Maternal Role Research Articles

Change in self-construal: a repertory grid technique study of women admitted to a Mother and Baby Unit

IntroductionPregnancy and the postnatal period represent a time of heightened risk for women to experience mental health difficulties. Some mothers may require specialist inpatient psychiatric support made available through Mother and Baby units (MBUs). Although there is evidence of the therapeutic benefits of MBUs, many studies have utilised methodologies vulnerable to interviewer and social desirability biases. The repertory grid technique (RGT), derived from personal construct theory (PCT), has been successfully used to explore how the way in which a person thinks about and defines the self (i.e., self-construal) changes following therapeutic intervention in samples of people experiencing mental health conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore change in maternal self-construal following MBU admission, utilising the RGT, thereby enhancing our understanding for the therapeutic role of MBU admissions in women’s mental health recoveries.MethodsParticipants were recruited from two MBUs in England. RGT was undertaken with participants shortly after admission and again at discharge, allowing for comparisons between grids to assess change in how a mother viewed herself in relation to certain aspects of the self (e.g., ideal self) and other people, a concept referred to as construing in PCT. Data were analysed using principal component analysis, Slater analysis, and content analysis.ResultsThere were 12 participants who completed repertory grids at admission, with eight (66.67%) participants also completing discharge grids. Most of the eight participants demonstrated improvements in overall self-esteem and self-esteem as a mother, a shift towards a more positive self-perception, and increased construed similarity between the self and positively construed others, and construing became more varied. Conversely, a few participants displayed a reduction in self-esteem, particularly in the maternal role and increased construed similarity between the self and negatively construed others, and construing became more rigid.ConclusionsAll participants exhibited changes to construing during their MBU admission, with most participants displaying positive changes to self-esteem and self-perception and a more adaptive process of construing. Potential implications are offered for service users, families, clinicians, and stakeholders. Recommendations for future research are also provided.

Maternal and zygotic contributions to H3K4me1 chromatin marking during germ layer formation.

The early step in triploblastic embryo differentiation is the formation of the three germ layers. Maternal pioneer transcription factors (TFs) bind to embryonic enhancers before zygotic genome activation, initiating germ layer specification. While maternal TFs' role in establishing epigenetic marks is known, how early pluripotent cells gain spatially restricted epigenetic identities remains unclear. We show that by the early gastrula stage, H3K4me1-marked regions become distinct in each germ layer, with certain chromatin regions forming high density H3K4me1 marked regions (HDRs). Genes associated with these HDRs are more robustly expressed compared to those associated with low density H3K4me1 marked regions LDRs in the genome. This process is driven by the sequential actions of maternal and zygotic factors. Knockdown of key maternal endodermal TFs (Otx1, Vegt and Foxh1) leads to a loss of endodermal H3K4me1 marks in endoderm, with a concurrent emergence of ectodermal and mesodermal marks, indicating a shift in chromatin state. This work highlights the importance of coordinated activities of maternal and zygotic TFs in defining the regionally-resolved and dynamic process of chromatin modification conferred by H3K4me1 in the early Xenopus embryo.

The Influence of Maternal Characteristics and Nutritional Status on Toddler Development: Literature Review

Introduction: The first five years of a child's life are a time of peak development. According to the global prevalence, 52.9 million children under the age of five suffer from developmental problems. Parental involvement in monitoring their children's development will rise if parents have greater education, have a high level of knowledge, higher socioeconomic level, income, and the mother does not work. In addition, toddlers with good nutritional status will optimise their development. Objective: This literature review aims to identify how maternal characteristics and nutritional status impact toddler development. Method: This study is a systematic review by searching the literature through Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. Articles in Indonesian and English published from 2016 to 2022. Article searches used keywords or Boolean operators (AND - OR), some of the keywords used to search the literature included combinations of “development” OR “education” OR “income”’ OR “knowledge” OR “occupation” OR “nutritional status”, “education” AND “development”, “income” AND “development”, “knowledege” AND “development”, “occupation” AND “development”, “nutritional sataus” AND “development”. Result: The results of this study showed that maternal characteristics such as education level, knowledge, occupation, and family income, as well as nutritional status affect the development of toddlers. Conclusion: Knowing the interaction between maternal role and nutritional status can help optimise the development of toddlers according to their age.

