Matter Of Above Ground Parts Research Articles

Productive performance and quality of arugula (Eruca sativa) under different doses of cassava wastewater containing potassium source

Cassava wastewater has high organic load and concentration of nutrients and can cause damage to the environment when discarded indiscriminately. However, the residue can help agricultural production. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the appropriate doses of cassava wastewater to enable the highest production and quality of arugula. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, consisting of eight treatments composed of the following doses: D1 = 0, D2 = 6.5, D3 = 13, D4 = 19.5, D5 = 26, D6 = 32.5, D7 = 39 and D8 = 45.5 m3 ha-1 of cassava wastewater with four replicates each. We used the arugula cultivar “Cultivada”, and samples of plant height, fresh matter, and shoot dry matter were performed at 15 and 30 days after emergence. The quality of arugula was evaluated through pH, total soluble solids and titratable total acidity. Cassava wastewater had a significant effect on plant height, fresh matter and dry matter of above ground part, pH and total soluble solids of arugula. However, titratable total acidity was not affected by treatments. Our results show that cassava wastewater is a good alternative fertilizer for arugula cultivation but at proper doses up to 26 m3 ha-1 applied through the crop cycle to avoid the deleterious effect of some nutrients in excess, such as potassium.

Growth responses of maritime sand dune plant species to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

In a pot experiment conducted in a greenhouse, the response of 6 plant species dominating in the succession of vegetation of a deflation hollow of the Łeba Bar to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated. The inoculum was a mixture of soil, roots and spores of 5 species of AMF with the dominant species <i>Glomus aggregatum</i>. Except for <i>Corynephorus canescens</i> and <i>Festuca rubra</i> subsp. <i>arenaria</i>, both the growth and the dry matter of above-ground parts of plants of <i>Agrostis stolonifera, Ammophila arenaria, Corynephorus canescens, Juncus articulatus</i> and <i>J. balticus</i> inoculated with AMF were higher than those growing in soils lacking infection propagules of these fungi. Inoculation with AMF decreased the dry matter of root: shoot ratios in 5 plant species. This property was not determined in <i>Festuca rubra</i> subsp. <i>arenaria</i> due to the death of all control plants. The level of mycorrhizal infection was low and did not correlate with the growth responses found. The high growth reaction of <i>Juncus</i> spp. to AMF found in this study suggests that the opinion of non-mycotrophy or low dependence of plants of <i>Juncaceae</i> on AMF was based on results of investigations of plants growing in wet sites known to inhibit the formation of mycorrhizae.

Effects of soil C:N on growth and distribution of nitrogen and carbon of Malus hupehensis seedlings

Aims Soil C:N is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and an indicator for assessing carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils. Our objective was to explore the effects of soil C:N on growth and distribution of nitrogen and carbon of Malus hupehensis seedlings.Methods Using the track technology of C and N double mark, we investigated growth parameters(height, stem diameter and dry matter of different organs),15N parameters(absorption, N derived from fertilizer, distribution and utilization) and13C parameters(distribution in different organs) of two-year old M. hupehensis seedlings under six different soil C:N treatments(T1–T6 were 4.70, 9.78, 14.70, 19.96, 25.60 and 28.83, respectively).Important findings With increase of soil C:N, dry matter of roots increased significantly, while the height, stem diameter and dry matter of above ground parts and total plant increased at first and then decreased. The highest value appeared in the T4 treatment. There were significant differences in15N utilization efficiency among the six different treatments.15N utilization efficiency increased from T1 to T4, and the rate of T4(18.46%) was 1.73 times than that of T1. But, the15N utilization efficiency decreased with a further increase of soil C:N, as the rate of T5and T6 reduced that of T4 by 1.59% and 2.58%, respectively. In the two lower soil C:N treatments(T1 and T2),the order of Ndff value(15N derived from fertilizer) in the organs was roots leaves stems. With increase of soil C:N, Ndff value in leaves was the highest, followed by roots and stems.15N distribution ratio in leaves increased,while13C distribution decreased with increase of soil C:N, but the changes were the opposite in roots. Considering plant growth and utilization of nitrogen, the suitable soil C:N was 21–23 under these experimental conditions.

Wpływ wodnych wyciągów z Apera spica-venti na energię i zdolność kiełkowania Secale cereale i Triticosecale

The influence of water extracts from Apera spica-venti on germination capacity and energy of winter rye and winter triticale was evaluated in the study. The length of the first leaf and the longest primary root was estimated on cereal seedlings after eight days.
 The experiment was performed on Petri dishes in two independent series, 5 replications each. Water extracts from dry and fresh matter of above ground parts of Apera spica-venti were used. The extracts were prepared using 2, 4, and 8 g of dry and fresh weed matter per 100 ml of distilled water. Dishes wetted only with distilled water were the control objects. Results were statistically processed by means of variance analysis. Differences between the mean values were estimated applying Tukey’s test. Study results related to germination energy and capacity were transformed onto arcsin x function.
 Germination energy and capacity of winter rye and winter triticale decreased along with the increase of the concentration of water extracts from dry and fresh matter of Apera spica-venti. The highest concentration of the tested extracts decreased the germination energy and capacity of both cereal species the strongest. Length of the first leaf and primary root at winter rye and winter triticale were significantly shorter on Petri dishes with higher extract concentration. Water extracts from fresh matter of Apera spica-venti stimulated the length of the first leaf of the studied cereals.

