MATLAB-based Program Research Articles

Detection, Isolation and Quantification of Myocardial Infarct with Four Different Histological Staining Techniques.

The precise quantification of myocardial infarction is crucial for evaluating therapeutic strategies. We developed a robust, color-based semi-automatic algorithm capable of infarct region detection, isolation and quantification with four different histological staining techniques, and of the isolation and quantification of diffuse fibrosis in the heart. Our method is developed based on the color difference in the infarct and non-infarct regions after histological staining. Mouse cardiac tissues stained with Masson's trichrome (MTS), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and picrosirius red were included to demonstrate the performance of our method. We demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively identify and produce a clear visualization of infarct tissue in the four staining techniques. Notably, the infarct region on an H&E-stained tissue section can be clearly visualized after processing. The MATLAB-based program we developed holds promise for infarct quantification. Additionally, our program can isolate and quantify diffuse fibrotic elements from an MTS-stained cardiac section, which suggests the algorithm's potential for evaluating pathological cardiac fibrosis in diseased cardiac tissues. We demonstrate that this color-based algorithm is capable of accurately identifying, isolating and quantifying cardiac infarct regions with different staining techniques, as well as diffuse and patchy fibrosis in MTS-stained cardiac tissues.

Detection, Isolation and Quantification of Myocardial Infarct with Four Different Histological Staining Techniques.

Precise quantification of myocardial infarction is crucial for evaluating the therapeutic strategies. We developed a robust, color-based semi-automatic algorithm capable of infarct region detection, isolation and quantification with four different histological staining techniques, and the isolation and quantification of diffuse fibrosis in the heart. Our method is developed based on the color difference in the infarct and non-infarct regions after histological staining. Mouse cardiac tissues stained with Masson's trichrome (MTS), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and picrosirius red were included to demonstrate the performance of our method. We demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively identify and produce a clear visualization of infarct tissue for the four staining techniques. Notably, the infarct region on a H&E-stained tissue section can be clearly visualized after processing. The MATLAB-based program we developed holds promise in the infarct quantification. Additionally, our program can isolate and quantify the diffuse fibrotic elements from an MTS-stained cardiac section, which suggested the algorithm's potential for evaluating pathological cardiac fibrosis in diseased cardiac tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrate that this color-based algorithm is capable of accurately identifying, isolating and quantifying cardiac infarct regions with different staining techniques, as well as the diffuse and patchy fibrosis in MTS-stained cardiac tissues.

A Unified Adsorption Kinetic Model Inspired by Epidemiological Model: Based on Adsorbates "Infect" Adsorbents.

Adsorption is a unit operation used in various fields, including the environmental, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Understanding the adsorption kinetics is crucial to designing efficient adsorption systems. However, existing empirical adsorption models are limited in providing insights into the mass transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the absence of a unified adsorption kinetic model hampers the effective comparison of different adsorption systems. Here, we viewed the adsorption as an "infectious process of adsorbates by adsorbents" akin to epidemiology. In epidemiology, individuals can be divided into susceptible, infected, and recovered compartments, ignoring the complexities of movement among individuals. Analogously, we have categorized the adsorbates as adsorbable, adsorbed, and removed compartments. Thus, we proposed a unified adsorption kinetic model (the monolayer-multilayer-adsorbable-adsorbed-removed model) that accommodates monolayer/multilayer adsorption. The model was designed to encompass diverse adsorption setups, including continuous and batch processes with fixed/dispersed adsorbents. The versatility and applicability of the model were demonstrated through validation using a diverse set of experimental data. This validation underscored its effectiveness in water/wastewater treatment, salt reduction, metal recovery, and drug purification. A MATLAB-based program for solving this model was made available to researchers for their utilization and further investigations. Overall, this study developed a versatile adsorption kinetic model that offers a comprehensive and unified understanding of adsorption kinetics across various applications.