Nurturing Professionals: De Facto Maternal Roles in British New Woman Novels, 1880–1900

Abstract This article situates the modern ideals of female motherhood and professionalism in the fin de siècle creation of the professional New Woman in Britain, and posits that future feminist discourses would find value in identifying similar strands of commonality with underrated historical feminist movements. Presenting snapshots of nineteenth-century British novelistic plots, this article shows how altered settings and character types in early, mid, and late Victorian novels do not diminish the Western investment in marriage and procreation as the future of culture, civilization, and hegemony. The article then analyzes how late Victorian narratives reconceptualize maternity as civic duty. Consequently, the physicality of biological motherhood and the complex Victorian epistemologies about sex and sexuality are relegated to animality with distinctly classist and racist connotations. Unwanted birth, along with its discomfiting relationship with infanticide in Victorian society, is subtly pushed into the sexualized realm of the lower classes or foreign, other races. Finally, this article explores the figure of the maternal professional woman, de facto non-biological mothers to childlike figures in the interest of civic duty that emerged, fairly clearly, from the discursive construction of the proto-professional New Woman in the fin de siècle. In this way, this article argues that the ideal of the New Woman gave rise to the modern notion of female professionalism that is nurturing and maternal, and involved the rearing of both biological and non-biological children.

Fatherhood in the context of preterm birth: A narrative review of contemporary research evidence

AbstractLong focused on maternal roles in infancy, research is now exploring fathers' contributions to child development. Current public policy emphasizes early prevention and intervention for child and parent well‐being, especially for at‐risk infants such as those born prematurely. A literature review was conducted following the approach of a narrative review, to examine fatherhood in the context of preterm birth, highlighting the stress and emotional vulnerability experienced by fathers of preterm infants. Promoting early paternal presence and involvement in infant care helps fathers cope with this emotionally challenging experience. Despite limited data on premature fatherhood, fathers are active partners in dyadic interactions and play a significant role in their infant's neonatal intensive care unit journey and family dynamics. The discussion underscores the importance of father‐focused interventions and the paternal contribution to child development, framed within the authors' proposed integrative and developmental model of the family triad.

The Effects of Baby Calming Training Provided to Primiparous Mothers on Maternal Role Perception, Maternal Attachment, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Mothers of crying babies have difficulty adapting to their roles and problems with breastfeeding and attachment. Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of the baby calming training provided to primiparous mothers on maternal role perception, maternal attachment, and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods: The study was conducted in a randomized controlled experimental design between March 2023 and March 2024 in the gynecology and obstetrics services of a public hospital in northeastern Turkey (Clinical Trial Number: NCT05594836). The research was conducted with a total of 84 primiparous mothers, including 41 intervention and 43 control groups, who met the inclusion criteria. The Baby Calming Training was administered face-to-face in the intervention group, utilizing a baby swaddling blanket, a sleep companion emitting white noise, and a training booklet. The control group received routine care. Data were collected through the Mother and Baby Introductory Information Form, Semantic Difference Scale-Me as a Mother, Maternal Attachment Inventory, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, and Infant Sleep Activity Record. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, mixed design ANOVA analysis, Cohen's d, and 95% confidence interval (CI). This study adhered to CONSORT research guidelines. Results: Mothers in the intervention group exhibited higher mean scores on the perception of maternal role (mean ± SD: 70.37 ± 5.92, t: 8.590, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.347-2.375], d: 1.865, p < 0.001), maternal attachment (mean ± SD: 100.42 ± 1.52, U: 151.500, 95% CI: [0.732-0.892], d: 0.828, p < 0.001), and breastfeeding self-efficacy (mean ± SD: 64.00 ± 5.98, t: 8.109, 95% CI: [1.248-2.258], d: 1.757, p < 0.001) than the control group. It was determined that the total sleep time of the babies in the intervention group was higher, and the total crying duration was lower (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study revealed that infant soothing training for primiparous mothers enhanced maternal role perception, maternal attachment, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and extended infants' sleep duration. Furthermore, infants exhibited reduced crying.

