Material Procurement Research Articles

Sustainability assessment of granite cutting waste incorporated cement sand rendering mortar: Technical, Environmental, Cost, and Social parameters

The literature statistics unmistakably highlight the critical need to enhance the construction industry's sustainability to lower environmental damage and conserve natural resources. This study aims to evaluate the life cycle performance of mortar by assessing its ecological impacts, economic performance, and social feasibility, alongside a thorough technical performance evaluation. The technical performance evaluation performed through physio-mechanical performance revealed that 20% natural sand replaced by granite cutting waste (GCW) is best suitable for rendering application. The compatibility of GCW as natural sand is advocated by SEM and FTIR analysis. The three pillars of sustainability are evaluated as life cycle environmental impacts assessment (LCIA), life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and social feasibility assessment (SLCA). For LCIA purposes, nine environmental impact (EI) categories have been studied. For LCCA, raw material procurement, transportation, repair, and maintenance have been utilized to obtain the life cycle costing. Social LCA (SLCA) was performed qualitatively through a five-point Likert scale-based questionnaire survey, and responses from 125 stakeholders were analyzed using mean item score (MIS). The finding revealed that for GP20 mortar, all the nine EI categories had shown 10-13% lower environmental impacts and 7.2% lower cost than the GP0 mortar mix. The SLCA, comprising five subcategories, i.e., access to material resources, social acceptance, employment creations, safe and healthy living conditions, and community engagement, has positively impacted society when 20% GCW is utilized in rendering mortar as sand. The consolidated index calculation with higher ECM values for the GP20 mortar mix strongly endorsed a sustainable and viable alternative.

Evaluation of the implementation of Main Distribution Material (MDU) spare part procurement at seven customer service unit (ULP) in Semarang are using ABC analysis and time series forecasting

Evaluation of the Implementation of Main Distribution Material (MDU) Spare Part Procurement at Seven Customer Service Units (ULP) in Semarang Area using ABC Analysis and Time Series Forecasting (Case Study: PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Semarang) Time series forecasting is a method used to predict the number of future needs in a time series. This research was conducted at the company PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Semarang, where the author tried to deal with the company's problems related to the procurement of Main Distribution Material (MDU) which often occurs overstock or lack of stock. The author uses ABC analysis to classify goods based on value ratings ranging from the highest value so that three parts with group A are obtained for forecasting, kWH meters, 2 × 10 mm2 PWR cables, and 4A MCBs. Forecasting is done with four methods, the Multiplicative Decomposition method, the Holt-Winters method, the Moving Average method, and the Exponential Smoothing method. From the results of the error calculation, it is obtained that the Holt-Winters method obtains the lowest percentage error with results of 10% - 20% or is good to use for forecasting. The comparison between the forecasting results and the overall actual demand is above 70%, which means that the forecasting results are close to the actual demand that occurs, thus increasing the accuracy of the Holt-Winters forecasting method. Suggestions for improvement that can be given to the company are to apply the Holt-Winters forecasting method in forecasting MDU spare part inventory at PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Semarang.

Analyzing the lifecycle of solar panels including raw material sourcing, manufacturing, and end-of-life disposal

The lifecycle of photovoltaic systems, encompassing the procurement of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and eventual disposal at the end of their operational lifespan, presents considerable ecological challenges notwithstanding their contribution to the enhancement of renewable energy sources. This research offers an exhaustive examination of the ecological ramifications associated with each phase of the lifecycle of photovoltaic systems. The extraction of essential materials, including silicon, silver, and rare earth metals, necessitates energy-demanding processes and leads to resource depletion, while the manufacturing phase is associated with the emission of greenhouse gases and resource consumption, particularly in the fabrication of crystalline silicon panels. The disposal at the end of life is becoming increasingly significant, as retired panels accumulate, and existing recycling technologies provide minimal recovery of valuable materials. Despite the substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions attributable to solar panels throughout their operational lifespan, there is a pressing need for enhancements in material efficiency, manufacturing methodologies, and recycling frameworks to mitigate their lifecycle repercussions. The investigation underscores the imperative for sustainable methodologies, circular economy paradigms, and policy measures to guarantee the enduring environmental sustainability of solar energy.

