Matter Storage Research Articles

Genetic Analysis of Yield and Quality Characteristics in Provitamin A Hybrid Cassava Families in Ghana

Cassava is the most widely cultivated and consumed crop in Ghana. Malnutrition is endemic in cassava-producing regions of Africa, partly due to the low micronutrient content of this crop. The aim of this study was to generate genetic information on characteristics such as total carotenoid content, dry matter content, root weight and number, and cassava mosaic disease (CMD), and their possible combination in cassava clones, using a North Carolina II breeding scheme. Five genetically diverse yellow-fleshed clones at advanced selection stages, with CMD resistance, were used as females and two high dry matter content white-fleshed clones, selected from farmers’ fields in Ghana, were used as males. Ten F1 families were generated, and evaluated at two locations in Ghana. General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were larger than specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares for harvest index, CMD, and carotenoid content, indicating additive genetic effects. The positive significant correlations that were observed between pulp color and carotenoid content; carotenoid content and CMD; pulp color and CMD; and pulp color and cortex color, make the screening of large numbers of progenies possible in the cassava breeding program. This could allow breeders to combine carotenoid content and CMD at the early breeding stages through visual assessment of pulp color and CMD symptoms. Large numbers of genotypes can be evaluated and a few can be selected to be quantified for carotenoid content at later stages of the breeding program, to save costs. One of the parents (P6), showed positive GCA effects for carotenoid content, dry matter content, CMD and storage root weight, hence could be used as a parent to generate clones that combine carotenoid content and dry matter content.

Defective Hierarchical Pore Engineering of a Zn-Ni MOF by Labile Coordination Bonding Modulation.

The construction and modulation of hierarchical pore structure in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has become a hot topic owing to the advantages of hierarchical pore MOFs (HP-MOFs) in matter storage and mass transfer related applications. Herein, we report the engineering of crystalline defect in a bimetallic MOF for the construction and tuning of HP-MOF. A microporous MOF system showing metal-center-dependent water stability, namely, {[M3F(bdc)3 tpt] (solvents)}n (M = Zn2+ and Ni2+, H2bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, tpt = 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)triazine), was utilized as a platform for the construction of HP-MOF. By tuning the Zn2+/Ni2+ ratio in the reactant, a bimetallic MOF with a highly tunable Zn2+/Ni2+ ratio could be obtained. The relatively labile Zn2+-based coordination bonding in the bimetallic MOF could be readily and targeted broken through water treatment for the engineering of crystalline defects-based hierarchical pore structure. The resultant HP-MOF reveals a dramatically increased pore volume with the presence of mesopore and macropore. In addition, the anionic framework of HP-MOF could be utilized for the selective adsorption of a cationic dye methylene blue, and a relatively high capacity (250 mg·g-1, five times compared with the pristine microporous MOF) could be achieved.

EXAMINING THE PROCESS OF DECOMPOSITION AND CARBON CYCLING IN 'FADAMA' COASTAL WETLANDS: A CASE STUDY OF HEAPING WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM

Wetlands provide several ecosystem services including carbon capture and storage, water filtration, nutrient cycling, and support agriculture among others. The biogeochemical process and decomposition parameters in ‘Fadama' wetland soils comprising of Gada biyu, Pwomol and Kpang referred to as sites A, B, and C respectively all of Heipang District in Barkin Ladi, Plateau State was investigated using standard operating procedures (SOP). Results of investigations revealed that soils from Kpang had slightly higher water content (34.52%) than those from Pwomol (33.48%) and Gada biyu (32.03%). While soils from Gada biyu had the highest solid organic matter (SOM) (10.79%) followed by Pwomol (8.15%) as Kpang had the least (7.85%). Gada biyu soils had the lowest Phenol oxidases activity (1536.56 nmol dicq g-1 h-1) while those from Pwomol (5340.44 nmol dicq g-1 h-1) was highest. All sites had similar concentrations of soil phenolics (76.58 µg g-1, 79.98µg g-1, and 83.25µg g-1). The activity of hydrolyses (β-glucosidase) in Gada biyu soil (2.93 nmol g-1 min-1) was lower than those from Pwomol (6.13 nmol g-1 min-1). These parameters indicate the level of biogeochemical processes in the soil at each site. Gada biyu had the highest rate of CH4 (0.84 ug g-1h-1) flux. Decomposition of organic matter, carbon cycling and greenhouse gas storage in wetland soil, is due to the anoxic condition comprising of low oxygen availability, cool temperatures, anaerobic conditions, reduced microbial activity, and the quality of organic matter substrates in such soils. Anthropogenic disturbances affecting wetlands must be discouraged to promote vital ecosystem services.