Iranian single-child couples’ perceptions and experiences regarding childbearing incentives

BackgroundThe single-child issue is a significant contributor to population decline, which adversely affects both parents and children. Despite government-approved incentives, the single-child problem remains a major population challenge. This study was conducted to explore the perceptions and experiences of single-child couples regarding childbearing incentives.MethodsThis qualitative study used conventional content analysis and was performed on 21 single-child couples in Mashhad, North East Iran, selected through purposive sampling from urban health centers. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews until saturation was reached. The data were analyzed using the Elo and Kyngas (J Adv Nurs 62(1):107-15, 2008. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x) method with MaxQDA10 software.ResultsTwo generic categories emerged from the data analysis including (1) “Advertising and providing information as an influencing factor to encourage childbearing”, which included two subcategories of “Attention to the key lever of advertising” and “Necessity of adopting advertising policies and creating a culture of respecting maternal role”, and (2) “Focusing on effective incentive policies”, which consisted of three subcategories of “Adopting incentive policies to reduce people’s financial problems”, “Avoiding punitive policies” and “Need to adopt incentive policies for working women and elites”.ConclusionsIncentive policies should focus on the culture building of the general public, implementing effective incentive policies, and addressing economic challenges, particularly for specific groups such as working women and higher education students. In addition, a public mobilization effort is needed to effectively implement population laws.

Characterization and perception of incarcerated women regarding social, employment, and educational inclusion: A mixed methods study

Brazil has one of the highest jailed populations globally, second only to the United States and China. The country faces challenges with prison infrastructure and inadequate reintegration, especially for women, who are a minority. The aim of the research was to characterize the profile of incarcerated women in the prison system in a Brazilian city, as well as to describe and analyze perceptions of prison experiences and future expectations. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to provide a detailed description of the topic matter. The quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and subjected to double data entry. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to characterize the sample using the statistical software SPSS. For the qualitative data, content analysis was employed to identify recurrent and unique themes, categorize them, and interpret the results. All procedures followed ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent and ensuring data confidentiality. The study comprised 83 incarcerated women. The majority of participants were young, self-identified as black, and had low educational attainment. Themes such as family, motherhood, and education were prominent, expressing a desire to reconnect with children and assume significant maternal roles post-incarceration. Participants viewed education as crucial for enhancing their living conditions after incarceration. Moreover, there was a strong emphasis on personal growth, with aspirations to break the criminal cycle and build productive lives. The findings underscore the urgency of public policies that support the social and professional reintegration of women, providing education, employment, and psychosocial support. These initiatives are crucial for reducing criminal recidivism and promoting a more inclusive and promising future.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Nutrition Interventions in Toddlers: A Focus on the Role of Mothers and the Impact of Supplementary Feeding Programs on Stunting Prevention

ABSTRACT Stunting is a significant public health problem in many developing countries, including Indonesia. It affects not only children's physical growth but also their cognitive development and learning ability, ultimately impacting the quality of future human resources. Effective and timely nutrition interventions are essential to prevent stunting and ensure children reach their full potential. This bibliometric study aims to analyze the trends and focus of research related to nutritional interventions in children under five, with an emphasis on the role of mothers and the impact of supplementary feeding programs in stunting prevention. Using the Publish or Perish and VOSviewer applications, this study examined publications from Google Scholar between 2018 and 2024, identifying keywords, journal distribution by year, journal type, number of citations, and country of origin. The results revealed important findings regarding the central role of mothers, the importance of maternal nutrition knowledge, and complementary feeding practices in stunting prevention. The analysis identified four main clusters in the literature, showing a strong focus on the role of mothers, nutrition knowledge and complementary feeding practices. The study also highlighted the trend of increasing publications over the years and the dominant contribution of Indonesian researchers. Overall, the findings suggest that interventions targeting improved maternal knowledge and skills in complementary feeding are essential for effective stunting prevention. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of current research trends and identifies potential research gaps that can be further explored to improve the effectiveness of nutrition interventions and stunting prevention programs. Keywords: Stunting, Nutrition Interventions, Maternal Role, Complementary Feeding, Bibliometric Analysis

