Materno-fetal Outcomes Research Articles

Maternofetal Outcomes in Women With Congenital Uterine Anomalies

Maternofetal Outcomes in Women With Congenital Uterine Anomalies

6547 Glycated Hemoglobin is a Better Glycemic Indicator than Glycated Albumin in Mothers with Pregestational Diabetes: Preliminary Results of a CGM study in the 2nd and 3rd Trimesters

Abstract Disclosure: M. Md Amin: None. J. Ratnasingam: None. S.S. Paramasivam: None. L. Ibrahim: None. L. Lim: None. Q. Lim: None. N. Hee Ken Yoong: None. M. Hamdan: None. S. Ganapathy: None. P. Sthaneshwar: None. S.R. Vethakkan: None. Glycemic control is strongly associated with maternofetal outcomes in mothers with pregestational diabetes. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is most accurate in the first trimester. The use of HbA1c to monitor glycemia in pregnancy however is controversial, as altered red-cell kinetics and iron deficiency render it less accurate than in the nongravid state, especially in the 2nd or 3rd trimester. Glycated albumin (GA) is an alternative measure of intermediate-term glycemia (2-3 weeks) which is unaffected by red-cell survival that has been used to monitor glycemia in CKD and pregnancy. However, the accuracy of HbA1c as opposed to GA is unclear, especially in later pregnancy and there are no published data comparing it with CGM (Continuous Glucose Monitoring) metrics in pregnancy. We compared the accuracy of HbA1c and GA as a glycemic indicator in later pregnancy using mean glucose from a 6-day CGM as reference, hypothesizing that GA would correlate more strongly with CGM metrics.Twelve pregnant Malaysian mothers with pregestational Type 1 (n=2) and Type 2 DM(n=10) were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Mothers with known hemoglobinopathy, nephrotic syndrome and liver cirrhosis were excluded. Patients underwent blinded 6-day CGM (Medtronic iPro2) followed by blood sampling for GA, HbA1c, albumin and hemoglobin on Day 7 at standardized timepoints in the 2nd and 3rd trimester (20-28 weeks, 30-36 weeks). Mean pre-pregnancy BMI was 28kg/m2(±5). Mean Hb was 12.3g/dL (±1.5), 16.7% of mothers had anemia, while 62.5% had serum albumin < 35g/L. GA did not correlate with mean CGM glucose (2nd trimester: r=0.180 [n=10], 3rd trimester r=0.493 [n=8], p=NS). After excluding obese women (pre-pregnancy BMI>30kg/m2) however, GA correlated well with mean CGM glucose in the 3rd trimester (r=0.870, p<0.05). HbA1c correlated significantly and strongly with mean CGM glucose in later pregnancy (2nd trimester: r=0.621 [n=11], 3rd trimester r=0.718[n=8], p<0.05) and correlated with estimated A1c from CGM (r=0.548, p=0.01). Unexpectedly, our data indicate that HbA1c correlates well with gold standard mean CGM glucose with a strength approximating that observed in the nongravid population with diabetes, thus validating its use as a complementary secondary measure of glycemia to fingerstick-glucose for therapeutic decision-making in later, as well as early pregnancy. Obesity is a known confounder of accuracy of GA, our findings corroborate this. Therefore, utility of GA as an alternative glycemic measure in pregnancy is potentially limited by the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide and impact of gestational weight gain. A larger sample is needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Pregnancy outcomes among women with inflammatory bowel disease: A UK tertiary centre experience.