수변구역 조성녹지의 탄소저감 효과 및 증진방안

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of and planting density of on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged and , respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were and , respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.

松嫩平原野古草种群构件结构动态

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 松嫩平原野古草种群构件结构动态 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306081459 作者: 作者单位: 东北师范大学草地科学研究所植被生态科学教育部重点实验室,东北师范大学草地科学研究所植被生态科学教育部重点实验室,东北师范大学草地科学研究所植被生态科学教育部重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(31170504);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金(20110043110005) Dynamics of module structures on Arundinella hirta populations in Songnen Plains of China Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology,Ministry of Education,Institute of Grassland Science,Northeast Normal University,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology,Ministry of Education,Institute of Grassland Science,Northeast Normal University,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology,Ministry of Education,Institute of Grassland Science,Northeast Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:野古草是根茎型无性系禾草,在松嫩平原草甸经常形成单优种群落。采用单位面积挖掘取样、分株按营养繁殖世代划分龄级、根茎按实际生活年限划分龄级的方法,对松嫩平原单优群落和混生群落的野古草种群构件结构进行了调查与分析。结果表明,在生长季初期两群落野古草种群均以春性分株和根茎芽占优势,且分株及芽构件结构相对稳定,芽库的输出率单优群落为80.4%,混生群落为62.5%;整个生长季分株由2-3个龄级组成,1a分株数量是2a的2.9-10.2倍,其生物量各月份所占比例平均为93%,随着龄级的增加依次明显减少,呈增长型年龄结构;根茎由3-4个龄级组成,根茎累积长度及生物量均以2a占绝对优势,为稳定型年龄结构;分株生产力1a明显高于2a,对种群贡献最大;根茎贮藏力除个别月份以3a、4a最高外,两群落大部分以2a最高,在生长季后期,1a根茎物质积累的速率最快。 Abstract:Arundinella hirta is a typical clonal plant with rhizome. It always forms monodominant community in the meadow of the Songnen Plains, China. By using the method of excavating samples in unit area, ramet were classified according to the generation of vegetative propagation and rhizomes age classes were did according to the actual living years. To reveal the number and biomass dynamics of A. hirta populations during restoration succession, a survey and analysis was conducted on the module structures of A. hirta populations. The monodominant community and mixed community were in different stages from A. hirta to Leymus chinensis restoration succession series. Research results showed that spring ramets and rhizome buds were dominant in two communities in the early growing season. Spring ramets were 3 times that of winter ramets, and rhizome buds accounted for more than 90% of total buds which was predominant. Age structures of ramets and buds were stable at the same time. Mixed community was lower than that of monodominant community in the output rate of bud banks, 62.5% and 80.4%, respectively. Throughout the growing season, ramets consisted of two to three age classes and biomass of the 1st age ramets accounted for an average of 93% in each month, and the number of ramets of 1st age class was 2.9-10.2 times more than 2nd age class. The number and biomass of ramets reduced significantly in turn with age class increase and appeared expanding age structures. Dynamics of ramet biomass corresponded to the ramet number. But the differences were not significant among 2nd age class in each month. Rhizomes consisted of three or four age classes. Accumulation length and biomass of 2nd age rhizomes were predominant, which accounted for more than 50% of total rhizomes. Age structures of rhizomes presented stable. It is worth mentioning that the contribution of 4th age rhizome biomass was very small, and these old rhizomes all died before winter. Productivity of ramets represents plant vegetative production and storage, which can be reflected by biomass of unit ramets number. Productivity of 1st age was significantly higher than 2nd age ramets, and it had the greatest contribution to the populations. The minimum of average productivity appeared in June of different plots. Rhizome is an important organ for vegetative propagation and matter storage. Storage capacity can be reflected by the biomass per unit rhizome length, and storage capacity of 1st age rhizomes increased with season in two communities. The 2nd age class rhizome had the highest storage capacity in communities in every month except for June and July. Matter accumulation of 1st age rhizome had the fastest growth rate in the late growing season. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The iron lung: A device for the continuous delivery of fine particulate matter