Institutional and Socio-Cultural Factors that Influence the Wellbeing of Women Working in Academia in Arab Countries: A Scoping Review

Academic life in the present era is subject to several occupational stressors, including increased workloads, reduced research funding, tenuous career paths, and family-work conflicts. Such stressors affect academics’ quality of life, wellbeing, and job satisfaction, and women are particularly vulnerable. There is, however, a dearth of information on such issues in the Arab World. We conducted a scoping review to map the current body of knowledge related to the institutional and socio-cultural factors that influence the wellbeing status of women working in academia in Arab countries. Fourteen articles were included. Several challenges threatening women’s wellbeing in academia were identified including institutional factors (i.e., human resource policies and laws, workplace empowerment, and academic mentoring) and socio-cultural factors (i.e., work-life balance, culture and religion). Current human resources, policies, and labor laws do not adequately support maternal or complex family roles contributing to work-life imbalances and contribute to poor mental health outcomes for academic women working in academia in Arab countries. Although some of these challenges may stem from lingering cultural stereotypes about gender roles, this review highlights the need for professional development and mentoring programs for academic women in Arab countries, in addition to supportive institutional laws, policies, and resources for empowerment of women in academia.

Towards Theology of Parenthood: Mother Mary as the Role Model for Sensitive and Secure Christian Parenting

Mother Mary’s intimate and confidential relationship with God has inspired Christians around the world for the last two millennia. Her role in salvation history has already been discussed in detail in various church documents and scholarly literature. However, from an interdisciplinary point of view, her maternal role has not yet been fully evaluated from a psychological and child-rearing perspective. Therefore, in this article, we conduct a psychological analysis of the Gospel passages that talk about her maternal role and we evaluate these passages through the prism of the well-established attachment theory. Despite temporal and cultural differences, Mary’s maternal attitude is found to be highly consistent with the key findings in research on quality parenting and interpersonal relationships. As we show, her “maternal genius” is revealed through the following fundamental characteristics of attachment-focused parenting: unconditional acceptance, sensitive guidance, compassionate accompaniment and continuous emotional regulation. These characteristics of Mary’s motherhood come to the fore especially in the key moments of salvation history. The psychological analysis of Mary’s motherhood brings an important contribution to the “aggiornamento” of Mariology and enables some new opportunities for pastoral theology. With new scientifically supported insights, the Church will be better equipped to help parents to discover the beauty and depth of the mission of parenthood, following Mary’s example. The findings of our research therefore also represent an important foundation for the emerging theology of parenthood.

Child health and psychosocial wellness in the context of maternal role overload and depression

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the variability of child health and psychosocial outcomes in the context of maternal role overload and maternal depression.BackgroundRole overload, characterized as time‐based role stress, is commonly linked to depression in mothers. However, it remains uncertain whether maternal role overload poses a risk for negative child health and wellness. Although maternal depression is a known risk factor for poor child health and psychosocial outcomes, the outcomes themselves often reveal variability.MethodThis study aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of child health and psychosocial outcomes using latent profile analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine differences in profile membership based on the child's experiences of maternal role overload and depression. Data were from 1,172 mother–child dyads from the Family Matters study.ResultsThe analyses unveiled four distinct profiles (i.e., moderate health/psychosocial wellness, poor health/moderate psychosocial wellness, struggling health/poor psychosocial wellness, thriving health/psychosocial wellness), each associated with varying levels of health and psychosocial wellness. Both maternal role overload and depression were found to heighten the risk of poor health and psychosocial wellness in children.ConclusionChildren with struggling and poor health and psychosocial outcomes had higher odds of maternal depression and maternal role overload than children in the thriving profile. These findings suggest that maternal role overload is a potential risk to child health and psychosocial outcomes.ImplicationsThese findings emphasize the importance of continuous depression screening in mothers and the implementation of solution‐focused interventions targeting maternal role overload.