Optimal management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in pregnancy is associated with better pregnancy outcomes. We describe management of IBD during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes of patients from a tertiary UK IBD centre. This is a retrospective observational cohort study of all pregnancies occurring between 2015 and 2021 in a large tertiary IBD centre in the UK. IBD activity and management prior to, during and after pregnancy were recorded along with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Associations between IBD-focused interventions and any adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as the association between IBD severity and treatments and adverse maternofetal outcomes were assessed. Pregnancies in 130 women with IBD were included for analysis. The mean maternal age at delivery was 30.5 (± 4.7) years. At conception, 73 women (56.2%) were in clinical remission and 24 (18.4%) were treated with a biologic agent. Active disease during pregnancy, measured by physician global assessment, was less frequent in women who were in clinical remission at conception, compared to those not in remission at conception (16/73 21.9% vs. 39/49 79.6%; data insufficient for eight women). Active IBD at conception was associated with pre-term birth (p = 0.04). Maternal corticosteroid use in any trimester was associated with low birth weight (T1 p = 0.02; T2 p = 0.005; T3 p = 0.007). Active disease (p = 0.008) and steroid use in the third trimester (p = 0.05) were both associated with neonatal infections up to sixmonths after birth. Women in clinical remission at the time of conception have favorable outcomes, consistent with prospective observational studies. Our observations emphasize the importance of high quality IBD care for women pre and post-partum in line with international recommendations.

The Impact of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status on Birth Outcomes Among Pregnant Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Birth outcomes have been linked to the overall maternal general health including nutrition as well as maternal age during pregnancy. Compared to adults, delivery outcomes during adolescence are poor. Nutrient intake and nutrition status during adolescent pregnancy may be linked to birth outcomes. This review aims to identify the association between dietary intake and nutrition status of pregnant adolescents and their maternofetal outcomes. Literature search on nutrient intake and nutritional status of pregnant adolescents (aged 11-19 years) which identified 17 English papers from 1995 to 2019 was reviewed. Papers that did not include data on birth outcomes in relation to nutrient intake or nutritional status were excluded. The review showed that most micronutrients with the exception of Riboflavin, vitamins B12 and C were below the recommended levels whilst macronutrients levels were above the recommended levels. Energy intakes were also below the recommended levels. Most studies presented normal hemoglobin levels in the first trimester of pregnancy but these levels decreased as pregnancy progressed to the third trimester leading to a high prevalence of anemia. Well-regulated provision and intake of micronutrient supplementation and nutrition education to improve healthy eating habits will significantly reduce poor birth outcomes such as low birth weights (LBW), still births, preterm deliveries, small or large for gestational age (SGA and LGA) and intrauterine growth restrictions in pregnant adolescents. This review provides to a large extent evidence to support the importance of adolescent nutrition and birth outcomes. There is the need to implement policies to improve adolescent nutrition through a multisectoral approach.

Comment on: Hydroxychloroquine levels in pregnancy and materno-fetal outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients: Reply.

Comment on: Hydroxychloroquine levels in pregnancy and materno-fetal outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients: Reply.

Hydroxychloroquine levels in pregnancy and materno-fetal outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients.

Data about hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) levels during pregnancy are sparse. We assessed HCQ whole blood levels at first trimester of pregnancy as a potential predictor of maternal and obstetric/fetal outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We included pregnant SLE patients enrolled in the prospective GR2 study receiving HCQ, with at least one available first-trimester whole-blood HCQ assay. We evaluated several cut-offs for HCQ whole blood levels, including ≤200 ng/ml for severe non-adherence. Primary outcomes were maternal flares during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs: fetal/neonatal death, placental insufficiency with preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age neonates). We included 174 patients (median age: 32.1 years, IQR 28.8-35.2). Thirty (17.2%) patients had flares, 4 (2.3%) being severe. APOs occurred in 28 patients (16.1%). There were no significant differences in APOs by HCQ level for either those with subtherapeutic HCQ levels (≤500 ng/ml vs >500 ng/ml: 23.5% vs 14.3%, p = 0.19) or those with non-adherent HCQ levels (≤200 ng/ml vs >200 ng/ml: 20.0% vs 15.7%, p = 0.71). Similarly, the overall rate of maternal flares did not differ significantly by HCQ level cut-off, but patients with subtherapeutic (HCQ ≤500 ng/ml: 8.8% vs 0.7%, p = 0.02) and non-adherent HCQ levels (≤200 ng/ml: 13.3% vs 1.3%, p = 0.04) had significantly more severe flares. In this large prospective study of pregnant SLE patients, first-trimester subtherapeutic (≤500 ng/ml) and severe non-adherent (≤200 ng/ml) HCQ levels were associated with severe maternal flares, but not with APOs. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02450396.