In aerosol research, bag-sampling techniques are commonly used for temporary storage of aerosols. They have been used for aging studies and to integrate over fluctuations in aerosol properties and concentrations. Here, we describe the design and operation of an iron lung aerosol sampler consisting of a large volume (∼277 l) drum and a conductive drum liner. This iron lung is used for the continuous delivery of fine particulate matter. Its performance for storage and sampling of fine particulate matter has been evaluated with soot from a kerosene lamp by characterizing the change of particle number and size distribution as function of time with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Changes in these properties have been shown to be smooth, demonstrating the utility of the iron lung described here.

Potential of the daycent model to predict change in greenhouse gas emissions with cessation of tillage for cultivation of perennial energy crops

Bioenergy may make up a signifi cant proportion of future renewable energy supplies, and for perennial feedstocks, this will require conversion of land to a no till (NT) system. Previous studies suggest that NT leads to increased soil organic matter (SOM) storage, which breaks down over time resulting in increased N2O emissions. This may not indicate net total increase, since indirect emissions from eroded SOM with tillage should be considered. Given the high global warming potential of N2O, it is crucial to predict net change in emissions rather than focusing only on potential for C storage. The DayCent model has been used to represent both tilled [1, 2], and untilled [3, 4] agroecosystems. This study assesses its suitability to represent land conversion to NT; fi rst by exploring model structure and process representation, and secondly by using sensitivity analysis to identify whether DayCent matches published variation between tillage regimes. DayCent predicts increasing surface and slow-decomposing soil carbon for no till, but not the expected increase in N2O emissions. It has been suggested that changes in soil structure with tillage affect infi ltration, and therefore nitrifi cation and denitrifi cation processes leading to N2O emissions [5, 6]. For accurate simulation of the relationship to precipitation, DayCent should ideally represent differing soil water capacity (SWC) and porosity between tillage regimes, and the impacts on water fi lled pore space (WFPS). DayCent also fails to appropriately respond to low C:N ratio residue applications, or to simulate interaction between tillage and nutrient applications. Recommendations are provided for improvements to DayCent to resolve these issues and enable more robust scenario analysis. Assuming improved performance at validation, this should facilitate more accurate carbon equivalent emissions for land use change, incorporating N2O.

The Effects of Fat and Non Fat Dry Matter Concentration and Storage Time on the Physical Properties and Acidity of Yoghurts Made with Probiotic Cultures

The effects of fat and non fat dry matter (NFDM) concentration and storage time on the physical properties and acidity of yoghurts made using commercial probiotic cultures (ABY and ABT-1) were investigated by using response surface methodology. All yoghurts made with ABY and ABT-1 cultures exhibited shear thinning behaviour. The power low model was used to describe the shear thinning behaviour of yoghurt samples. The flow behaviour index ( n) and the consistency coefficient ( m) were determined. NFDM levels in milk strongly affected syneresis, apparent viscosity at a constant speed of 100rpm, flow behaviour index and the consistency coefficient. Titratable acidity and pH were mainly affected by the storage time. Under all conditions examined, yoghurt made with ABT-1 culture had higher apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient and pH value than those of the yoghurt made using ABY culture.

Safe management of the contaminated land inventory, Sellafield, UK

As the UK regulator for nuclear licensed sites, the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII) requires the Sellafield site operator to demonstrate safe operation and management of the contaminated land inventory in accordance with the site licence conditions. In general, the Nuclear Site Licence Conditions apply in totality but there are some conditions which are more applicable than others for contaminated land. For example, Licence Condition 4 requires BNFL to control the storage of nuclear matter including radioactive waste on the licensed site. This paper describes the production of the first safety case for contaminated land by BNFL for its sites in the UK

Carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in silvopastoral systems on a sodic soil in northwestern India