Enhancing Roads Infrastructure Monitoring with FBG Sensors and Multi-Threshold Signal Tracking

Accurate monitoring techniques are needed to improve pavement durability by ensuring their structural integrity and longevity. This study developed an innovative real-time monitoring system utilizing fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in asphalt layers. The data collected by FBG sensors includes a baseline primarily influenced by temperature and peak shape data associated with short-term loading from passing vehicles. Therefore, analyzing FBG data and identifying statistical patterns poses a challenge. To address this challenge, employing a signal tracker proves to be a valuable option for monitoring the baseline and scanning signals for subsequent analysis. Moreover, considering the varying loading weights on FBG sensors due to diverse vehicles, tracking FBG signals across multiple thresholds enhances precision. A MATLAB-based program was developed incorporating a multi-threshold signal tracker capable of efficiently processing FBG data by tracking signals in both positive and negative multi-thresholds. This tracker effectively distinguishes between different loading events and extracts the baseline signal after tracking. Subsequently, the system provides outputs, including loading distribution, number of loading events, traffic, and temperature effects. Finally, to validate the system, real FBG data collected during an extensive monitoring campaign was processed using the developed program. The obtained outputs contribute to a comprehensive assessment of pavement performance, thereby facilitating the development of more accurate maintenance and rehabilitation strategies.

MCPSHA: A New Tool for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Based on Monte Carlo Simulation

The utilization of the Monte Carlo method in conjunction with probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) constitutes a compelling avenue for exploration. This approach presents itself as an efficient and adaptable alternative to conventional PSHA, particularly when confronted with intricate factors such as parameter uncertainties and diverse earthquake source models. Leveraging the Monte Carlo method and drawing from the widely adopted Cornell-type seismicity model in engineering seismology and disaster mitigation, as well as a seismicity model capturing temporal, spatial, and magnitude inhomogeneity, we have derived a formula for the probability of earthquake intensity occurrence and the mean rate of intensity occurrence over a specified time period. This effort has culminated in the development of a MATLAB-based program named MCPSHA. To assess the model's efficacy, we selected Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, China, as our research site. Our investigation delves into the disparity between occurrence probability and extreme probability (a surrogate commonly employed for occurrence probability) in the Baoji region over the next 50 years. The findings reveal that the Western region of Baoji exhibits a heightened hazard level, as depicted in the maps, which illustrate a 10% probability of exceedance within a 50-year timeframe. The probability of earthquake occurrence under various intensities (VI, VII, and VIII) over 50 years follows a declining trend from west to east. Furthermore, the likelihood of seismic intensity exceeding VI, VII, and VIII indicates the lowest exceeding probability in the northeast and the highest in the northwest. Notably, for intensities VI-VII, the difference between occurrence probability and extreme probability approaches twice, gradually diminishing with increasing intensity. This study underscores the MCPSHA model's efficacy in providing robust technical support for mitigating earthquake risk and enhancing the precision of earthquake insurance premium rate calculations.

Matlab-Based Program for the Parametric Study of Piping Systems

Matlab-Based Program for the Parametric Study of Piping Systems

Effective thermo-electric-mechanical modeling of capacitively coupled plasma in low-pressure conditions: Modeling and application in dry etching

In semiconductor dry etching process, capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is widely used in low-pressure environments. However, the kinetics of species particles in low-pressure conditions are different from the general environments. Traditional continuum models are popular in industry due to their simplicity, but they struggle to account for the kinetics of particles in low-pressure conditions. Although particle-in-cell (PIC) modeling is suitable for simulating the behavior of a single particle, it is difficult to perform such industrial simulations due to the high computational cost. To account for both kinetics and engineering applicability, this study presents an effective thermo-electric-mechanical modeling structure of CCP at low-pressure conditions. This modeling structure includes balance laws of continua derived from the global energy equilibrium containing thermal, electric and mechanical energies. The ion momentum, which is ignored in traditional plasma continuum models, is considered in the balance laws, and electron energy distributions are obtained by solving the Boltzmann equation to obtain the properties of electron transport. In addition, the model variables are calculated based on mixed kinetic theory accounting for the fraction of each species. The results of the proposed modeling are compared to those of a PIC model to validate its ability to describe the distribution of electrons with respect to pressure conditions. Based on the proposed numerical formulations, this study built a MATLAB-based program to guide the design of a screen baffle in dry etching equipment. This program captures the critical aspects of the practical application of screen baffle design in the context of the dry etching process. The results of this paper showed that the proposed model can be applied to engineering applications under low-pressure conditions.

