Matter Of Courtesy Research Articles

A Matter of Courtesy: The Role of Soviet Diplomacy and Soviet "System Safeguards" in Maintaining Soviet Influence on Czechoslovak Science before and after 1968.

In 1969, a few short months after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Sergei I. Prasolov, advisor to the Soviet Ambassador in Prague, informed František Šorm, President of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, at a formal meeting that he welcomed Šorm's suggestion to intensify scientific exchange between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. Šorm politely declined this offer. Behind the veneer of diplomatic courtesy on the part of both actors, a real drama was taking place. Šorm and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences had actually never formulated such a request. To the contrary, since the late 1950s the academy had repeatedly pointed out that the Soviets were incapable of coordinating scientific activities in the Eastern Bloc. The Soviet system of academic cooperation within the Eastern Bloc had already begun to collapse after the Geneva Summit of 1955, where the Soviets opened the door to international collaboration across the Iron Curtain. Yet it was only in the late 1960s that the Soviets realized that while they dominated large-scale international collaboration, they had lost control of internal developments within the Eastern Bloc.

Diplomats in Science Diplomacy: Promoting Scientific and Technological Collaboration in International Relations**

Diplomats in Science Diplomacy: Promoting Scientific and Technological Collaboration in International Relations**

Postinterview Communications Between Residency Programs and Candidates: What are the Rules?

Postinterview Communications Between Residency Programs and Candidates: What are the Rules?

The Feature of Subjects in the Ke-Ju (_??__??_) Sustem of the ming Period

The feature of the subject in Ke-Ju system of the Ming period, is that judicial decisions were adopted instead of the poetry. From the first, Zhu Yuán Zhang wanted to exclude such a false sentence as has danger that fact would be hidden, and he demanded sincere learning. That judicial decision was adopted instead of the poetry by Zhu Yuán Zhang was also because he wished that a government official should have a deep understanding for the confucian morals and the administrative ability.Judicial decision of the Ming period can be descended from Pàn (_??_) of the Táng Period, or from Duàn Àn (_??__??_) of the Xin Ke Míng Fa Ke that was established by Wáng Ãn Shí, who claimed sincere learning in 1069 (Xi Níng 2 Mián). However, Deng Ke Lú of Xiang Shì ·z;Huì Shì in the Ming period does not show us an example answer on judicial decision. Accordingly, its contents seem to have derived from an annotated edition of Lú Lì which was published for the use of any government official, clerk, students preparing for an examination of Ke-Ju in the late Ming period.Judicial decision was adopted in the Xiang Shì of Ming period as one of the Ke-Ju system, and the most frequently used clause was set at Jia Jing (_??__??_)-Wàn Lì (_??__??_) era of the late Ming period, Li Lù(_??__??_) [Jìn Zhi Yíng Sòng (_??__??__??__??_)]. When we study this clause in the annotated edition of Lù Lì (_??__??_), we can find that «Zhao Ni (_??__??_)»and«Pàn Yu (_??__??_)» are very important. The first step of the «Zhao Ni»is an acknowledgment of suspicion toward Zhào Jia that welcomed and sent off their superiors as well as Qián Yi which accepted welcome and send-off of Zhào Jia. The second step is to make the original bill of culpability (_??__??_=_??_·_??_). The third step is to make the original bill of punishment (_??_) which imposes Penalty of Zhàng (_??_) ninety to the principal and an accessory.In all cases, the examples of the «Pàn Yu» regarding [Jìn Zhi Yíng Sòng], are composed of from one hundred to one hundred forty two letters. When we analyze each phrase in judicial decision, we can easily find that, in all cases, it shows an antithesis of eight crotches. In short, Pàn Yu= [Jìn Zhi Yíng Sòng]refers to the historical cases and admonishes the government official that observed or deviated the rules on the welcome and send-off as a matter of courtesy at administration of justice. It also, regarding the application of a law, requires to make up a literary composition full of flowery rhetoric which consists of eight crotches on wording the acknowledgment of suspicion as well as the judgement of a punishment.Set questions of judicial decision are frequently adopted in the late Ming period. Such a feature seems to be relevant to the conflicts of the Ju Hé (_??__??_) ·Kao Chá (_??__??_) of Fu·Àn (_??_·_??_) for the local government official that have been actualized in Jia Jing-Wàn Lì era.

'Innovation for Failure - Some Reflections on the Work of the NRDC Relevant to the Early History of the Computer Industry in the UK'

Some years ago Dr Hendry sent me the manuscript of his book 'Innovation for Failure' as a matter of courtesy, since I appear in it so often. I read it, thought it excellent and corresponded with him about it. We met and exchanged views. Now the final version has been published and I have been asked to write an essay review on it. An essay review is a rather hybrid term. As essay comments on the content of a book assuming the reader is familiar with it. A review should enable one who has not read it to decide whether to acquire it with a view to doing so.

The Matter of Courtesy: A Study of Medieval Courtesy Books and the Gawain-Poet by J. W. Nicholls

The Matter of Courtesy: A Study of Medieval Courtesy Books and the Gawain-Poet by J. W. Nicholls

Jonathan Nicholls. The Matter of Courtesy: Medieval Courtesy Books and the Gawain-Poet. Dover, N.H.: D.S. Brewer; distributed by Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 1985. Pp. x, 241, $41.25

Jonathan Nicholls. The Matter of Courtesy: Medieval Courtesy Books and the Gawain-Poet. Dover, N.H.: D.S. Brewer; distributed by Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 1985. Pp. x, 241, $41.25

The Future of the Sparsely Populated Rural Towns of Connecticut

Although population depletion in many rural towns and concomitant increases in urban and suburban areas have gone on for many years, it is probable that the movement was not widely recognized until the report of the American Country Life Commission, published in book form in I91I. Recent trends in the cityward drift of the rural population in Connecticut are set forth in the study entitled Population Mobility in Rural Connecticut.2 It was found, for example, that nearly half the towns of the state-on the whole, those that are the most sparsely settled-either have declined in numbers or have a practically stationary population (Fig. I). The towns that either are decreasing in population or had a negligible increase for the decade ending I930 are distributed chiefly along the eastern and the western highlands in a north and south pattern. The obverse side of this picture is shown on Figure 2. Here are 14 towns whose populations have increased 50 per cent or more during this decade. These are principally on the outskirts of the large cities and along the shore near New York. Closely connected with population mobility in rural Connecticut is a shift in occupation. In earlier days farming had a wide vocational interest for the inhabitants of New England, and even though much of this farming was part-time, a relatively large percentage of the population could be termed farmers. Today the rural-farm population is practically nil in the three southern states of New England, though it still constitutes a rather important part of the population in the three northern states. In Connecticut in I930 only 5 per cent of the population could be classified as rural-farm population. Even so, we know from the rather generous definition of farming given by the United States Bureau of the Census that probably most of these farmers can be so listed only as a matter of courtesy. Their chief sources of income are nonagricultural, and much of their farming is part-time and recreational. A recent survey of part-time farming in Connecticut, based on a rather liberal definition of such farming, indicates a significant increase in the number of people