Resposta de porta-enxertos de citros ao déficit hídrico

O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, em Cruz das Almas - BA, e objetivou-se à identificação de porta-enxertos de citros melhor adaptados ao ecossistema de Tabuleiros Costeiros, quanto a tolerância à seca. Foram estudados os limoeiros 'Cravo' e 'Volkameriano', laranjeira 'Azeda' e os híbridos trifoliados HTR - 051, TSK x CTTR - 002 e TSK x CTTR - 017. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 õ 9, com seis genótipos e nove tempos de avaliação. As avaliações foram realizadas na sequência: irrigação, déficit hídrico e irrigação, quando plantas possuíam de 3 a 4 pares de folhas. Foram analisadas as variáveis massas secas da raiz e da parte aérea, o potencial hídrico da planta e a transpiração da folha. Quanto à massa seca da parte aérea, os genótipos limoeiro Volkameriano e laranjeira 'Azeda' apresentaram decréscimos no período de déficit hídrico, sendo que os demais não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Na ausência de irrigação, todos os genótipos apresentaram decréscimos nos seus potenciais hídricos, enquanto apenas os híbridos apresentaram recuperação, mantendo a transpiração. Os híbridos HTR - 051 e TSK x CTTR - 017 apresentaram os melhores desempenhos para todas as variáveis estudadas, mostrando-se mais promissores como porta-enxertos de citros em condições de déficit hídrico.

The Effect of Temperature on Growth, Oil Yield and Oil Quality of Japanese Mint

Field studies of factors affecting yield and composition of Japanese mint oil are confounded by interacting environmental agencies. The effect of temperature, separated from other influences, was examined on Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Holmes) in the naturally lit controlled environment Phytotron, Canberra, Australia. The So Wo I variety of Japanese mint was grown under 12 treatments consisting of four day and three night temperatures. Maximum leaf, stem and root dry matter was produced under 30 °C day temperatures, regardless of night temperature, but maximum stolon growth occurred at 20 °C temperatures. Generally, oil yield could be estimated by determining dry matter of above ground parts, but number of oil glands on the leaves did not provide a reliable indication of oil yield. Different temperature treatments did not appear to affect greatly the percentage of menthol, an important component of the oil. Under field conditions, maximum yield of Japanese mint oil has been found to occur during flowering. This close relationship between oil yield and flowering did not occur under extremes of temperature. Although 30 °C was found to be the optimum day temperature for oil yield in this experiment where only one harvest was made, it is possible that where multiple harvests are conducted, a lower optimum temperature might be found, since the higher temperature was detrimental to dry matter reserves in the stolons.

Efeito do ferro (59Fe) e do zinco (65Zn) e da natureza de três tipos de solos na produção de matéria seca e na composição química do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. carioca e na fixação de nitrogênio atmosférico por esta leguminosa

No presente trabalho, conduzido em casa de vegetação, procuramos estudar os efeitos dos micronutrientes ferro e zinco na produção de materia seca, composição química do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e na fixação do nitrogênio atmosférico, em três solos, classificados como Terra Roxa Estruturada (TRE), Latossol Vermelho Escuro (LVE) e Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo (PVA). Procuramos também determinar os índices de aproveitamento destes micronutrientes pelo feijoeiro e sua distribuição na parte aérea e na raiz. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 3x7, sendo três solos e sete tratamentos por solo, com três repetições. Nos tratamentos, foram utilizados duas doses de ferro e duas doses de zinco em separado ou combinando as doses menores e maiores destes micronutrientes (Fe1Zn1, Fe2Zn2). As doses de ferro foram 1,5 e 3,0 ppm e as de zinco foram 2,5 e 5,0 ppm. Foram aplicados 7,5 µCi de 59Fe/kg de solo nos vasos correspondentes à dose menor de ferro e 5,0 e 10,0 µCi de 65Zn/kg de solo nos vasos correspondentes respectivamente à dose menor e maior de zinco. Todos os tratamentos receberam uma adubação básica. O comportamento do feijoeiro apresentou grande variação entre os três tipos de solos, para todas as variáveis. Não houve influência dos tratamentos de ferro e zinco na produção de parte aérea e raiz e nem no peso e numero dos nodulos. A dose de 3,0 ppm de ferro diminuiu a capacidade dos nódulos de fixarem nitrogênio atmosférico em relação à dose de 1,5 ppm enquanto que a dose de 5,0 ppm de zinco aumentou esta capacidade, em relação à dose de 2,5 ppm. Houve um efeito significativo dos tratamentos na concentração de nitrogênio, potássio, ferro e zinco na parte aérea e na concentração de nitrogênio, e zinco na raiz. A absorção de zinco dos fertilizantes e a percentagem do zinco na planta proveniente do adubo foram influenciadas diretamente pelas doses de zinco. O maior coeficiente de aproveitamento do zinco do adubo foi de 4,0%.