Maturation In Children Research Articles

Illness-related communication between siblings and parents of children with chronic illness and life-limiting conditions: A qualitative analysis.

Having a brother or sister who has a chronic illness (lasting >6 months and requiring long-term care) or life-limiting condition (LLC; where cure is highly unlikely and the child is expected to die) has major impacts on siblings. Parent-sibling illness-related communication may contribute to siblings' capacity to cope. In this study, we aimed to explore parent-sibling illness-related communication, from the perspectives of parents and siblings. We also aimed to qualitatively compare participants' responses according to illness group (chronic illness vs. LLCs). We collected qualitative data from siblings (32 with a brother/sister with a chronic illness, 37 with a brother/sister with an LLC) and parents of a child with a chronic illness (n = 86) or LLC (n = 38) using purpose-designed, open-ended survey questions regarding illness-related communication. We used an inductive qualitative content analysis and matrix coding to explore themes and compare across illness groups. Two-thirds of siblings expressed satisfaction with their family's illness-related communication. Siblings typically reported satisfaction with communication when it was open and age-appropriate, and reported dissatisfaction when information was withheld or they felt overwhelmed with more information than they could manage. Parents generally favored an open communication style with the siblings, though this was more common among parents of children with an LLC than chronic illness. Our findings show that while many siblings shared that they felt satisfied with familial illness-related communication, parents should enquire with the siblings about their communication preferences in order to tailor illness-related information to the child's maturity level, distress, and age.

Sexual Maturity in Children with Juvenile Dermatomyositis: How Are We Doing?

Sexual Maturity in Children with Juvenile Dermatomyositis: How Are We Doing?

A Survey Study on the Maturity of Schooling of Young Children in Rural Sichuan Province:Taking the Rural Area of Meishan City,Sichuan Province as An Example

The admission maturity level of preschoolers can predict their performance after entering schools to a certain extent. Therefore, how to prepare for children’s admission to primary school has become a key issue of social concern. In order to improve the admission maturity level of rural preschoolers in Sichuan Province, it is necessary to understand the admission maturity level of 5-6-year-old children in Sichuan Province, so as to provide theoretical and practical basis for taking targeted measures. In this study, the measurement method was used to investigate the admission maturity level of children in rural areas of Meishan City, Sichuan Province as the research sample. It was found that rural children's motor coordination ability did not differ significantly from the national average, and their scores in visual perception ability, auditory perception ability, motor coordination ability, perceptual conversion ability, mathematical preparation ability, verbal communication ability, social adaptation ability and learning quality were significantly lower than the national average, but in auditory perceptual ability, rural children's scores were significantly higher than the national average. The differences in eight abilities between males and females were compared. Except for motor coordination, perceptual conversion ability, and verbal communication ability, there were significant differences in all other aspects, and girls scored higher than boys in all abilities. In addition to this, there is also some discussion on mother's occupation and young children's maturity in school. Based on the findings, targeted improvement measures were proposed to provide a reference for home and school to improve children's admission to primary school.

Study of Sexual Maturation in Children With Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Objective: There is complete absence of sexual maturity data on patients afflicted with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDMS) from the Indian subcontinent. Hence, this study aimed to unfold the effect of this disease on the sexual development of JDMS children. Methods: In the Growth Laboratory/Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics, 60 (25 male and 35 female) sexual maturity-related observations were made on 35 JDMS patients, aged 10–17 years, enrolled from the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic. Breast development stage and age of onset of menarche were recorded among female patients. In male patients, besides, determining the genitalia development stage, measurement of stretched penile length and testicular volume was done. Appearance of pubic and axillary hair among JDMS patients of both sexes was recorded. Results: Most girls with JDMS (34.28%) were in breast development stage-B2 (mean age 10.91 ± 1.08 years) and 22.86% had attained menarche. However, breast stage B5 was attained at 14.62 ± 1.06 years. JDMS girls reached stage B2 at the same age as their normal healthy counterparts. Onset of menarche was delayed by almost a year in JDMS girls. Age of attainment of genitalia stage G2 in JDMS boys (12 years) was delayed by 6 months as compared to well-off Chandigarh boys (11.5 years), whereas it was advanced by 1.5 years when contrasted with affluent Indian counterparts (13.3 years). Conclusion: Comparable pubertal attainments in JDMS males and somewhat delayed start of menarche in female JDMS patients as compared to their normal counterparts show that disease activity has a smaller effect on the sexual development of JDMS patients from north-western India.