Characterization of the metabolomic profile of renal cell carcinoma by high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a metabolic disease, with subtypes exhibiting aberrations in different metabolic pathways. Metabolomics may offer greater sensitivity for revealing disease biology. We investigated the metabolomic profile of RCC using high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS). MethodsSurgical tissue samples were obtained from our frozen tissue bank, collected from radical or partial nephrectomy. Specimens were fresh-frozen, then stored at −80 °C until analysis. Tissue HRMAS-1HMRS was performed. A MatLab-based curve fitting program was used to process the spectra to produce relative intensities for 59 spectral regions of interest (ROIs). Comparisons of the metabolomic profiles of various RCC histologies and benign tumors, angiomyolipoma, and oncocytoma, were performed. False discovery rates (FDR) were used from the response screening to account for multiple testing; ROIs with FDR p < 0.05 were considered potential predictors of RCC. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare median 1HMRS relative intensities for those metabolites that may differentiate between RCC and benign tumor. Logistic regression determined odds ratios for risk of malignancy based on the abundance of each metabolite. ResultsThirty-eight RCC (16 clear cell, 11 papillary, 11 chromophobe), 10 oncocytomas, 7 angiomyolipomas, and 13 adjacent normal tissue specimens (matched pairs) were analyzed. Candidate metabolites for predictors of malignancy based on FDR p-values include histidine, phenylalanine, phosphocholine, serine, phosphocreatine, creatine, glycerophosphocholine, valine, glycine, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, taurine, glutamine, spermine, acetoacetate, and lactate. Higher levels of spermine, histidine, and phenylalanine at 3.15 to 3.13 parts per million (ppm) were associated with decreased risk of RCC (OR 4 × 10−5, 95% CI 7.42 × 10−8, 0.02), while 2.84 to 2.82 ppm increased the risk of malignant pathology (OR 7158.67, 95% CI 6.3, 8.3 × 106). The specific metabolites characterizing this region remain to be identified. Tumor stage did not affect metabolomic profile of malignant tumors, suggesting that metabolites are dependent on histologic subtype. ConclusionsHRMAS-1HMRS identified metabolites that may predict RCC. We demonstrated that those in the 3.14 to 3.13 ppm ROI were present in lower levels in RCC, while higher levels of metabolites in the 2.84 to 2.82 ppm ROI were associated with substantially increased risk of RCC. Further research in a larger population is required to validate these findings.

Modeling and optimization of synergistic ozone-ultraviolet-chlorine process for reclaimed water disinfection: From laboratory tests to software simulation.

The ozone-ultraviolet (UV)-chlorine process is a highly effective method of disinfection in water reuse system, but currently still lacks precise quantification and accurate control. It is difficult to determine the dosage of each disinfectant because of the complex interactions that occur between disinfection units and the complicated mathematical calculation required. In this study, we proposed a dosage optimization model for ozone-UV-chlorine synergistic disinfection process. The model was able to identify the cost-effective doses of the disinfectants under the constraints of microbial inactivation, decolorization, and residual chlorine retention requirements. Specifically, the simulation of microbial inactivation rates during synergistic disinfection process was accomplished through quantification of the synergistic effects between disinfection units and the introduction of enhancement coefficients. In order to solve this optimization model rapidly and automatically, a MATLAB-based software program with graphical user interface was developed. This software consisted of calibration unit, prediction unit, assessment unit, and optimization unit, and was able to simulate synergistic ozone-UV-chlorine process and identify the optimal dose of ozone, UV, and chlorine. Validation experiments revealed good agreements between the experimental data and the results calculated by the developed software. The developed software is believed to help the water reclamation plants improve disinfection efficiency and reduce the operational costs of synergistic disinfection processes.