Tree-based land-use systems could sequester carbon in soil and vegetation and improve nutrient cycling within the systems. The present investigation was aimed at analyzing the role of tree and grass species on biomass productivity, carbon sequestration and nitrogen cycling in silvopastoral systems in a highly sodic soil. The silvopastoral systems (located at Saraswati Reserved Forest, Kurukshetra, 29°4prime; to 30°15prime; N and 75°15prime; to 77°16prime; E) consisted of about six-year-old-tree species of Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo and Prosopis juliflora in the mainplots of a split-plot experiment with two species of grasses, Desmostachya bipinnata and Sporobolus marginatus, in the subplots. The total carbon storage in the trees + grass systems was 1.18 to 18.55 Mg C ha−1 and carbon input in net primary production varied between 0.98 to 6.50 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Carbon flux in net primary productivity increased significantly due to integration of Prosopis and Dalbergia with grasses. Compared to 'grass-only' systems, soil organic matter, biological productivity and carbon storage were greater in the silvopastoral systems. Of the total nitrogen uptake by the plants, 4 to 21 per cent was retained in the perennial tree components. Nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant system was found to be efficient. Thus, It is suggested that the silvopastoral systems, integrating trees and grasses hold promise as a strategy for improving highly sodic soils.

A Comprehensive Energy and Economic Assessment of Biofuels: When “Green” Is Not Enough

Referee: Dr. Charles A. S. Hall, Department of Environmental Studies, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210Biofuel production systems are sometimes claimed to be able to fill in for future fossil fuel shortages as well as to decrease carbon dioxide emissions and global warming. As such, they are often promoted as a “green” alternative to fossil fuels. I present a comprehensive, system-based case study of biofuel production from maize or corn (Zea mays L.) and evaluate it critically in this review. The case study is taken as an example of the comprehensive approach that I suggest for any energy crop. I conclude that the biofuel option on a large scale is not a viable alternative based on economic, energy and eMergy (amount of available energy [exergy] of one form [usually solar] that is directly or indirectly required to provide a given flow or storage of exergy or matter) analyses of the case study data and estimated possible improvement of yield and efficiency. This is true for developed countries due to their huge energy demand compared with what biofuel options are able to supply as well as for developing countries due to the low yield of their agriculture and competition for land and water for food production. However, biofuels may contribute to optimizing the energy and resource balance of agricultural, livestock, or industrial production systems at an appropriate scale. I present a proposal to integrate ethanol production with industrial activities within a “zero emission framework” as a suggestion for optimization strategies capable of making the biofuel option more sustainable and profitable in those cases where it is appropriate.

Organic matter retention by macrophyte beds in 2 southeastern USA, low-gradient, headwater streams

AbstractWe examined particulate organic matter (POM) storage and retention in aquatic macrophyte beds (Sparganium americanum Nutt.) from 2, first-order, blackwater tributaries of Tinker Creek, South Carolina, USA. Measurements were made during the autumn (high litter input) and summer (low litter input), in 100-m study reaches, 1 with low macrophyte density (T-1) and 1 with high macrophyte density (T-2). Three experiments assessed: 1) POM retention by individual plant beds, 2) short-term retention of leaf analogs in plant beds and by other retention structures, and 3) benthic and transported POM at the reach scale. Upon completion, all above ground macrophyte biomass was removed and the experiments were repeated. At the scale of 1 bed, low plant density effectively trapped and stored POM in summer and autumn. High-density beds stored POM in the summer but during autumn POM output exceeded input. At the reach scale, both tributaries effectively retained coarse POM in summer, but only high-density beds did ...

Conversion of natural, mixed-species forests to conifer plantations: Implications for dead organic matter and carbon storage

Aboveground carbon storage of stands of natural forest was compared with that of conifer plantations of various age in New Brunswick, Canada. The stands of natural forest were dominated by balsam fir (Abies balsamea), red spruce (Picea rubens), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). The plantations were dominated by planted black spruce (Picea mariana). The stands of natural forest ranged in age from 55 to 105 years, while the plantations represented a chronosequence of 3 to 21 years. Carbon storage in the aboveground living tree biomass of mature natural stands averaged 74.9 t C/ha-1 (range 57.1 to 92.7 t C/ha-1), compared with a projected 82.5 t C ha-1 in a 60-year-old spruce plantation. Forest-floor biomass was similar among stands of natural forest and plantations (overall average 20.4 t C/ha-1). Woody detrital biomass (snags and coarse woody debris) in mature natural stands averaged 19.1 t C/ha-1, considerably more than in the older plantations studied (0.20 t C/ha-1 in a 21-year-old plantation). Because of clear-cut harvesting and precommercial and commercial thinning, the plantations receive few inputs of snags or coarse woody detritus. The longer-term paucity of these biomass components in plantations has important implications for carbon storage. Overall, our study suggests that a landscape managed as a shifting mosaic of plantations on a 60-year rotation would store only about 22% as much aboveground carbon (i.e., in live trees, snags, coarse woody debris, and the forest floor) as a landscape covered in older-growth natural forest in which gap-phase disturbance dynamics were the primary mechanism of disturbance.

