

Edentulism is an unresolved health care issue of sustained significance and prevalence in the aged population. Adaptation to wearing complete dentures is a complex process and must be considered from both somatic and psychological standpoints. The difficulties of wearing dentures have been attributed to deficiencies of the denture-bearing tissues, reduced salivary flow,vulnerable tissue and severe ridge resorption. The prosthetic management of the edentulous patient has always been a major challenge. Complete maxillary and mandibular dentures have been the traditional treatment option. However, most of the patients report problems adapting to the mandibular denture due to lack of comfort, retention and stability. It is well known that implantretained/supported overdentures provide improved retention, support, stability, function, and comfort for patients

Retention of Maxillary Denture Bases Fabricated From Traditional and Thermoplastic Tray Impressions: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial

Retention of Maxillary Denture Bases Fabricated From Traditional and Thermoplastic Tray Impressions: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial

CLINICAL IMPACT OF DIODE LASER ON TRUENESS, PRECISION, AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF COMPLETE DENTURE WEARERS (CLINICAL STUDY)

Background: Candida Albicans (C. albicans) is a major fungal infection affecting the majority of complete denture wearers and causes denture stomatitis (DS) which has many local treatment modalities, such as Chlorohexidine mouthwash and the Diode Laser. Their clinical impact on denture Accuracy, Retention, and the Patients ability to utilize dentures normally has not yet been discussed. Hence, a complete dentures Accuracy titled Trueness and Precision is a vital hidden key for achieving its success post-disinfection. Objectives: This studys objective was to evaluate and compare Diode Laser and Chlorhexidine mouthwashs impact on Trueness, Precision, Retention, and the Patients oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in complete denture wearers. Materials and Methods:An overall of 16 complete edentulous patients were elected, dentures constructed from Heat-cure acrylic resin, and grouped equally owing to the antifungal disinfectant employed into Group I (Diode Laser) and Group II (Chlorhexidine). Assessments were carried out pre- and post-disinfectant application in both groups. The Pre-Disinfectant assessments of Trueness and Precision took place before delivery whereas, those of Retention andOHRQoLwere carried out immediately post-delivery. All the Post-Disinfectant assessments were carried out 60 days following delivery. Results: There was an insignificant difference between Diode Laser and Chlorhexidine mouthwash regarding Trueness, Precision, Retention, and OHRQoLin maxillary complete dentures. Conclusion:It has been concluded that the Diode Laser beam and the 2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash are safe antifungal Heat-cure CD disinfectants regarding Trueness, Precision, Retention, and the OHRQoL.

Mandibular overdenture retained by four one-piece titanium-zirconium mini implants: A 2-year follow-up on prosthodontic outcomes

ObjectiveThis 2-year prospective study reports the incidence of prosthetic complications and maintenance events after treatment with mandibular overdenture retained by four mini implants opposed to a maxillary denture. MethodsImplant intervention included flapless or flapped surgery combined with immediate or delayed loading, as part of a randomized clinical trial. Four one-piece titanium-zirconium mini-implants (Straumann Mini Implant System) were inserted, and the retentive PEEK elements (Optiloc) were incorporated into the overdenture using chairside procedures. Prosthodontic complications and maintenance events were recorded over a 2-year follow-up, and the final outcome was defined according to standardized criteria. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, incidence and incidence density rates, and Kaplan-Meier survival. Results73 out of 74 patients (64.9 % female), mean age of 64 (SD=8.2) years, completed the study follow-up (one withdrew after 9 months). Implant survival was 100 %. A total of 163 prosthodontic events occurred in 53 patients (72.6 %), and 20 patients had no clinical complaints or maintenance needs. The most common procedures were adjustment/repair of the overdenture base (47.0 %), replacement of retentive inserts (19.8 %), and laboratory relining (12.9 %). A high prosthodontic success rate was achieved (93.2 %), and all patients presented serviceable overdentures and continuous use after the resolution of prosthodontic complications. The incidences of matrix replacement and laboratory relines were low in the first year, while denture base adjustments were common within the first year, especially in the first 6 months. ConclusionThe mini implant system showed high prosthodontic success rates. Minor adjustments/repairs during the initial follow-up were common. Relines and matrix replacements tend to occur after one year of overdenture use, and matrix replacements may occur as a consequence of the need for relining.

Impact of Printing Orientation on the Accuracy of Additively Fabricated Denture Base Materials: A Systematic Review.