Modern management model for KAREB Bojonegoro cooperative: Integration of ABM, lean six sigma, and RBV and TPB approaches

In global business competition, ABM helps cooperatives such as KAREB Bojonegoro Cooperative achieve cost efficiency without sacrificing quality. KAREB Cooperative's expenditure is very high, reaching IDR158.82 billion in five years, with the main costs on fuel, labor, and maintenance. Optimizing expenditure and cost management is important to reduce waste, increase efficiency, and profitability. Various studies have shown that Lean Six Sigma and ABM methods increase efficiency, reduce waste, and improve financial performance in various industries with proper implementation and intensive training. However, external factors, recent data, and regional variations, with deficiencies in data and methodology, and challenges in lean sigma implementation have not contributed simultaneously. This study offers the Integration of ABM, RBV, and TPB in Lean Sigma at KAREB Bojonegoro Cooperative because it is suspected that the condition of tobacco processing is not optimal and this approach needs to improve sustainable production efficiency. This study will analyze the implementation of ABM and Lean Sigma for cost control and waste reduction in tobacco drying at Kareb Cooperative with the contribution of Resource-Based View (RBV) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to improve process quality and optimal resource monitoring. This study uses a qualitative model with a case study method to assess the implementation of Activity-Based Management (ABM) in production cost efficiency, linking it with Lean Six Sigma, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Key informants from Kareb Cooperative Bojonegoro, including the Head of Production, Accounting, and HR, provided insights into the impact of ABM and internal factors on efficiency. The research instruments included in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, while the research procedure followed a systematic flow to ensure the validity and relevance of the data. This study states that the implementation of ABM at Kareb Cooperative Bojonegoro allocates costs based on actual activities, improving efficiency and cost control. Costs include procurement of materials (Rp24,375,300,000), production (Rp9,216,862,000), and distribution (Rp6,000,000,000). Lean Sigma focuses on reducing waste such as overproduction, defects, and waiting by improving processes and training. The ability is quite large in identifying production inputs and related costs such as fuel (Rp14,375,300,000), raw materials (Rp10,000,000,000), and production and distribution processes. Waste management such as overproduction and waiting, as well as the implementation of ABM and Lean Sigma, aims to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Evaluation and training are carried out to optimize processes and reduce waste. Setting costs based on activities, while Lean Sigma uses the Just-In-Time (JIT) system. Variable costs are optimized, production is controlled to reduce defects,and distribution and storage are improved for cost efficiency. The keys to success are open communication, management support, and intensive training. The implementation of ABM and Lean Sigma in Kareb Bojonegoro Cooperative effectively reduces costs and waste through training, JIT, and process control. These findings are expected to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve the competitiveness of cooperatives and provide a model for implementing modern management.

Improvement of Mro Material Procurement Efficiency Through the Six Sigma Concept at PT Krakatau Steel (Persero) TBK

PT Krakatau Steel (Persero) Tbk (PTKS) is a State-Owned Enterprise engaged in the production of steel and related services. The MRO Procurement Department is a procurement function to process MRO Material purchasing at PTKS. The main problem currently faced is the lead time for the MRO material procurement process which takes a long time, the reason is that procurement is often conducted by spot method and repeatedly for the same material. Too long lead times pose a risk to the smooth production process due to the unavailability of MRO materials when needed. Referring to the MRO Procurement Department's KPI, >85% of the number of POs (Purchase Orders) issued must have a lead time of <41 days, however, based on the actual historical data for 2022, the PO lead time achievement for the MRO material procurement process does not meet the target. Department's KPI, >85% of the number of PO’s (Purchase Orders) issued must have a lead time of <41 days, however, based on the actual historical data for 2022, the PO lead time achievement for the MRO material procurement process does not reach the target. An alternative solution used to speed up procurement lead times is implementing a Blanket Purchase Agreement (BPA) and/or Consignment Contract for MRO routine/consumable material types. The results obtained are that the long and complicated MRO material procurement process for the same type of material can be eliminated, which means that with the improvements made, the MRO Procurement Department can implement a more efficient procurement process.