Mediating the Effect of the Parent-Child Relationship in the Relationship Between Self-concept and Career Maturity in Children and Adolescents

The objective of this study is to determine whether the parent-child relationship exerts a mediating effect on the influencing relationship of the self-concept of children and adolescents with career maturity. To this end, we processed data from 5621 students who participated in the first through fifth rounds of the survey in the 2013 Korea Education Longitudinal Study. We performed a paired sample t-test to verify differences between the groups of children and adolescents. To verify the mediating effect of the parent-child relationship on the influencing relationship of self-concept among children and adolescents with career maturity. The results showed that there was a difference depending on gender and city size in terms of self-concept, career maturity, and relationship. This study also revealed a significant discrepancy in the self-concept and parent-child relationship based on the developmental stages. In addition, the study also verified the mediating effect of the parent-child relationship in the relationship between the self-concept of children and adolescents and their career maturity. Based on these findings, it is necessary to implement a systematic education program for parents because the parent-child relationship is highly important in improving students’ career maturity.

Association of Magnesium, Iron, Copper, and Zinc Levels with the Prevalence of Behavior Problems in Children and Adolescents.

Magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are indispensable elements in children's growth and development. However, epidemiological evidence regarding essential elements and their mixed exposure to behavior problems remains in its infancy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between essential elements and the manifestation of behavior problems, with an additional focus on the implications of their mixture. An electronic medical records review was performed among 4122 subjects aged 6-18years who underwent examinations at Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, between January 2019 and July 2022. The concentrations of essential elements were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and behavior problems were assessed by using the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS). A total of 895 (21.7%) children and adolescents were identified as having behavior problems. For single exposure, inversely linear dose-response relationships were identified between continuous Mg and Zn levels and the prevalence of behavior problems, and the prevalence ratios (PRs) in the categorical lowest tertile were 1.28 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-1.54) for Mg and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.05-1.63) for Zn compared to the highest tertile. For mixture exposure, an inverse association between essential elements and behavior problems was also found, mainly contributed by Mg (posterior inclusion probability, PIP = 0.854). Whole blood levels of Mg and Zn were significantly inversely associated with behavior problems. The findings highlight the pivotal role of essential elements in behavior problems and emphasize the importance of maintaining adequate levels of essential elements during children's maturation.

The Role of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase and Osteocalcin in Saliva as Indicators of Skeletal Maturity in Children

The Role of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase and Osteocalcin in Saliva as Indicators of Skeletal Maturity in Children

An Experimental Study of a Role-playing Intervention on Self-Concept and Career Maturity in Children's Career Initiation

Purpose: The study examines the effect of a role-playing intervention on the self-concept and career maturity of Chinese primary school students. The research issue is if a role-playing-based education paradigm improves students' self-concept and career maturity compared to conventional methods. Method: The study involved a sample of 112 children aged 10 to 12 years from a primary school in inland China, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Adapted versions of the Chinese Career Maturity Questionnaire - Children (CCMQ-C) and the Chinese Self-Concept Scale - Children (CSCS-C) were used to assess self-concept and career maturity, respectively. ANOVA was used to analyze the data, with gender as a factor. Results: (1) The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in both career maturity (t=-22.624, p<0.001) and self-concept (t=-12.973, p<0.05), while the positive effects of the intervention were sustained over time. (2) The experimental group, retested after one month, demonstrated a small but significant increase in career maturity (t=-2.383, p<0.05) and a significant elevation in self-concept (t=-12.57, p<0.05) compared to the pre-experimental test. In contrast, the control group did not experience significant changes in career maturity or self-concept after the same period. (3) Despite not being statistically significant (p>0.05), it was found that self-perception had a greater impact on women than on men, and this effect persisted even after one month. Conclusions: Role-playing was statistically significantly superior to traditional teaching methods in improving self-concept and career maturity, but gender was not affected.