Pemphigus and Pregnancy.

Pemphigus in pregnancy is a special clinical scenario that has potential consequences on both maternal and fetal outcomes. Being an autoimmune disease with Th2 preponderance, pemphigus is expected to flare in pregnancy, especially in the first two trimesters. Fetal outcomes like stillbirth and neonatal pemphigus have been reported, the latter being a consequence of a transient transplacental transfer of autoantibodies. Management needs to be individualized keeping the risk/benefit ratios of therapies in mind while optimizing maternal and fetal health. It is crucial to have appropriate counseling regarding conception for women with pemphigus in the child-bearing period because the probability of adverse materno-fetal outcomes is higher if the disease is severe.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Use During Pregnancy and Outcomes in Pregnant Individuals and Newborns

With the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), concerns about their pregnancy outcomes through maternal exposure have emerged, and clinical comparative data are lacking. To assess the risk of pregnancy-, fetal-, and/or newborn-related adverse outcomes associated with exposure to ICIs compared with exposure to other anticancer agents. In this cohort study, all reports mentioning a pregnancy-related condition and an antineoplastic agent (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification group L01) used for a cancer indication registered in the World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database VigiBase up to June 26, 2022, were extracted. Anticancer agents, including ICIs, used during pregnancy for a cancer indication. Immune checkpoint inhibitors included blockers of programmed cell death 1 (PD1) or its ligand (PD-L1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). The main outcome was the reporting odds ratio (ROR) for maternal, fetal, or newborn complications in patients treated with ICIs vs any other anticancer drug. Adverse events, categorized into 45 individual maternofetal adverse outcomes, were directly mapped to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities preferred terms in VigiBase. A total of 3558 reports (ICI: 91 [2.6%]; other anticancer drugs: 3467 [97.4%]) were included in the analysis. In the ICI group, most reports were from the US (60 [65.9%]), and the mean (SD) patient age was 28.9 (10.2) years; in 24 of 55 reports with data on cancer type (43.6%), patients were treated for melanoma. The molecules involved in the ICI group were anti-PD1 (58 reports [63.7%]), anti-PD1 plus anti-CTLA4 (15 [16.5%]), anti-CTLA4 (13 [14.3%]), anti-PD-L1 (4 [4.4%]), and anti-PD1 plus anti-lymphocyte activation gene 3 (1 [1.1%]). An ICI was used in combination with a non-ICI anticancer agent in 10 participants (11.0%). Compared with other anticancer drugs, none of the 45 adverse outcomes identified were overreported in the group exposed to ICIs. However, preterm birth was significantly overreported for the anti-PD1 plus anti-CTLA4 combination compared with other anticancer drugs (12 of 15 [80.0%] vs 793 of 3452 [23.0%]; ROR, 13.87; 95% CI, 3.90-49.28; P < .001) but not for anti-PD-L1 or anti-CTLA4 monotherapy. Three reports of possibly immune-related maternofetal events were identified: 1 case of maternal antiphospholipid syndrome leading to spontaneous abortion, 1 case of pneumonitis leading to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and death, and 1 case of transient congenital hypothyroidism. In this cohort study of 91 individuals exposed to ICIs during pregnancy, ICI exposure was not associated with overreporting of specific adverse pregnancy, fetal, and/or newborn outcomes compared with other anticancer treatments. However, due to possible rare immune-related neonatal adverse events, ICI use in pregnant women should be avoided when possible, especially the anti-PD1 plus anti-CTLA4 combination.

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Literature Review - Pathophysiology, Current Management, Future Perspectives, and Healthcare Disparities.