Crime in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry—The Role of Subcontractors

This article examines the challenges posed by criminal subcontractors in the construction industry. It aims to delineate the specific crimes committed by these subcontractors and assess their impact against the broader backdrop of industry-related criminality. Employing a scoping literature review, the study explores the existing research, summarizes key findings, and highlights gaps in the current knowledge. The construction industry’s inherent complexities and reliance on extensive subcontracting create an environment ripe for criminal activities. The research questions addressed are the following: (1) What crimes are carried out by subcontractors? (2) What are the consequences of crimes carried out by subcontractors? This study identifies several major concerns: (1) adverse impacts on project management in terms of timelines, quality, and budgetary control; (2) widespread exploitation within supply chains, ranging from wage disparities to modern slavery; (3) prevalent fraudulent practices, such as bribery, collusion, and embezzlement; and (4) the detrimental effect on Health, Environment, and Safety (HES) standards. The article underscores the diversity of legal frameworks across jurisdictions and signals the need for concerted efforts to enhance crime prevention measures, foster industry-wide collaboration, and establish robust control systems. There is an urgent need for a profound understanding of the contractor–subcontractor dynamic and procurement of substandard materials. The findings suggest that the construction industry faces formidable challenges due to criminal elements, profoundly affecting project efficiency, legal compliance, and worker welfare.

Assessing research needs for informing pet food industry decisions

Abstract The global pet food industry continues to grow being fueled by increased pet ownership, higher disposable income of pet owners, and a growing demand for premium products. While this growth has attracted increased interest of researchers in animal nutrition and product formulation, the overall body of management and economic literature to guide product innovation and marketing strategies in the pet food industry is still limited. This study aims to identify and highlight the most important, relevant, and current research needs for informing product and marketing decisions in pet food. The methods include a quantitative analysis of primary data from a survey of 76 pet food decision makers involved in the procurement of raw material, production, and marketing. The findings suggest the need for extensive research in various areas pertaining to the quality and availability of raw materials, processing methods, and forecasting consumer preferences. The findings also emphasize high value research areas such as identifying alternative protein sources, enhancing nutrient retention during the extrusion process, identifying opportunities for product innovation that align with customer preferences, and accurately predicting consumer demand.

Распределение затрат на закупки в условиях использования стратегии отсрочки в цепях поставок

The article discusses the method of distributing procurement costs in the context of using the deferral strategy in the CP, which allows participants to obtain additional competitive advantages by reducing the time period from product development and raw material procurement to actual sales. The proposed approach is based on the application of graph theory to procurement cost management, namely, the use of graph coloring algorithms for distributing or combining such costs over different time periods. The examples discussed in the article are especially relevant in the context of turbulent modern markets, which have a direct impact on the diversity and specificity of economic relations between CP participants.

Pemilihan komponen dan pembuatan alat destilasi minyak sereh dengan kapasitas 10 kg

This research aims to design and manufacture a citronella oil distillation device with a capacity of 10 kg. The component selection process involves analysis of various factors such as efficiency, cost, material availability, and ease of maintenance. The main components selected include extraction tubes, condensers and heating systems. Choosing the right material, such as stainless steel for corrosion resistance, is one of the main focuses to ensure tool durability. The design of this distillation tool takes into account aspects of ergonomics and user safety. The manufacturing process involves several stages, starting from detailed design, material procurement, to assembling and testing the equipment. The test results show that this distillation equipment is capable of producing lemongrass oil with quality that meets standards, as well as better time efficiency compared to traditional methods. Thus, it is hoped that this distillation equipment can increase lemongrass oil production, especially for farmers and small and medium industries.