Printing orientation is one of the printing parameters that affect the properties of three-dimensional (3D)-printed resins. Different printing orientations and directions have been suggested; however, no clear and specific orientations are recommended in the literature in terms of the printing orientation effect on the accuracy and fit of 3D-printed removable dental prostheses. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of printing orientation on the fit and accuracy of 3D-printed removable dental prostheses. The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for published articles that investigated the effect of printing orientations on the accuracy and fit of the 3D-printed denture base. Full-length English published articles were searched between January 2010 and December 2023, which examined topics related to printing orientations, building angles, 3D printing, printing technology, accuracy, dimensional changes, internal fit, marginal integrity, marginal discrepancies, trueness, precision, and adaptation. Of the ten included studies, one investigated maxillary and mandibular denture bases, seven assessed maxillary denture bases, and two evaluated mandibular bases. Different printing orientations, ranging from 0° to 315°, were explored, with a higher prevalence of 0°, 45°, and 90°. The included studies utilized stereolithography and digital light processing printing technologies. High accuracy was observed at 45°, followed by 90. Additional struts and bars on the cameo surface increased the accuracy of the 3D-printed denture base. These results shows that printing orientation has a significant effect on the accuracy of 3D-printed resin, with 45° exhibiting the highest accuracy. In addition to the support structure, the density and position can impact the accuracy.

Evaluation of different baseplate materials on casts with various palatal vault depths

The choice of baseplate material for a trial complete maxillary denture is a critical decision in prosthodontic practice. One significant factor to consider is the depth of the palatal vault, which can influence the suitability of the baseplate material. Close adaptation of the denture base is essential in preventing lateral denture movement and enhancing denture retention and support.

Assessment of occlusion changes during laboratory phase of relining: An in vitro study.

Assessment of occlusion changes during laboratory phase of relining is essential to evaluate the occlusal discrepancies that could get incorporated in the denture with the use of different relining materials. Since the long term stability and functional success of the denture is heavily influenced by occlusion, an In-vitro study to assess these changes after relining is warranted. The aim of the study is to evaluate the changes in occlusion during laboratory phase of relining procedure. This is an in vitro study with a total of 30 specimen. A total of 30 maxillary standardized dentures were fabricated after mounting on a semi adjustable articulator. These samples will be divided into three groups based on the relining material used (Autopolymerizing resin, Heat-cure resin, Tissue conditioner). The vertical dimension, Centric contact points and eccentric contact points were measured before and after relining. The variables were tested to see if they had a normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric distribution was seen for ECP leading to further comparison using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-parametric distribution was found while testing the VD, CCP leading to adoption of Kruskal-wallis test for comparison of groups. Dunn Bonferroni test was done for VD since results were significant. The results of this in-vitro study showed statistically significant difference with respect to change in vertical dimension in all groups pre and post relining (P = 0.005). The centric contact points showed lesser variation in position when comparing the pre to the post relining phase with the use of autopolymerising resins, whereas heat cure resins and tissue conditioners showed statistically significant difference in the centric point contacts post relining. No statistically significant changes were seen in eccentric occlusion post relining in all groups. Tissue conditioners showed minimum mean changes in eccentric contacts. Within the limitations of this study, the use of autopolymerising resins depicted the most stable results with respect to occlusion, for relining of dentures.

Intaglio surface trueness of dentures bases fabricated with 3D printing vs. conventional workflow: a clinical study

The latest generation of intraoral scanners can record the prosthetic field with relative ease, high accuracy and comfort for the patient, and have enabled fully digital protocols for designing and manufacturing complete dentures. The present study aims to examine the intaglio surface trueness of 3D printed maxillary dentures produced by fully digital workflow in comparison with dentures produced by analogue clinical and laboratory prosthetic workflow. The edentulous maxillary arch of 15 patients was scanned with an intraoral scanner as well as the intaglio of the delivered conventional denture. The scan of the edentulous arch was imported into a dental design software to produce the denture base which was then 3D printed. The intaglio surface of the finished 3D printed denture bases was digitized and used to assess the trueness of the printed denture bases compared to the intaglio surface of the conventional dentures as well as performing a trueness comparison in relation to the scanned edentulous arches. The dataset (n = 30) was subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test analysis, the significance level being established at α = 0.05. The results of the study showed that the printed group displayed better trueness values with a median of 176.9 μm while the analogue group showed a median of 342 μm. Employing a fully digital workflow to produce 3D-printed denture bases yields a consistent and precise manufacturing method when accounting for the intaglio surface of the denture.

Retention and Patient Satisfaction of Conventional Over Simplified Non-Balanced Maxillary Removable Complete Dentures.