Influence of Recovery Time After Warm-up on Vertical Jump Performance in Trained Prepubertal and Postpubertal Male Athletes.

Ferrari, A, Baquet, G, Blazevich, AJ, and Ratel, S. Influence of recovery time after warm-up on vertical jump performance in trained prepubertal and postpubertal male athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 1985-1992, 2023-The aim of this study was to examine the concurrent effects of maturity status and recovery delay after a standardized dynamic warm-up on vertical jump performance. Thirteen prepubertal boys (9.4 ± 1.1 years) and 12 postpubertal boys (16.6 ± 0.8 years) were tested on squat jump (SJ) and drop jump from 30 cm (DJ 30 ) before and after a standardized, 8-minute, dynamic warm-up, including low-intensity, nonspecific dynamic exercises progressing to maximal, specific exercises, over 6 separate occasions. In each session, subjects jumped at 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, or 10 minutes after warm-up in a randomized order. Measurements included SJ height, DJ 30 height, ground contact time (GCT), and reactive strength index (RSI) from DJ 30 . The results revealed no significant recovery time × maturity group interaction effects for SJ height ( p = 0.36), DJ 30 height ( p = 0.45), GCT ( p = 0.75), or RSI ( p = 0.09), meaning that maturity status did not have a significant effect on changes in vertical jump performance after the warm-up. However, there were significant time effects for SJ height, DJ 30 height, and RSI ( p < 0.001 for all), with DJ 30 height and RSI increasing significantly by 16.9% at 1.5 minutes ( p < 0.001) and SJ height increasing significantly by 12.0% until 3 minutes after the warm-up ( p < 0.001). To conclude, the standardized dynamic warm-up had beneficial effects on vertical jump performance within the first 3 minutes after completion of the intervention. However, vertical jump performance after the warm-up was not dependent on the children's maturity status.

Benchmarking performances of L2 spoken Lithuanian produced by young learners

The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), widely recognized as one of the most important documents in foreign language teaching, defines the levels of communicative language proficiency. The common points of reference are primarily meant to assist foreign language teachers and test developers striving to adhere to a unified understanding of CEFR levels. Yet it is not uncommon among practitioners to claim a particular level of a task, text or sample of learner performance drawing merely on their individual experience and intuition, with only limited knowledge of the original descriptor scales. The main purpose of this paper is to describe general procedures for relating foreign language tests and learner performances to the CEFR as they are prescribed by the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE). The five stages of the linking process are familiarisation, specification, standardisation training and benchmarking, standard setting and validation. While the full implementaion of the linking process is a complex undertaking mostly applied in the context of high stakes examinations, certain stages of the linking process could be implemented by individual language schools and programmes. Benchmarking is one of such stages. It involves identification of illustrative learner performances for different proficiency levels. This is a stage which also has its relevance in daily teaching practice and could be easily incorporated in routine assessment procedures thus increasing foreign language teachers' awareness of CEFR levels. Therefore the discussion of the formal linking procedures in this paper is followed by a demonstration of an exercise in benchmarking. It is meant to acquaint the Lithuanian readers with the complexity of the linking process and encourage a more principled approach to level allocations. The exercise in alignment with CEFR level decribed here involves L2 spoken Lithuanian produced by five foreign learners of young age. Sample performances were taken from a corpus of L2 Lithuanian compiled within the XXX project. Since the subjects are children of 11–12 years, another important challenge in the alignment with the CEFR is children's maturity and the necessary adaptation of CEFR descriptors for young learners. Qualitative analysis of five learner samples offers a number of insights into practicalities of linking procedures and discusses ways to ensure reliability and objectivity.