Management of Logistics Systems to Increase the Competitiveness of a Community Enterprise Processing Herbs from Local Wisdom in Buriram Province, Thailand

The objectives of this research are to study: 1) the operating characteristics of the logistics system, 2) the relationship between logistics system management and competitiveness, and 3) development guidelines to increase the competitiveness of a community enterprise processing herbs from local wisdom in Ban Prue Sub-district, Krasang District, Buriram Province. The population and sample consisted of 30 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire and in-depth interviews, as well as group discussions. Data analysis included statistics such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of the research revealed that: 1) All aspects of logistics system operations were at the highest level. 2) The relationship between logistics system management and competitiveness was at a moderate level, with customer service and packaging management showing a low level of relationship. And 3) development guidelines to increase competitiveness should focus on producing or developing products to have variety and quality, using local wisdom to create trust, acceptance, and reliability in the long term. It should cover all customer needs and emphasize cost leadership by developing the use of resources in a cost-effective manner and determining production costs based on long experience in business operations to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Rapid response should involve developing production according to orders and delivering products to customers on time using modern technology to speed up production. Testing research hypotheses on raw material procurement, inventory management, transportation, and distribution showed a positive impact while packaging management showed a negative impact on competitiveness of the community enterprise processing herbs from local wisdom in Ban Prue Sub-district, Krasang District, Buriram Province. The prediction for the four aspects was at 63.60% (AdjR² = 0.636).

Information model for assessing the impact of tactical material procurement risks on order fulfillment in make-to-order manufacturing

Manufacturing businesses are showing increased interest in the issue of supply risks for materials and components. In recent decades, numerous studies and reviews have been published on the subject of supply chain risks. However, most research examines the global impact of risks on business as a whole and proposes a multi-level procedure for identifying, assessing, and developing risk mitigation measures, which should be carried out in advance with the involvement of specialists and experts. Nevertheless in maketo-order manufacturing, it is important to assess the risks of material supply for individual production orders, at the same time taking into account constant changes in production state and supply chains. The problem of assessing the risks of material supply gets even more complicated at enterprises with a high mix of manufactured products. To solve the above-mentioned problems, the authors propose an automated model for risks evaluation. The model is implemented as a component of the enterprise's information system (ERP) and uses data from the technological, production, inventory, and logistics modules to calculate the probability of deviation in order fulfillment time from the planned schedule due to potential disruptions in material supply chains. When executing the model, it analyzes the production's material requirements in both volumetric and calendar terms, inventory levels, and the condition of supply channels. The risks of delayed delivery for each material are expressed as the standard deviation of the delivery date from the planned date and are calculated by composing the risks for segments (elements) of the supply chain, the risks for which are, in turn, calculated based on performance data accumulated in the logistics module, with the possibility of introducing correction coefficients and expert evaluations. The overall risk of order material supply is determined by summing up the delivery risks of individual materials, expressed as the corresponding standard deviations. The model's results can be used for managerial decision-making in production and procurement or for communicating expected order fulfillment times to customers. The model has been tested at an enterprise in the electrical engineering industry.