Pit and mound topography and its influence on storage of carbon, nitrogen, and organic matter within an old-growth forest

Pit and mound topography and its influence on storage of carbon, nitrogen, and organic matter within an old-growth forest

Análise de crescimento em amendoinzeiro (Arachis hypogaea L.) submetido à matocompetição

Foram verificados os efeitos de diferentes períodos de controle e convivência de plantas daninhas (0; 14; 28; 42; 56; 70; 84 e 98 dias) na cultura do amendoinzeiro (Arachis hypogaea L.) em Moji-Guaçu (SP). As principais espécies invasoras da área experimental foram: Acanthospermum australe (Loef.) O. Kuntz, Waltheria indica L., Borreria alata DC., Richardia scabra L., Rhynchelytrum repens (Nees) Stapf. et Hubb. e Diodia teres Walt. De maneira geral, durante quase todo o ciclo, a espécie de maior importância relativa foi A. australe, sendo suplantada por outras espécies apenas na colheita, quando já estava encerrando seu ciclo de desenvolvimento. O período inicial de controle das plantas daninhas, além de reduzir a densidade da comunidade infestante, diminuiu sua riqueza em espécies e alterou a importância relativa das populações. A matocompetição resultou na redução do crescimento do amendoinzeiro, principalmente a partir de 42 dias de convivência, afetando a altura das plantas, a área foliar, o índice de área foliar e o acúmulo epígeo de matéria seca. Não foram afetados os números de ramos e de folíolos por planta, nem a qualidade dos grãos e o vigor das sementes do amendoim. A produção de frutos foi reduzida ao redor de 31,5% em decorrência da interferência das plantas daninhas. O período total de prevenção da interferência na produção foi de 14 dias e o período anterior à interferência foi de 70 dias.

Gamma ray bursts and neutron star accretion of a solid body

view Abstract Citations (93) References (35) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Gamma ray bursts and neutron star accretion of a solid body Colgate, S. A. ; Petschek, A. G. Abstract In order to explain the Mar. 5, 1979 gamma burst in which a 0.1 sec burst of hard X-rays was followed by a protracted 8 sec pulsation, the sequence of events that would probably take place if a comet or asteroid made a direct impact on a neutron star is described. A local 100 pc origin; a cold, magnetized neutron star; and an impacting comet or asteroid of 10 to the 18th g are assumed. The flow after tidal breakup is compressive and elongates the body. The neutron star surface interaction causes a local explosion and expansion of matter onto a fan of flux tubes. The restricted area, the fall back at the conjugate field points, and storage of matter at high L or flux surface radii result in a spectrum and flux that offers a reasonable explanation of the March 5 event. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: September 1981 DOI: 10.1086/159201 Bibcode: 1981ApJ...248..771C Keywords: Gamma Ray Bursts; Neutron Stars; Stellar Mass Accretion; Matter (Physics); Stellar Gravitation; Stellar Magnetic Fields; Stellar Radiation; Stellar Temperature; Astrophysics full text sources ADS |

Bursa of Fabricus: uptake of radioactive particles and radiotoxic "sealing" of bursal follicles.

Making use of the fact that the avian bursa is uniquely equiped for uptake, degradation and storage of particulate matter from the cloacal lumen, we administered 239Pu(IV) perorally or via the cloaca to cause radiotoxic damage to the bursal tissue. This resulted in a involution of the follicles, reduction of the lymphocyte mass, predominance of smaller lymphoid cells in the medulla as compared to controls, disappearance of tuft epithelia, formation of a sub-epithelial fibrous layer in many follicles and impairment or an almost complete loss of the capacity of the bursa to take up particulate matter. Concomitant with these changes was a reduction in the concentration of serum IgG. These findings are discussed in relation to the immunologic contact role of the bursa.