Novel Genetic Determinants of Dental Maturation in Children

Dental occlusion requires harmonious development of teeth, jaws, and other elements of the craniofacial complex, which are regulated by environmental and genetic factors. We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on dental development (DD) using the Demirjian radiographic method. Radiographic assessments from participants of the Generation R Study (primary study population, N1 = 2,793; mean age of 9.8 y) were correlated with ~30 million genetic variants while adjusting for age, sex, and genomic principal components (proxy for population stratification). Variants associated with DD at genome-wide significant level (P < 5 × 10−8) mapped to 16q12.2 (IRX5) (lead variant rs3922616, B = 0.16; P = 2.2 × 10−8). We used Fisher’s combined probability tests weighted by sample size to perform a meta-analysis (N = 14,805) combining radiographic DD at a mean age of 9.8 y from Generation R with data from a previous GWAS (N2 = 12,012) on number of teeth (NT) in infants used as proxy of DD at a mean age of 9.8 y (including the ALSPAC and NFBC1966). This GWAS meta-analysis revealed 3 novel loci mapping to 7p15.3 (IGF2BP3: P = 3.2 × 10−8), 14q13.3 (PAX9: P = 1.9 × 10−8), and 16q12.2 (IRX5: P = 1.2 × 10−9) and validated 8 previously reported NT loci. A polygenic allele score constructed from these 11 loci was associated with radiographic DD in an independent Generation R set of children (N = 703; B = 0.05, P = 0.004). Furthermore, profiling of the identified genes across an atlas of murine and human stem cells observed expression in the cells involved in the formation of bone and/or dental tissues (>0.3 frequency per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads), likely reflecting functional specialization. Our findings provide biological insight into the polygenic architecture of the pediatric dental maturation process.

The Effect of Parenting and the Parent-Child Relationship on a Child's Cognitive Development: A Literature Review.

Various studies have been done on subjects such as parenting, parent-child relationships, parenting style, effortful parenting, the concept of parenting, the cognitive development of children, and the cognition of parents. This research is mainly based on parenting practice, child development, and maturation. Children's cognitive development starts in the first year of life and then progresses gradually. Children require positive parenting in painful and different situations. Parenting gives a child the confidence to face crucial, challenging problems. Sensitive parenting and caregiving are required for the child's maturity and cognitive development. Media has been observed to be essential in improving parenting practices. Children exhibit internalizing and externalizing symptoms as a result of harsh, aggressive, and intrusive parenting. According to the data, it is seen that the risk of depression increases in adolescence. The main reason for the rise in depression in children is the non-cooperation and support of mothers and fathers. The risk of depression decreases in children whose mothers and fathers are cooperative and supportive. While family and social stress increase the chances of depression in children, a negative parenting style means children face family and social anxiety. Due to the high level of hostile parenting and low level of positive parenting, they experience stress, peer pressure, and social and family relationship problems. Another excellent term for effortful control parenting is required for children's cognitive development. Parenting is necessary for the regulation of emotions and behavior. There are many problems seen in infancy, early childhood, and late childhood. There are four types of parenting styles seen: authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting/controlling parenting, permissive parenting/indulgent parenting, and uninvolved parenting/neglecting to parent. Good parenting requires one to know the concept of good parenting, the idea of parenting, the importance of parenting and children's needs, the components of parenting, and the consequences of parenting.

Risk Factors for Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Auditory Maturation in Children Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Who Recovered?

Background: Newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are at higher risk of developing sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), which may improve over time. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of the main risk factors for SNHL in a NICU cohort, focusing on children who underwent auditory maturation. Methods: An observational study of 378 children admitted to NICUs, who were followed for at least 18 months, with periodic audiologic assessments. Results: Out of 378 patients, 338 had normal hearing and 40 were hearing-impaired; we found a higher percentage of extremely preterm (EPT) and extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) infants in SNHL children (p < 0.05). Seventeen infants presented auditory improvement, with a mean maturation time of 6.17 months. A significant difference emerged between patients with stable SNHL and those who improved only in the case of hyperbilirubinemia (p = 0.005). The initial hearing threshold was a predictor of auditory improvement and moderately correlated to the time of auditory maturation (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our study supports the trend toward recognizing worse prognoses and slower maturation processes among NICU children who suffer from severe to profound SNHL. Caution must be taken when deciding on earlier cochlear implantation.