Fractal dimension used as a proxy to understand the spatial distribution for carlin-type gold deposits

The spatial distribution of ore-forming element grades typically exhibits strong nonlinear characteristics as a result of continuous geological processes. The trend of change in ore grade sequences is a crucial indicator of the degree of enrichment of an ore deposit. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of the spatial distribution of ore-forming elements holds great significance for understanding ore-forming processes as well as for ore exploration. In this work, based on the principles of fractal theory, a MATLAB-based program to calculate fractal dimensions was developed, and fractal analysis was conducted on the gold concentration values (g/t) of 25 drill holes in the Lannigou Gold Mining Area, Guizhou, China. Rescaled range analysis and the fractal correlation integral were utilized to obtain the spatial distribution of gold concentrations in the drill holes. Rescaled range analysis revealed that the Hurst exponent (HR/S) values vary in the range of 0.58–0.97, which reflected the persistent behavior of vertical variation in gold tonnage at the studied wells. Furthermore, the relationship between gold grade distribution and associated fluctuations in the fractal dimension derived from the correlation dimension (DC) was discussed. The DC value was found to vary between 1.01 and 1.59, indicating that high-grade gold deposits were distributed along steep fractal gradients and that fractal dimension values could be used as a reliable proxy to efficiently understand the migration pathways of auriferous fluid. Studies have shown that the Hurst exponent of the Au grade sequence exhibited a strong dependence on the grade of mineralization, with gold mineralized veins persisting throughout the studied drill holes. Thus, fractal dimension gradients can serve as an important proxy for identifying the locations of potential economic gold deposits in unexplored areas. Moreover, this approach can be employed to map the distribution patterns of other types of ore deposits.

LabVIEW programming for the KSTAR XICS towards real-time ion temperature measurement

The X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometer (XICS) for Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) provides the ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity. These parameters are calculated through the Doppler broadening and its shift from the He-like argon spectra. A Matlab-based data analysis program for XICS has been used in KSTAR since 2009. This analysis program utilizes a least-square fit to provide a spatially resolved X-ray image so that it takes a long time for the image file processing procedures including the image correction. A new LabVIEW-based program is recently developed in order to reduce the data processing time with focusing only in the plasma core region where the image correction is not critical. This program integrates the detector control, transferring of the collected image to the analysis server, and image processing for the spectral analysis. It is also shown that a possible solution to acquire the measured image directly from the detector allows quasi-real-time measurements of the ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity by using the LabVIEW-based program.

DEERefiner-assisted structural refinement using pulsed dipolar spectroscopy: a study on multidrug transporter LmrP.

Pulsed dipolar spectroscopy, such as double electron-electron resonance (DEER), has been underutilized in protein structure determination, despite its ability to provide valuable spatial information. In this study, we present DEERefiner, a user-friendly MATLAB-based GUI program that enables the modeling of protein structures by combining an initial structure and DEER distance restraints. We illustrate the effectiveness of DEERefiner by successfully modeling the ligand-dependent conformational changes of the proton-drug antiporter LmrP to an extracellular-open-like conformation with an impressive precision of 0.76 Å. Additionally, DEERefiner was able to uncover a previously hypothesized but experimentally unresolved proton-dependent conformation of LmrP, characterized as an extracellular-closed/partially intracellular-open conformation, with a precision of 1.16 Å. Our work not only highlights the ability of DEER spectroscopy to model protein structures but also reveals the potential of DEERefiner to advance the field by providing an accessible and applicable tool for precise protein structure modeling, thereby paving the way for deeper insights into protein function.

MineralMate: A standalone MATLAB-based aide for the magnetic separation of minerals

MineralMate is a standalone MATLAB-based program designed to optimize the workflow associated with the magnetic separation of minerals. For nearly every bulk geochemical analysis some amount of mineral separation must occur, and the use of an electromagnetic separator is ubiquitous and considered as standard practice in many fields. Despite the commonality in which magnetic separation is used, there are considerable shortcomings. Electromagnet overheating and composite mineral grains are frequently encountered, as well as poorly constrained mineral behavior. These complications ultimately reduce the quality of downstream geochemical data. MineralMate is designed to alleviate these shortcomings by quickly and efficiently producing a magnetic separation workflow allowing the user to: (1) identify and compare optimal recovery ranges for different minerals from a bulk mineral assemblage, (2) identify the parameters on a conventional magnetic separator required to magnetically separate composite grains, (3) create/update user-specific magnetic susceptibility databases through empirical data collection, and (4) utilize an alternative magnetic separation equation.