Maternal mortality continues to increase in the US, with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) remaining one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In this article, the definition, classification, and pathophysiology of the different forms of HDP, current management of these disorders, disparities in prevalence and management of these conditions, and potential strategies to improve HDP outcomes and combat disparities to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Current management favors a more conservative approach to treating mild chronic hypertension (140-160/90-100 mmHg) in pregnancy. However, recent data suggests active treatment of mild chronic hypertension improves maternofetal pregnancy related outcomes.

Emergency cervical cerclage performed at 25 weeks with favorable materno-fetal outcomes: a case report

Emergency cervical cerclage performed at 25 weeks with favorable materno-fetal outcomes: a case report

Outcome of Trial of Labor after Cesarean Delivery: Evaluating the Flamm Scoring System in Two Hospitals in Cameroon: A 5-year Retrospective Study

Abstract Background: Outcomes of trial of scar (TOS) correlate well with predictions provided by vaginal birth after cesarean scoring systems. In Cameroon, there is limited data on the implementation and effectiveness of these scoring systems, as well as the materno-fetal outcomes of TOS. Objectives: The objective was to utilize the Flamm score in predicting the success of TOS, and to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes observed following TOS in Yaounde and Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospitals from 2017 to 2021. Material and Methods: We included files of 310 parturient women with single transverse lower uterine segment cesarean section, who had TOS. Data on sociodemographic, reproductive health, Flamm scoring, and labor outcomes were documented using a structured data extraction form and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Results: Of the 310 patients, 73.9% had successful vaginal deliveries (VDs) and 26.1% had repeated emergency cesarean. Flamm score predictions were associated with TOS outcomes (P = 0.0001), with mean score of 5.87 ± 0.01 for successful VD compared to 3.72 ± 0.126 for repeat cesarean. Probability of successful VD increased with Flamm score, ranging from 0% for scores of two to 100% for scores &gt; 7, with a cutoff score of 4.5 (Se = 75.0%, Sp = 75.3%). The main maternal complication was one uterine rupture (0.32%) and neonatal complications were three stillbirths (0.98%) and one early neonatal death (0.32%) after repeat cesarean. Conclusions: TOS is associated with high success rates in tertiary hospitals in Cameroon. Applying Flamm score will improve the chances of a successful VD following TOS, and should be encouraged.

EFFECT OF PRELABOUR BMI ON THE MODE OF DELIVERY

Aim:To analyze the effect of Body Mass Index on the Mode of Delivery Design : Cross sectional study Methodology : Sample Size : 100 Patients Inclusion Criteria: Antenatal patients in Active phase of Labour proceeding for delivery Procedure: After ethical comittee approval and written consents from the patients, this comparative cross sectional study was conducted at a Tertiary hospital at CHRI and performed on a total of 100 antental patients who attended the pre labour unit. Their basic information such as age, height, weight, gestational age, and cervical dilatation were noted. Maternal Body Mass Index was noted from pre pregnancy weight from the pregnancy health card.This study is completely a non invasive study Study Duration : 4 months Results : The study population included 100 participants admitted in pre labour unit in a tertiary care hospital. The results obtained showed healthy Body mass Index group had the favourable outcome, whereas the antenatal patients with increased Prepregnancy Body Mass Index had the worst outcome like Cesarean delivery, increased duration of first stage labour, increased duration of second stage labour, APGAR 1to 5, NICU admission, postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusion : This study concludes that Antenatal patients with Increased Body Mass Index have poorer outcomes when compared to Antenatal Patients with normal values of Body Mass Index. This study can be useful in assessing and reducing the poorer materno-fetal outcomes.

Pericardial diseases in pregnancy.