The Impact of Mothers’ Smartphone Use, eHealth Literacy, Maternal Role Performance Confidence, and Online Social Support on Health Promotion Behavior for Infants and Toddlers

Background: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing health promotion behaviors for infants and toddler, focusing on the time spent by mothers using smartphone, eHealth literacy, maternal role performance confidence, and online social support.Methods: This study surveyed 136 women who gave birth to a child in 2023. For this study, recruitment announcements were made on popular parenting websites. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting health promotion behaviors.Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.8 years, and the mean age of the children was 13.3 months old. Mothers spent 20.2 hours weekly on smartphone to access health information. A total of 86.7% of the respondents indicated that they primarily used the Internet to make health decisions. Factors that influenced health promotion behaviors were role performance confidence (β=0.54, P&lt;0.001), eHealth literacy (β=0.18, P=0.015), online social support (β=0.16, P=0.022), and time spent on smartphone (β=-0.17, P=0.006), with an explanatory power of 51.3% (F=29.43, P&lt;0.001).Conclusions: To improve the health promotion behaviors of mothers for their infants and young children, it is believed that interventions that increase confidence in their roles, online social support, and eHealth literacy are required, and that smartphone screen time should be limited. These baseline data can guide the development of effective intervention programs to improve healthcare for infants and toddlers.

Imperial Residues and the Birth of the Russian Federation: Maternal Care, Racialization and Economic Migration in &lt;em&gt;Ayka &lt;/em&gt;and&lt;em&gt; Mama&lt;/em&gt;

Taking as its objects of study two contemporary films, Sergei Dvortsevoy’s 2018 Ayka and Anastasia Borisova’s 2019 film Mama, this article considers the vicissitudes of life as a female economic migrant and young mother in Moscow, with Mama representing the internal migration of its main protagonist from Sakha (known also as Yakutia) and Ayka the experience of a new mother from Kyrgyzstan. Both films engage the themes of pregnancy, childcare and racialised labour within post-Soviet Moscow, and they do so in analogous ways, each employing a documentary style that we might see as gesturing towards the ‘ethnofictions’ of Jean Rouch. Central to my inquiry is that both Ayka and Iye appeared at a time when pronatalist policies were actively being pursued within the Russian Federation, as part of the highly conservative agenda of V.V. Putin, and yet the dire material conditions of the films’ migrant heroines leave them unable to fully ‘assent’ to their new maternal roles. My article considers each film’s attempt to document the unequal access to postpartum care in Russia’s metropolis and draws upon theories of cinematic spectatorship to ask whether ‘intersectional’ Russophone films can transcend the violence of voyeurism and play an active role in feminist advocacy.

Psychometric properties of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale using item-response theory

Parental competence is one of the essential components of raising ethical and healthy children. The mother's satisfaction with her maternal role significantly influences her cognitive responses and parenting behaviors. Having appropriate instruments to measure maternal satisfaction and identify and solve potential problems after childbirth can substantially contribute to maintaining and improving mother and infant health. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale in mothers referring to the healthcare centers affiliated with Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional psychometric study collected data from 254 mothers with 1.5-month-old infants referred to the healthcare centers in Qazvin Province. Data were analyzed using the item response theory (IRT) in SPSS 26 and Stata 17 software. The mean age (±standard deviation) of participants was 30.05 ± 5.7, and the overall Cronbach's alpha for the scale was 0.931. We used the graded response model (GRM) appropriate for Likert-type rating scales to fit the IRT. The discrimination parameter estimates showed that item 5 had a discrimination level <0.65, leading to its exclusion from the final analysis. In addition, the total information index confirmed that the scale was suitable in the trait range of −2.1 to 1.8. Compared with other common models for ordered responses based on general model fit indices, the GRM showed a better fit. The study results recommend applying the IRT models to improve and enhance the quality of questionnaires in various measurement fields.

Not just the nation's hostess: First Ladies as policy actors

AbstractThe position of First Lady is typically viewed as ceremonial and a reflection of marital and maternal roles: some combination of “the president's wife,” the “nation's social hostess,” and the “Mom‐in‐Chief.” Yet modern First Ladies often develop their own policy priorities and programs, and the Office of the First Lady is integral to modern presidential administrations. We make a case for studying First Ladies as policy actors by systematically measuring the audiences to which First Ladies speak, the roles they adopt in doing so, and the degree of substantive policy content in their remarks. Using data from public speeches and statements from 1993 to 2022 we demonstrate that First Ladies over the past 30 years have been active in adopting a policy role and speaking to policy‐focused audiences. First Ladies frequently speak to national, organized interest groups and adopt a policy role more often than not across most of their audiences. Our data highlight the importance of studying First Ladies in the policy process.