IMPLEMENTASI DIGITAL MARKETING PADA BUMDES MEKAR SEJAHTERA DENGAN CRITICAL SUCCESS FAKTOR DAN VALUE CHAIN

The implementation of Digital Marketing in Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) Mekar Sejahtera aims to improve marketing performance and business competitiveness through the implementation of Critical Success Factors (CSF) and Value Chain. The study identifies and analyzes the key elements that influence the successful implementation of digital marketing strategies, as well as integrating them in a structured framework. In this study, data collection was carried out using two types of data: primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through direct interviews and surveys with managers of Mekar Sejahtera BUMDes, while secondary data was obtained through analysis of relevant literature and similar case studies from other BUMDes that have implemented digital marketing. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method, which is a research approach used to understand social phenomena in a deep and descriptive way, focusing on the meaning contained in it. The results of the study show that there are several important factors that greatly affect the success of digital marketing in BUMDes Mekar Sejahtera, including: adequate technological infrastructure, competent human resources, effective content management, and appropriate promotion strategies. In addition, the integration of the value chain, starting from raw material procurement, production, distribution, to customer service, also plays an important role in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of digital marketing. The implementation of good digital marketing can increase the visibility of BUMDes Mekar Sejahtera products, expand market reach, and increase sales. However, the challenges faced include budget constraints, resistance to change, and the need for ongoing training for managers. Therefore, strategic recommendations include the development of adequate digital infrastructure, increasing the capacity of human resources through training and mentoring, and strengthening collaboration with external parties such as the government and the private sector. This study concludes that the application of CSF and Value Chain in the development of digital marketing in BUMDes Mekar Sejahtera can have a significant positive impact, as long as it is carried out with careful planning and consistent execution. This research is expected to be a reference for other BUMDes in adopting effective and sustainable digital marketing strategies. Keywords: Critical Succes Factor, Value Chain, Digital Marketing.

헬스케어 공급망 리스크 주요 이슈 분석: 뉴스기사를 중심으로

This study investigates the major risk issues and their causes in healthcare supply chains, using network analysis and qualitative analysis of news media publications, and then proposes response and operational strategies for managing healthcare supply chain risks. We divided our study into two time periods for a comparative analysis of key risk issues in different degrees of environmental uncertainty. The year 2020 marked the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first period of our analysis is four years covering 2016-2019, prior to COVID-19 disruptions. The second period is also four years during 2020-2023 when the full force of COVID-19 disruptions affected healthcare supply chains. The keywords used to collect news media publications were “healthcare,” “healthcare industry,” “healthcare services,” “hospital,” “health center,” and “medicine.” The results of the study indicated that the major risks experienced in healthcare supply chains were due to the following factors: the type of patients who needed healthcare services, care services provided (lab tests, treatment, prescriptions, etc.), care service methods used (surgery, utilization of medical devices), and examination and diagnostics (clinical kits, etc.). While these factors were identified as possible causes of risk in the healthcare supply chains involving procurement of supplies and raw materials, these risks tend to intensify in the increased disruption period (year 2020-2023). Managing these risk issues in the disruptive periods contributes significantly not only to the performance of healthcare organizations but also to the well-being of the society at large. This study offers theoretical implications in that it analyzes the causes of risks in the healthcare supply chains and provides a basis for a comparative analysis of the relationships of risk factors in healthcare supply chains during a normal environment and a very disruptive environment. From a practical perspective, this study suggests effective countermeasures for managing healthcare supply chain risks with examples that can be used as a guideline by healthcare executives, managers, and policy-makers of healthcare services.

Sustainability in Supply Chain Planning

Sustainability in supply chain planning has emerged as a vital component for attaining long-term company success and environmental stewardship in today's quickly expanding global market. This is because sustainability is integral to the planning process. Sustainable supply chain planning incorporates environmental, social, and economic issues into the heart of supply chain management strategies. This is in response to the growing awareness among companies of the need to reduce their ecological imprint. When establishing a sustainable supply chain, it is necessary to conduct an exhaustive analysis of the whole supply chain lifetime, beginning with the procurement of raw materials and ending with the disposal of products at their end of life. It is necessary to put into practice procedures that cut down on waste, lessen the amount of carbon emissions, and increase the efficiency with which resources are used. The selection of suppliers who adhere to sustainable practices, the optimisation of transportation routes to minimise fuel usage, and the utilisation of technology that support the ideas of a circular economy are all important initiatives. Through the implementation of these components, organisations have the ability to reduce the risks connected with environmental requirements and interruptions in supply chain operations.