Pericardial effusion is the most common manifestation of pericardial diseases during pregnancy. This effusion is benign, mild, or moderate, well tolerated, and with spontaneous resolution after delivery; no specific treatment is required. Acute pericarditis is the second most common condition, usually requiring medical therapy during pregnancy. Cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis are rare in pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy counselling is essential in women of childbearing age with recurrent pericarditis to plan pregnancy in a phase of disease quiescence and to review therapy. High-dose aspirin or non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and indomethacin, can be used up to the 20th week of gestation. Low-dose prednisone (2.5 to 10 mg/day) can be administered throughout pregnancy. All of these medications, apart from high-dose aspirin, may be used during lactation. Colchicine is compatible with pregnancy and breastfeeding, and it can be continued throughout pregnancy in order to prevent recurrences. Appropriate follow-up with a multidisciplinary team with experience in the field is recommended throughout pregnancy to ensure good materno-fetal outcomes.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Impact of Placental Location on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes.

Background The human placenta is a critical organ for facilitating nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gaseous exchange between the mother and the fetus. In the placenta, there are two circulations, namely, maternal and fetal. The blood supply of the placenta is not uniformly distributed as the maternal circulation, determined by uterine blood supply, depends on the implantation site. The uterine blood supply plays a significant role in placental blood flow and pregnancy success. Hence, abnormalities in the placental implantation may affect the placenta's blood supply, leading to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study aims to examine the relationship between placental location and maternofetal outcomes. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Bijapur Lingayat District Educational Association (Deemed to be University), Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, from January 2021 to April 2022. A total of 1,301 patients were included in this study. Results There was a positive and significant association between fundal implantation and severe preeclampsia and premature rupture of membranes. There was a positive and significant association between left lateral implantation and severe preeclampsia. The histopathological changes seen in the histopathological report of the fetal surface of the placenta also had a positive and significant association with the fundal location of the placenta. Conclusions This study suggests that fundal left lateral placentation leads to abnormal results. Such patients can be considered high risk and should be given meticulous antenatal care, depending on placental location at the 28-week ultrasonography.

General Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: Indications and Materno-Fetal Outcomes

Introduction: General Anesthesia (GA) during Cesarean Sections (CS) is uncommon. The objective of the study is to evaluate the maternal fetal outcome aiming to improve the care of the mother and the newborn.

Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy

Introduction: Depending on pregnancy; physiological changes in the immune system, respiratory and circulatory systems may cause a more severe course of infection with respiratory viruses. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical and laboratory findings of our pregnant patients with and without COVID-19 and to determine whether COVID-19 disease has a negative effect on late pregnancy. Methods: This study was conducted with a total of 60 pregnant patients followed in the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic and Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of a Training and Research Hospital. Demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of pregnant women and their fetuses were obtained from the hospital management information system. Results: The mean age of the COVID-19 positive pregnant women (n:30) included in the study was 28.87±1.38 years, the mean hospitalization time was 6.33±0.35 days, and it was significantly different from the COVID-19 negative group (n:30) (p&amp;lt;0.001). The most common symptom observed in COVID-19 positive pregnant women at presentation was fever (73.3%), followed by cough (53.3%) and headache (43.3%). C-reactive protein (25.53±5.79, p: 0.005), ferritin (83.97±10.51, p: 0.005) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (30.97± 4.59, p: 0.011) were found to be higher in COVID-19 positive pregnant women. Conclusion: In conclusion; CRP, ferritin and ESR levels were found to be higher in pregnant women with COVID-19. It is important for healthcare providers to know the clinical course of COVID-19, maternofetal or obstetric outcomes in the pregnant population. Mode and timing of delivery should be individualized according to disease severity, pre-existing maternal comorbidities, obstetric history, gestational age, and fetal conditions. Keywords: COVID-19, C-reactive protein, cough, pregnancy

Isolated Maternal Hypothyroxinemia: Adverse Maternofetal Outcomes but Uncertainty About Treatment Remains.

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Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes in Women With Chronic Hypertension in France (2010-2018): The Nationwide CONCEPTION Study.