Prenatal Stress and Maternal Role in Neurodevelopment

Prenatal Stress and Maternal Role in Neurodevelopment

The Institutionalized Oppression of Reproductive Responsibility: A Dystopian Interpretation of the Maternal Role in The Handmaid’s Tale

This paper examines the institutionalized oppression of women through the manipulation of reproductive responsibility in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. It explores how the dystopian regime of Gilead weaponizes the maternal role by reducing women to their reproductive capacities, employing surveillance, commodification, and religious manipulation to control their bodies and identities. The analysis delves into the mechanisms by which the state sustains its patriarchal power, such as ritualized sexual violence, forced surrogacy, and the distortion of Biblical narratives, to justify its exploitation of women. The paper investigates acts of resistance and reclamation of autonomy by the female characters, revealing how small acts of defiance and solidarity challenge Gilead’s oppressive structures. Atwood’s narrative is argued to be a critique not only of the fictional society but also of contemporary real-world issues surrounding reproductive rights, gender inequality, and bodily autonomy. Ultimately, the novel serves as both a warning against the erosion of rights and a call to resist patriarchal systems that seek to control and commodify women’s bodies.

“Mom's a bit different”: The challenges of first-time mothers with cerebral palsy in caring for their children from birth until age three

This qualitative study examines childcare challenges and adaptive strategies among first-time Czech mothers with cerebral palsy (CP) in caring for children aged 0–3. Data obtained from ten semi-structured interviews were analyzed using selected procedures of situational analysis. The results were structured around three major themes: (1) The decision to become a mother and preparation for childcare tasks; (2) Challenges in childcare and adopted childcare strategies; (3) Social support received to manage childcare challenges. Along with findings related to the women with CP preparing themselves for the maternal role and childcare tasks, i.e. by attending a prenatal course to learn a suitable hand grip to safety hold their baby or to choose a suitable pram, the participants identified a number of practical childcare challenges they encountered postpartum. The first-time mothers initially tended to delegate challenging childcare tasks, such as lifting and carrying the newborn child, bathing and dressing or changing nappies, to family members or friends, with this support contributing to gradual development of the women's childcare methods to become an independent caregiver. Our findings underline the importance of sharing the lived experiences of mothers with CP with professional communities as well as the general public through formal education programs and informal community outreach.

Experiences of Mothers With Hearing Impairment Regarding the Care of Their Children.

Background and Purpose: Hearing loss is one of the most common types of disability in the world. Studies have reported that mothers with disabilities have some difficulties in fulfilling their maternal role in childcare. This study was conducted to determine the experiences of mothers with hearing impairment regarding the care of their children. Methods: This study, which was conducted using a qualitative method in a phenomenological design, was carried out with 10 mothers with moderate, severe, and highly severe bilateral hearing loss in a province in the southeast of Türkiye. Methodologically, inductive coding was followed for data analysis. In the analysis, the Max Qualitative Data Analysis Analytics Pro2022 software was used. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research was used for qualitative research reporting. Results: The data codes obtained were gathered under nine categories, and the categories were divided into subcodes. These categories were respectively related to "difficulties caused by hearing impairment," "tactics developed in coping with difficulties," "difficulties experienced independently of hearing impairment," "approaches to being a mother with impairment," "mother's attitude toward hearing impairment," "issues related to children," "fears and concerns," "experienced advantages and disadvantages," and "expectations and recommendations." Conclusion: The study revealed that mothers had experienced difficulties caused by hearing impairment, received help in childcare, or developed facilitating strategies Implications for Practice: Pediatric nurses should provide training on childcare and safety to mothers with hearing impairment, as well as develop strategies to facilitate childcare by working in cooperation with mothers who have hearing impairment.