Impact of Human and Social Capital on Women’s earning: Implications for Home Based and Outdoor Workers

The objective of this study is to explore the effect of human and social capital on women’s earning. The cross-sectional data was collected from 1227 working women both home based and outdoor, residing in urban and rural areas of Multan Division (Pakistan). The extended form of Mincerian earning function was estimated for home based and outdoor workers and results indicates that the coefficient of age, education, training, presence of basic health unit, education of closed relatives, strong family ties and formal ties have significant positive influence on earnings. While the coefficient of presence of disease and distance is negative. For procurement of raw material, the role of middleman is insignificant, has no effect on women’s earnings. Moreover, the coefficients of head of household, ownership of assets, number of children, number of dependents, location, marital status, family setup and awareness about labor laws positively related with earnings. Women who are more satisfied with their work are more likely to work overtime for more earnings. It is recommended that human capital be prioritized by investing additional resources in health care, improving access to higher education and provision of free technical and vocational trainings specifically for home based workers to improve earnings which reduce poverty and put the economy on a path of increased growth and development.

Analysis of UHT Diamond Milk Supplier Selection With Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method cafe Milkyway Coffe & Milk In Berau Regency, East Kalimantan

Every business sector certainly wants consistency in production results, this can be realized through collaboration with raw material providers or suppliers who can ensure the consistent availability of raw materials because the production of raw materials is very vital. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good raw material procurement system and supplier selection so that the production process can run smoothly. Milkyway Cafe is the first pioneering UKM of beverage and food business in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan which has a special characteristic of beverage products made from milk which are liked by many customers, especially teenagers, children, and families. There are problems experienced when selecting suppliers who provide raw materials for UHT milk because there are several factors to consider, namely price, delivery, service, and accuracy of quantities. The sample of the research is the owner of the business that regulates the procurement of UHT milk. The results of the analysis and calculation of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Microsoft Excel stated that the chosen alternative, namely the Kompas with a weight value of 0.46, was superior to the Simpang Utama with a weighted value of 0.34 and the Tops Jaya with a weighted value of 0.20. The main factors that are prioritized in the selection of suppliers at Milkyway are service criteria with a weight value of 0.18, the accuracy of the number of goods with a weight value of 0.15, prices with a weight value of 0.08, and delivery with a weight value of 0.06.

A double-layer Q-learning driven memetic algorithm for integrated scheduling of procurement, production and maintenance with distributed resources

The existing research on integrated production scheduling typically focuses on activities related to both production and post-production (e.g., operation and maintenance), with limited consideration for simultaneously integrating pre-production activities (e.g., raw material procurement). However, achieving the equilibrium between the manufacturer and the demander for intelligent manufacturing systems requires the optimal scheduling solution that integrates both pre-production and post-production activities. Inspired by this, we investigate a novel integrated scheduling problem that concurrently considers raw material procurement, production scheduling and equipment maintenance (abbreviated as SIPPM). A mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to simultaneously minimize the total costs for the manufacturer and the demander. Furthermore, a double-layer Q-learning driven memetic algorithm (DQMA) is proposed to solve the SIPPM. In DQMA, a well-tailored three-layer hybrid encoding method is presented for chromosome representation. The global search of DQMA employs three crossover and three mutation operators. Moreover, a knowledge-based local search operator with six methods, guided by an effective double-layer Q-learning structure, is devised to enhance local exploitation capabilities. The superiority of DQMA is verified through comparison with three popular multi-objective optimization algorithms on 108 newly established benchmark instances. The proposed integrated scheduling mode is proven to be more effective than two separated scheduling modes without considering raw material procurement.