Background It has been suggested that chronic hypertension is a risk factor for negative maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum. We aimed to estimate the association of chronic hypertension on adverse maternal and infant outcomes and assess the impact of antihypertensive treatment and these outcomes. Methods and Results Using data from the French national health data system, we identified and included in the CONCEPTION cohort all women in France who delivered their first child between 2010 and 2018. Chronic hypertension before pregnancy was identified through antihypertensive medication purchases and by diagnosis during hospitalization. We assessed the incidence risk ratios (IRRs) of maternofetal outcomes using Poisson models. A total of 2 822 616 women were included, and 42 349 (1.5%) had chronic hypertension and 22 816 were treated during pregnancy. In Poisson models, the adjusted IRR (95% CI) of maternofetal outcomes for women with hypertension were as follows: 1.76 (1.54-2.01) for infant death, 1.73 (1.60-1.87) for small gestational age, 2.14 (1.89-2.43) for preterm birth, 4.58 (4.41-4.75) for preeclampsia, 1.33 (1.27-1.39) for cesarean delivery, 1.84 (1.47-2.31) for venous thromboembolism, 2.62 (1.71-4.01) for stroke or acute coronary syndrome, and 3.54 (2.11-5.93) for maternal death postpartum. In women with chronic hypertension, being treated with an antihypertensive drug during pregnancy was associated with a significantly lower risk of obstetric hemorrhage, stroke, and acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy and postpartum. Conclusions Chronic hypertension is a major risk factor of infant and maternal negative outcomes. In women with chronic hypertension, the risk of pregnancy and postpartum cardiovascular events may be decreased by antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy.

Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Obstetric Care: Clinical Characteristics and Maternofetal Outcomes in a Latin American High-Complexity Unit.

The asymptomatic population's role in COVID-19 transmission poses challenges for control efforts. Pregnant women are susceptible to severe manifestations, increasing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study describes the clinical characteristics, maternal and fetal outcomes, and our experience in universal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) screening of pregnant women admitted to a high-complexity obstetric unit in Latin America. Of 568 pregnant women tested for SARS-CoV-2, 23 obtained a positive result. Among these patients, 17% had symptoms at admission, and 0.2% reported an epidemiological link. Pregnant women with positive were associated with an increased risk of eclampsia (16.7% vs 4.9%, P = .014) and acute respiratory distress (16.7% vs 4.9%, P = .014). In this group, 4 patients developed maternal near misses, and no maternal deaths were noted. Two early perinatal deaths occurred in the positive SARS-CoV-2 test group (2, 9.5% vs 17, 4.1%, P = .235). The high prevalence of asymptomatic pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 and the adverse outcomes for those infected during pregnancy highlights the importance of universal screening upon hospital admission. This approach streamlines risk management, and enhances service structure, resource allocation, care pathways, patient management, follow-up, and overall outcomes.

Dietary vitamin A intake and its major food sources among rural pregnant women of South-West Bangladesh

The study aimed to estimate the dietary intake of vitamin A and its major food sources among rural pregnant women from the southwest region of Bangladesh. A multi-stage random cluster sampling method was used to select the respondents (N = 1012). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data, and statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS 20.0. The mean age of the respondents was 23.27 ± 5.23 years, and the majority were in their second (48%) and third trimester (49%). The mean dietary intake of vitamin A was 392 ± 566 μg Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE)/day (51% of Recommended Dietary Allowance). The contribution of β-carotene (plant source) and retinol (animal source) in vitamin A intake was about 60% and 40%, respectively. The major β-carotene contributing food groups were vegetables (dark and light) and tubers, and food items were colocasia, potato, beans, brinjal, and ripe tomatoes. On the other hand, the major retinol-contributing food groups were fish, eggs, and milk, and food items were small fish, Rui (carp) fish, and cow’s milk. It was also observed that the consumption of food items from β-carotene and retinol-contributing food groups did not differ significantly among the three groups of respondents, but the variations in the amount of the different food items consumed were significant. Dietary vitamin A intake is low among pregnant women in the South-West region of Bangladesh. Hence, they are at a greater risk of adverse materno-fetal health outcomes associated with vitamin A deficiency.