Insufficient evidence is available in quantifying the retention between simplified and conventional non-balanced dentures. The aim of the study was to quantify and compare the maxillary denture retention and patient satisfaction between conventional and simplified removable non-balanced complete dentures. This randomized clinical trial recruited 44 patients (n=22) with definitive criteria. Simplified and conventional non-balanced complete dentures were fabricated for the intervention groups. The denture retention of maxillary complete dentures was assessed with a dynamometer and patient satisfaction with a visual analogue scale. The mean retention of maxillary denture and satisfaction were recorded at 0-,3-, and 6 - month intervals. The data were statistically analyzed. (α=.05). The mean ±SD of retention for conventional denture at 0, 3, and 6 months by dynamometer ranged from 122 ± 1.64 N to 121 ± 1.57 N and 111 ±1.45N to 110±1.97 N for the simplified denture. The mean ±SD of visual analogue score varied between 9.45±0.35 to 7.19± 0.69 for conventional dentures and 8.00 ±1.39 to 6.81±0.82 for simplified dentures. The repeated ANOVA, t-test and post-hoc Bonferroni revealed statistically significant differences between the two types of denture. (P⟨.05) Conclusion: Numerical retention and satisfaction were higher in conventional non-balanced dentures than simplified dentures.

A Randomised Controlled Trial of Postoperative Sensitivity after Class II Restoration with Bulk-Fill vs Conventional Composites.

Bulk-fill composites may simplify posterior restorations, saving time and reducing technical complexity. Post-operative sensitivity is a risk of posterior composites; bulk-fill composites could mitigate this. This single centre, double-blinded, parallel groups randomised controlled trial compared postoperative sensitivity following restoration of class II carious lesions with bulk-fill or conventional, layered composite. there will be no difference in post-operative sensitivity between the two materials. Participants requiring class II restoration of posterior teeth were randomised to bulk-fill (FU) (Coltene Fill-UpTM) or conventional, layered (BE) (Coltene Brilliant Everglow) composite. Allocation was concealed during cavity preparation. Only the operating dentist knew allocation. The outcome was 24 h post-operative sensitivity. 41 patients were randomised (20/group). Two patients from FU group were excluded from analysis (factors unrelated to intervention). There was no difference in postoperative sensitivity at 24 h nor any time point. Only participant age and baseline sensitivity scores significantly impacted post-operative sensitivity. One restoration debonded in FU group at 10 days, with no other adverse effects. No difference in time taken to place restorations was seen. Within the study's limitations, post-operative sensitivity after class II posterior restorations was no different in bulk-fill restorations compared with conventional, incrementally cured composite.

Utilization Of Neutral Zone Technique In Complete Denture Fabrication For A Class III Sagittal Jaw Relation Patient

Long-term denture wearers have advanced ridge atrophy and atrophy of the musculature of the cheeks and lips and often face challenges associated with decreased mandibular denture stability. This case report highlights the successful implementation of the neutral zone technique in the fabrication of maxillary and mandibular complete dentures to address this issue. Understanding the concept of the neutral zone is essential for achieving optimal denture stability, retention, and speech quality. The steps involved in capturing and utilizing the neutral zone to improve denture stability are thoroughly described. The case exemplifies the effectiveness of the neutral zone technique in overcoming mandibular denture instability for patients with compromised edentulous ridges, resulting in enhanced patient satisfaction, improved oral function and speech.

Position of Fovea Palatinae relative to the vibrating line in various soft palate classifications among Jordanian edentulous population

This study aims to examine the relationship between the locations of Fovea Palatinae and the posterior vibrating line in different classes of soft palate angulation (House Classification), accordingly determine its reliability as a landmark and a tool for determining the posterior limit of the maxillary complete denture. 280 completely edentulous patients with normal healthy mucosa from both genders were randomly selected. The House classification of the soft palate angulation was identified and recorded as Class I, II, or III. Phonation was used to determine the position of the vibrating line. The Fovea Palatinae was then marked. Then, the distance between the Fovea Palatinae and the vibrating line was measured and recorded. Finally, the relative position of the Fovea Palatinae to the vibrating line was recorded as being anterior, posterior, or on the vibrating line. The Chi Square test, the effect size measures (Eta and Cramer’s V tests), The Spearman’s Rho rank correlation test, and multinominal logistic regression analysis were utilized to analyse the data. House classification percentages were measured among people whose Fovea Palatinae was detectable; Class II palate was the most prevalent (47.14%), followed by Class I (43.93%), and then Class III (8.93%). Based on vibrating line position, 129 (58%) had a vibrating line anterior to Fovea Palatinae, 57 (26%) on the Fovea Palatinae, 36 (16%) posterior to Fovea Palatinae, and in 58 (21%) Fovea Palatinae were not detected. The mean distance between the vibrating line and Fovea Palatinae was 3.66 ± 1.6 mm anteriorly and 2.97 ± 1.36 mm posteriorly. No significant differences were found between males and females in regard to House classification and vibrating line position. The odds of having the fovea posterior to the vibrating line would increase by 5% for each year increase in the age (P = 0.035, odds ratio = 1.050). Class II House classification of the soft palate was found to be the most prevalent among the study participants. Also, the vibrating line was anterior to the Fovea Palatinae in the majority of cases. The odds of having the fovea posterior to the vibrating line would increase by age. The Fovea Palatinae could be considered a useful guide for locating the vibrating line.