Application of ground-penetrating radar method to detect underground pipes in PAIR BATAN utility area

Underground pipeline systems dominate today’s urban area landscape. This buried pipeline system will continuously develop along with the utility change. The planning for underground pipelines should be done to avoid mistakes in the pipeline path. Thus, mapping for the underground pipeline is necessary to obtain a database for any upcoming construction development. This research purpose is to detect underground pipelines around utility areas using the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method. A frequency of 300 MHz was used to acquire GPR data from 6 lines, with a total length of 22.6m for each line and 0.5m for the line spacing. A sequence of processing stages of the GPR data was conducted using matGPR, a MATLAB-based program. Interpretable GPR profiles from each measurement line are obtained after adjusting signal position, removing DC, Dewow, mean filter, gaining, removing global background, and KL-filter. The results show an obvious amplitude reflection anomaly. Each line has similar detected underground pipes from its vertical axis, travel time, and horizontal distance. Clearly, all lines show an obvious contrast anomaly located at the 2.5 m horizontal distance. This most striking anomaly is interpreted as a water tunnel. In comparison, the other five parabolic-shaped anomalies were identified as underground pipes.

PHASE: An Open-Source Program for the Analysis of DrosophilaPhase, Activity, and Sleep Under Entrainment.

The problem of entrainment is central to circadian biology. In this regard, Drosophila has been an important model system. Owing to the simplicity of its nervous system and the availability of powerful genetic tools, the system has shed significant light on the molecular and neural underpinnings of entrainment. However, much remains to be learned regarding the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying this important phenomenon. Under cyclic light/dark conditions, Drosophila melanogaster displays crepuscular patterns of locomotor activity with one peak anticipating dawn and the other anticipating dusk. These peaks are characterized through an estimation of their phase relative to the environmental light cycle and the extent of their anticipation of light transitions. In Drosophila chronobiology, estimations of phases are often subjective, and anticipation indices vary significantly between studies. Though there is increasing interest in building flexible analysis tools in the field, none incorporates objective measures of Drosophila activity peaks in combination with the analysis of fly activity/sleep in the same program. To this end, we have developed PHASE, a MATLAB-based program that is simple and easy to use and (i) supports the visualization and analysis of activity and sleep under entrainment, (ii) allows analysis of both activity and sleep parameters within user-defined windows within a diurnal cycle, (iii) uses a smoothing filter for the objective identification of peaks of activity (and therefore can be used to quantitatively characterize them), and (iv) offers a series of analyses for the assessment of behavioral anticipation of environmental transitions.

Statistical Analysis of the Distribution of the Schmid Factor in As-Built and Annealed Parts Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

This study documents a systematic analysis of the global Schmid factor for different deformation mechanisms in α′/α and β-grains in different forms of direct metal laser sintered (DMLS) Ti6Al4V(ELI) based on EBSD data. A novelty of this study is the use of these data to calculate the values of the Schmid factor and the subsequent determination of their distribution and frequency, which, when compared to the slip systems of crystal structures, helps in determining the favourable slip systems in play. Both retained β-grains and reconstructed prior β-grains were considered in this analysis. The reconstruction of the prior β-grains was executed using the Automatic Reconstruction of Parent Grain for EBSD data (ARPGE) program. The distribution of the global Schmid factor for these Ti6Al4V phases was calculated using the MATLAB-based MTEX toolbox program. This analysis of deformation modes in the α′/α-phase was based on a uniaxial load state acting on the x, y, and z axes, while only the load along the build direction (x-direction) was considered in the analysis of deformation mechanisms in the β-phase of the alloy. The results of this study showed that the DMLS build direction influenced the distribution of the global Schmid factor for the basal slip system of α′/α-grains in as-built specimens and those samples that were heat treated below the α→β transformation temperature.

Experimental and Geant4 Simulation Study of MURA Mask for Scintimammography

Gamma rays have been extensively investigated for breast imaging using collimators; however, the coded-aperture technique needs to be investigated more. In this paper, we propose an experimental study and Geant4 simulations of MURA mask breast imaging. First, we compare the experimental data against the simulation results carried out using Geant4 (version 10.4) and accreditation phantom. Second, we virtually extend our work by changing the tumor-to-background (TBR) and lesion location parameters. We used 99mTc as a radioactive source. Good agreement has been seen for the benchmark stage, especially in terms of tumor localization. Moreover, the calculated full width at half maximum (FWHM) and contrast for decoded images (having average values of 8 and 3.5 for TBR between 2 and 10) permitted us to conclude that we can accurately localize small lesions up to lower TBR values by following the decoding procedure of deducing the image of a “blank phantom” (phantom with TBR = 1) every time within a matlab-based program. Hence, this work can be considered a continuously added value to previous investigations for scintimammography imaging.