Bi-level programming for joint order acceptance and production planning in industrial robot manufacturing enterprise

Effectively addressing the Order Acceptance and Production Planning (OAP) problem is crucial for industrial robot manufacturers, particularly considering the rapid expansion of the industrial robot market. A bi-level programming model is structured to enhance synergies in response to department reformation within an industrial robot manufacturer. The upper-level model focuses on order acceptance, considering rejection and delay penalty costs, aiming to maximize enterprise profit. The lower-level model concentrates on product production, aiming to minimize the total sum of production costs and Work-In-Progress (WIP) holding costs. Detailed constraints related to material readiness, including inventory levels and procurement lead times, are comprehensively examined. Given the NP-hard complexity of this multi-objective problem, a meta-heuristic algorithm Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is implemented. To enhance WOA’s optimization capabilities, two heuristic algorithms, Solution Improvement policy (I-algorithm) and Heuristic-based acceleration strategy (H-algorithm), are introduced, resulting in the development of WOA-IH. The experimental evidence suggests that the proposed model facilitates decision coordination for manufacturers, particularly in order management, production planning, and material procurement. Furthermore, this study contributes to applying bi-level programming theory in managing supply chains for industrial robotics.

Perencanaan Sumber Daya Material pada Pekerjaan Arsitektur dengan Material Requerement Planning (MRP) pada Proyek Gedung Bertingkat

Construction in Indonesia is one of the government's top priorities in an effort to improve the welfare of the society. Construction planning must be carefully planned in order to achieve efficiency in project implementation, in terms of time and cost. A construction project requires planning and controlling material inventory. The purpose of material planning and control is so that construction projects can run smoothly, effectively and efficiently. Material planning and control can be analyzed using the material requirements planning (MRP) method. In this study, using economic order quantity (EOQ) and period order quantity (POQ) techniques. Cost budget design data, s-curves, work unit price analysis, and work progress reports are the data components to be processed. The results showed the cost of procurement of materials needed with the EOQ technique, namely: purchase cost of IDR 8,466,623,718.49, ordering cost of IDR 1,598,050.00, and storage cost of IDR 8,942,979.62. The total cost required is IDR 8,477,164,748.11. Furthermore, for the POQ technique, namely: purchase cost of IDR 8,466,623,718.49, ordering cost of IDR 1,598,050.00 and storage cost of IDR 9,674,554.05. The total cost required is IDR 8,477,896,322.53 Comparison of the costs required from the EOQ and POQ techniques can be concluded that Material Requirement Planning (MRP) using the Economic Order Quality (EOQ) technique is less costly than the Period Order Quantity (POQ) technique. Material procurement using Economic Order Quality (EOQ) is more effective. This is because the EOQ technique requires less costly / economic procurement compared to the POQ technique. In addition, with the application of the EOQ technique, there is a clearer material ordering schedule and the amount of material ordered is in accordance with the needs so that the material storage is not too much.

Implementation of Blockchain Technology in UKTS Library: Challenges, Obstacles and Opportunities

Blockchain is a technology based on cryptography which uses the principle of distributed ledgers (distributed ledgers) distribution) provides a variety of advantages, especially in security matters. Use of distributed ledgers as the basis of blockchain technology turns out to be very similar to that concept is very familiar among libraries, namely LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Save). This is the meeting point between blockchain technology and libraries. Starting from here, possibilities open up for libraries to implement blockchain technology. Various potential applications of blockchain technology for libraries include: procurement and maintenance of library materials, innovation in circulation services, cataloging, guaranteed protection of personal data and library membership cards, e-book publishing, support for scientific publications and digital rights management, management special collections, research support, financial literacy and UKTS library analysis. However, on the other hand, there are also challenges and obstacles that accompany efforts to implement blockchain technology in UKTS libraries, including: limited knowledge of blockchain technology, challenges in being able to choose the right blockchain, the large costs that must be incurred by libraries starting from implementation costs, maintenance costs to the costs of developing the blockchain system itself, and the last and quite sensitive issue is that there are still some people in scientific circles who think that the issue of personal data security in the blockchain system is not completely safe.