Evaluation of open-face maxillary complete denture for patients with prominent premaxilla: a crossover study.

The establishment of good facial esthetics is one of the main objectives of complete denture construction. Unfortunately, it may be the caused issue for patients having a prominent premaxilla due to excessive lip support by the labial flange of the maxillary denture. Open-face dentures (OFD) may suggest suitable prosthetic management for these patients. However, clinical evidence regarding the efficiency of OFD is scarce. A total of 38 completely edentulous participants having prominent premaxilla and skeletal class I Angle's classification were enrolled in this study. Each participant received a mandibular complete denture and 2 opposing maxillary dentures; conventional (CD) and open-face (OFD). On the day of denture insertion, the participants were divided into 2 groups; CD-OFD and OFD-CD where CD-OFD group was instructed to use the mandibular denture and the maxillary CD for 3 months and then to use the maxillary OFD for another 3 months after a wash-out period of 2 weeks. While group OFD-CD was instructed to use the mandibular denture and the maxillary OFD for 3 months then to use the maxillary CD for another 3 months after a wash-out period of 2 weeks. The dislodging force of the maxillary dentures was evaluated using the universal testing machine and the patient perception of retention, esthetics, and comfort was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Evaluation was carried out 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months after denture insertion. The Student t-test was used to compare the 2 maxillary dentures and the intervals for each denture were compared by using the ANOVA test with repeated measures followed by a Post Hoc test (adjusted Bonferroni) for pairwise comparison. The significance of the obtained results was judged at the 5% level (P value). The dislodging force and patient perception of retention did not show significant differences between the 2 dentures, while the perception of esthetics showed significant differences throughout the follow-up period. Perception of comfort showed an insignificant difference only at the 3-month interval. Open-face maxillary dentures can be a suitable alternative for patients with prominent premaxilla to achieve satisfactory retention, aesthetics, and comfort.

Effect of Using Two Different Techniques of Denture Base Fabrication on Retention of Maxillary Complete Denture: An in Vivo Comparative Study

Effect of Using Two Different Techniques of Denture Base Fabrication on Retention of Maxillary Complete Denture: An in Vivo Comparative Study

EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN WATER ON DEFORMATION WITH A VARIETY OF DENTURE BASE MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES.

To evaluate the effect of immersion in water on deformation of maxillary denture bases created with CAD/CAM and heat-polymerized resin fabrication techniques under loading condi8ons. 2-mm-thick denture bases were fabricated using four techniques: CAD/CAM milling (CCM; Polywax PMMA blank, Yamachi PMMA disk Yamahachi Dental); 3D prin8ng (3DP; BV005, NextDent Base); compression molding (CM; Luciton 199, Dentsply Sirona); and injec8on molding (IM; Ivobase, Ivoclar; n = 5 per group). Three static 49-N loads were applied perpendicular to each denture base, and the mean strain value (MSV) was recorded with strain gauges a[ached to the denture surface. The denture bases were stored at 37°C in distilled water for 14 and 28 days, and the MSVs under the same static load were recorded. The highest MSVs were observed at the posterior palatal seal, tuberosity, and labial notches of the dentures. The lowest MSVs were recorded for the CCM group and then the CM and IM groups. The highest MSVs were recorded for the 3DP group. No significant differences in regional MSVs (P > .05) were observed among the CCM, CM, and IM aber 14 and 28 days in water. Large devia8ons in MSVs were recorded for the 3DP group across the measurement sites aber water exposure (P < .05). CCM had the lowest denture deformation under static loading. After immersion in water, the deformation changes under static loading were stable for CCM, CM, and IM. However, variations among the materials used in 3DP group influenced the mechanical performance and presented larger deformations.