Determining the Moho interface using a modified algorithm based on the combination of the spatial and frequency domain techniques: a case study from the Arabian Shield

This article presents a modified algorithm and a MATLAB-based program for computing the Moho topography, which uses the combination of the spatial domain technique and the FFT-based algorithm. The advantages of the algorithm are that it performs rapid computations with high precision, and the computation procedure does not need to use a low pass filter during iteration. The applicability of the proposed technique is demonstrated on three 3D synthetic and real gravity data from the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. For the synthetic data cases, the obtained results are compatible with the assumed structures. Application on real data indicates that the result estimated by the proposed technique compares well with seismic data.

Software-Defined Radio-Based Evaluation Platform for Highly Mobile IEEE 802.22 System

Wide-area communication systems using TV white space (TVWS) are promising technologies capable of full-coverage and cost-effective vehicular and transportation communications owing to their excellent propagation characteristics. IEEE 802.22 was developed as a TVWS-based fixed communication standard to support a wide coverage area of 10–30 km. To cope with the various applications in mobile communication, the transmission performance needs to be enhanced and evaluated. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop an experimental platform to enable the flexible implementation of transmitter and receiver algorithms. In this regard, we propose a software-defined radio (SDR)-based evaluation platform enabling the bench testing of physical layer (PHY) performance for highly mobile IEEE 802.22 communication systems. Using this platform, radio frequency signals can be transmitted and received using reconfigurable hardware and software, with the received baseband signals being recorded and stored by the SDR device. The stored data were post-processed using a MATLAB-based program to evaluate the transmission performance. The performance achieved by SDR-based evaluation system is similar to computer simulations, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of highly mobile IEEE 802.22 communication systems. Moreover, the proposed evaluation platform is available for future field experiments to encourage the development and evaluation of novel PHY algorithms.

Coherence analysis of the calcium activity of putative astrocytic and neuronal cells on the L5 ventral horn and neural output in activated lumbar CPG networks

Astrocytes are thought to play a crucial role in providing structure to the spinal cord and maintaining efficient synaptic function and metabolism because their fine processes envelop the synapses of neurons and form many neuronal networks within the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate whether putative astrocytes and putative neurons distributed on the ventral horn play a role in the modulation of lumbar locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) networks, we used extracellular recording and optical imaging techniques and recorded the neural output from the left L5 ventral root and the calcium activity of putative astrocytes and neurons in the L5 ventral horn at the same time when activating an isolated L1–L5 spinal cord preparation from rats aged 0–2 days. Optical measurements detected cells that showed a fluorescence intensity change under all experimental conditions, namely, (1) 5-HT + NMDA, (2) TTX, and (3) TTX + Low K+. These cells were semiautomatically identified using an in-house MATLAB-based program, as putative astrocytes and neurons according to the cell classification, i.e., increased or decreased fluorescence intensity change (ΔF/F0), and subjective judgment based on their soma size. Coherence and its phase were calculated according to the calcium activity of the putative astrocytes and putative neurons, and neural output was calculated during fictive locomotion with in-house MATLAB-based programs. We found that the number of putative astrocytes activated by applying low K+ tends not to differ from that activated by applying the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) selective agonist TFLLR-NH2 (TFLLR). Moreover, the calcium activity of several putative astrocytes and neurons synchronized with locomotor-like activity at a frequency range below 0.5 Hz and the time lag between peaks of cellular calcium activity and locomotor-like activity ranged from −1000 to + 1000 ms. These findings presumably indicates that these putative astrocytes and neurons in the left L5 ventral horn require −1000 to + 1000 ms to communicate with lumbar CPG networks and maintain efficient synaptic function and metabolism in activated lumbar CPG networks. This finding suggests the possibility that putative astrocytic and neuronal cells in the L5 ventral horn contribute to generating the rhythms and patterns of locomotor-like activity by activated CPG networks in the first to fifth lumbar spinal cord.