Effects of Abacus Training on Auditory Spatial Maturation in Children with Normal Hearing.

Introduction The spatial auditory system, though developed at birth, attains functional maturity in the late childhood (12 years). Spatial changes during childhood affect navigation in the environment and source segregation. Accommodation of a new skill through learning, especially during childhood, can expedite this process. Objective To explore the auditory spatial benefits of abacus training on psychoacoustic metrics in children. The study also aimed to identify the most sensitive metric to abacus training related changes in spatial processing, and utilize this metric for a detailed spatial error profiling. Methods A standard group comparison analysis with 90 participants divided into three groups: I: children with abacus training (C-AT); II: children with no training (C-UT); III: adults with no training (A-UT). The groups underwent a series of psychoacoustic tests, such as interaural time difference (ITD), interaural level difference (ILD), and virtual auditory space identification (VASI), as well as perceptual tests such as the Kannada version of the speech, spatial, and quality questionnaire (K-SSQ). Results Significant group differences were observed in the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post-hoc tests, with the C-AT group showing significantly lower ILD scores ( p = 0.01) and significantly higher VASI scores ( p <0.001) compared to the C-UT group, which is indicative of better spatial processing abilities in the former group. The discriminant function (DF) analyses showed that the VASI was the most sensitive metric for training-related changes, based on which elaborate error analyses were performed. Conclusions Despite the physiological limits of the immature neural framework, the performance of the C-AT group was equivalent to that of untrained adults on psychoacoustic tests, which is reflective of the positive role of abacus training in expediting auditory spatial maturation.

Children's Relative Age and Medicine Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Across Australian Jurisdictions with Different School Enrolment Policies.

Background: Children who are relatively young for their school grade are more likely to receive treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is unclear whether the phenomenon also exists across Australia or is impacted by the school enrolment policy in place. Objective: We evaluated the association between children's relative age and initiation of ADHD medicines across Australian jurisdictions with different school enrolment policies and rates of delayed school entry. Methods: We used Australia-wide dispensing data for a 15% random sample of children 4-9 years of age in 2013-2017 to create a nationwide cohort. Due to high rates of delayed school entry in New South Wales (NSW), we used linked prescribing and education data for a cohort of NSW residents starting school in 2009 and 2012. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for ADHD medicine across children's birth month, sex, and jurisdiction. We used asthma medicines as a negative control. Results: For girls, we observed a relative age effect in three out of five jurisdictions, with an IRR ranging from 1.3 to 2.8, comparing the youngest versus oldest birth month thirds. We observed more modest effects among boys, ranging from null to 1.5-fold. In NSW, the relatively youngest boys were less likely to initiate stimulant medicines than the oldest (IRR = 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.78). We did not observe a relative age effect for initiation of asthma medicines. Conclusions: In jurisdictions with low rates of delayed entry, relatively young children were more likely to initiate ADHD medicines than their older classmates. We observed the inverse association in NSW where delayed entry was highest, likely reflecting the characteristics and needs of children who delay school entry for 1 year and become the oldest children in the grade. Increased awareness around children's maturity differences and school readiness may enhance appropriate diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.

Trends in Growth and Maturation in Children with Cystic Fibrosis Throughout Nine Decades.

Since cystic fibrosis (CF) was first described in 1938, there have been many discoveries and innovations in the field, each having a profound impact on survival, growth and quality of life. For example, the introduction of enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme microspheres increased fat absorption and improved nutritional status. Early detection of CF through newborn screening facilitated prompt nutritional intervention for infants at high risk of malnutrition. Use of anti-pseudomonal therapy, such as inhaled tobramycin, increased weight gain and pulmonary function in addition to reducing pulmonary exacerbations. Similarly, DNAse and hypertonic saline improved pulmonary function and reduced exacerbations. The identification of the CFTR gene and its protein product were fundamental in understanding the pathophysiology of CF and paved the way for advances in both diagnosis and management. In fact, CFTR modulator therapies have revolutionized the care for individuals with CF. Here, we examine the impact of these interventions on the nutritional status, growth and pubertal maturation of children and adolescents with CF.

Parenting Children with Cystic Fibrosis: Developmental Acquisition of Expertise.

This study was designed to increase our understanding of parents' experiences managing the needs of their children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to identify potential gaps in services. We used grounded dimensional analysis of anonymous survey data obtained from a quality improvement initiative conducted by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF). The Patient and Family Experience of Care (PFEC) survey was administered continuously at 125 CF care centers throughout the United States in 2017. The subsample of data for this study was completed by 80 parents/caregivers of children with CF (younger than 18 years). Two unifying themes emerged from parents' survey responses: (1) parents' expertise expands continually as they learn and adapt to changes in their children's maturity or health and (2) parental expertise is sometimes visible or invisible to clinicians. Parents' expertise evolved with their children's development. Visible to care teams was at-home care, e.g., respiratory treatments and medications. Less visible were intangible management activities, e.g., social processes, emotions, and concerns that were omnipresent for parents but seldom disclosed to or seen/recognized by clinicians. Themes, such as the quality of encounters with care teams, progressive nature of CF, and hope derived from advances in research, were associated with specific contextual factors. The findings expand our understanding of lived parental experiences of CF across childhood and offer direction for future quality improvement and research. Online parent surveys offer a valuable tool to identify unmet needs across subgroups of families affected by chronic childhood health conditions.

McEwan’s Enduring Love: A Psychoanalytical Investigation

This essay is a psychoanalytic examination of Ivan McEwan's novel ‘Enduring Love’. The Object Relation Theory, which asserts the existence of a fundamental human instinct known as mother-child relationship, provides a unique viewpoint on how an individual interacts with his or her environment. It is about studying the characters' behaviours and attempting to understand them from a psychoanalytic perspective. The anxieties and tensions that permeate McEwan's characters' psyches in Enduring Love will be shown via the use of synthesising key phrases and concepts from Klein, Fairbairn, and Winnicott's object-relations theory. Klein, Fairbairn, and Winnicott argue that during an infant's early years, there are both good and toxic things from the outside world. These things, which include activities, people, and relationships, are referred to as objects, and are internalised as positive or negative experiences, indicating that what we live through, contributes to the development of our self and personality. Mother is an object, and the infant's relationship with his or her mother is critical to the child's maturation, growth, development, and later stages of life. According to this, identifying the source of McEwan's characters' failures in their interactions and relationships with one another results in their early childhood's unsatisfactory emotional experiences, resulting in an imperfect development in later stages of life in establishing healthy relationships.

Effects of family disintegration on children later depression

Studies examining the effects of marital dissolution on children's welfare have repeatedly found that children of separated parents perform worse on several well-being parameters than those from intact households. Depression is highly represented in the health care system among children and older offspring of divorced parents. This study utilizes the double ABCX model to examine the relationship between divorce and depression. The goal of the study was to see if divorce is a sound predictor of depression. Divorce was shown to only explain a modest portion of the variation in depression (r^2= .04). This level of variation suggests that other than divorce, various additional variables have a role in depression. The study closes with the indication that if additional moderating variables such as the child's maturity and availability of household resources before and after dissolution were encompassed in the analysis, divorce would become a stronger risk factor for depression. Family disharmony may be linked to a higher incidence of severe depressive illness in children of divorced parents.

REFLEKSI MORALITAS GUGATAN ANAK TERHADAP ORANG TUA DI PENGADILAN DI TINJAU DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; The essence of the relationship between children and parents in Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, article 46 Paragraphs (1) and (2) does not provide legal certainty, considering that there are no articles that explain further about the form of parental care that must be carried out by children, the size of the child's maturity , and the legal consequences if you violate it. So that this regulation cannot run or cannot be fulfilled with certainty. The emergence of the problem of the phenomenon of the rise of lawsuits against parents in court cannot be separated from the decline in morality towards parents regarding the value of children's moral education in formal education and non-formal education in the child's environment, this problem is increasingly unstoppable with the absence of further legal policies as elaboration. Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Article 46 Paragraphs (1) and (2), so that it is clear that the rights of parents are protected and can put the position of parents in what should be desired by these provisions.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;